Earticle

A nano reef is a type of marine aquarium that is typically less than 140 L. Nano reefs have become quite popular in recent years among fish keeping hobbyists, primarily because of their smaller size, maintainability, and the possibility of lower costs. Keeping method for marine water quality in nano reef system was organized.. There are three kinds of filtration methods, biological filtration, mechanical filtration, and chemical filtration. A primary filtration method in nano reefs is live rock and live sand, which are pieces of rock and sand that have broken from the coral reef and are populated with beneficial bacteria and other organisms that aid in breaking down organic wastes produced by larger organisms in the nano reef. Other nano reef aquarists use devices such as protein skimmers to remove excess waste from the aquarium, before it has a chance to be broken down to nitrate. Removing the excess wastes mechanically can reduce the frequency of water changes needed to keep nitrate levels low. Delaying the action of the mechanical filters. A refugium may also be used to export nutrients, when packed with macroalgae such as Chaetomorpha, and live rock. Deep sand bed filters are another filtration method. Recently there have been several natural methods of processing waste in the aquarium and specifically small environments as nano reefs. In Korea, the wet and dry filter system go down with best way. But, the most important things are live rock, protein skimmer, strong water flow to keeping best water quality for invertebrates and marine tropical fishes. So, the complex filter system was recommend than one filter system.

Electrolyzed oxidizing (EO) water is known for its promising disinfecting action. EO water is generated using salt solution and tap water in an electrolytic cell with anode and cathode. With a wide array of EO water’s microbial effects including bactericidal, fungicidal, and virucidal activity, it has been used as an innovative sanitizer with various applications in the field of medicine, food industry, poultry and agricultural management, and even household management. Though EO water’s disinfection effects are well- understood, the disinfection mechanism needs further exploration. Implication of the broad function of EO water in daily life, health care, and sanitation is postulated to improve health issues in developing countries.

Nepal is one of the poorest countries in Asia. Nevertheless, Nepal government established health policy for improvement of public health and free basic medical service all over the country and trying to fulfill its promise. Among the health problems, drinking water and toilet sanitation are the basic necessity to secure public health in Nepal. Contamination of drinking water by heavy metals and microorganisms is the leading cause of diarrheal disease and skin diseases. Several sites of drinking water confirmed high level of arsenic and microorganism in Nepal. The geographic condition hampers the improvement of sanitation especially in far- western Nepal. Many people live without toilets and consider open defecation as their habit. These conditions have been affected by their culture, ethnicity and regional characteristics. To facilitate Nepal’s government policy to improve public health, KOICA joined work together in Tikapur, Kailali, Nepal. First, baseline survey was conducted to examine general condition and health state in this area. Among these, we summarized regarding drinking water and sanitation related. Among the 4204 households, 97.3 % households used tube well. Of them 97.6% households revealed drink tub well without any treatment or boiling and 49.1% of the people didn’t have toilet in their house. Sixty-percent (60%) of the people have the concept that contaminated drinking water is the cause of illness but rarely act to prevent drinking water related diseases. Our sampling for the tube well quality showed that all the 4 water samples from the tube wells revealed a high concentration of Manganese. To secure hygiene and sanitation, education program on hygiene and sanitation, portable water facility, installation of toilet and further research regarding water safety are needed.

Overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) induces malfunctioning of the cell, thus leading to a number of pathological conditions such as oxidative-stress related disorders. A well- defined example of cellular damage is lipid peroxidation. Malondialdehyde (MDA) is a stable by-product of lipid peroxidation which easily combines with thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) giving a fluorescent red derivative that can assayed spectrophotometrically. On the basis that urinary MDA can be a direct indicator of oxidative stress, we measured urinary MDA using recently developed urinary MDA analyzer and TBARS kit respectively, and studied correlations between two methods on 27 healthy volunteers. As a result highly accurate and reproducible results were obtained from the analyzer with the mean concentration of 451.20 ± 3.35 free radical point (FP) equivalent to 43.95 % normalized data. The detected values was correlated to TBARS kit method with the mean value of 6.632 ± 0.956 (36.60% normalized data) and the correlation value shows positive association with medium strength, r = 0.3126. The Urinary MDA analyzer works on same principle with colorimetric detection of MDA using TBARS, however the analyzer has short analysis time and the possible artifactual formation of MDA during heating with colorimetric TBARS method is abrogated. This is the first analyzer introduced that can detect urinary MDA, clinically implying its effectiveness and specificity in screening and monitoring oxidative stress-related diseases.