Earticle

본 연구는 자유 작문(free-writing)이 사고와 언어가 복합적으로 교차하는 역동적 내용 생성 기제임에 주목하여, 중학생 학습자의 자유 작문 산물 선택 양상을 중심으로 그쓰기 교육적 의의를 탐색하였다. 쓰기 과정에서 ‘중단이나 수정 없이’ 이루어지는 자유작문은 생성의 극대화를 표방하며 필자 고유의 목소리를 글에 반영하는 방안이다. 이에 중학교 1학년 학습자 33명에게 자유 작문을 수행하게 한 후, 자신의 글을 완성하는데 꼭 필요한 표현을 선택하게 하여 초점화된 인터뷰를 진행하고, 그 선택 및 비선택 경향을 주제 분석의 방법론을 통해 분석하였다. 그 결과 총 10가지의 주제가 도출되었다. 선택 경향 주제로는 ‘내용 진행, 내용 전환, 내용 평가’와 함께 날것의 목소리를 중시하는 ‘자기 표출’, 작성된 표현이 역으로 사고를 자극하는 언어의 사고화로서의 ‘표현 강조’가 확인되었다. 한편 비선택 경향 주제로는 ‘습관이나 실수, 즉각적인 현재 지각, 표현 수정’ 등과 더불어 쓰기의 인지적 부담을 덜어내고 정서를 환기하는 ‘필자 자기 조절’ 과 ‘일상 기록’이 특징적으로 나타났다. 이로부터 자유 작문이 학습자의 아이디어 산출을 극대화하는 동시에 메타인지적 조절 기제로 작동함을 확인하였으며, 현실의 ‘나’와독자를 고려하는 ‘구성된 필자’ 간의 간극을 조정하여 필자 고유의 목소리를 정립하도록 돕는 비계 설정 등 쓰기 교육의 구체적 시사점을 제언하였다.

This study explores free-writing's cognitive and affective mechanisms in idea-generation by analyzing 33 middle school students’ text selection patterns. Thematic analysis and focused interviews revealed ten themes. Five selection patterns demonstrated how writing dialectically shapes cognition, highlighting students’ drive to position their authentic “inner voice.” Conversely, five non-selection patterns revealed free-writing’s function in cognitive offloading and affective regulation. Based on these findings, this study proposes pedagogical scaffolding to bridge the raw “self” and the constructed “writer,” repositioning free-writing as an active metacognitive tool.

본 연구는 자유 작문(free-writing)이 사고와 언어가 복합적으로 교차하는 역동적 내용 생성 기제임에 주목하여, 중학생 학습자의 자유 작문 산물 선택 양상을 중심으로 그쓰기 교육적 의의를 탐색하였다. 쓰기 과정에서 ‘중단이나 수정 없이’ 이루어지는 자유작문은 생성의 극대화를 표방하며 필자 고유의 목소리를 글에 반영하는 방안이다. 이에 중학교 1학년 학습자 33명에게 자유 작문을 수행하게 한 후, 자신의 글을 완성하는데 꼭 필요한 표현을 선택하게 하여 초점화된 인터뷰를 진행하고, 그 선택 및 비선택 경향을 주제 분석의 방법론을 통해 분석하였다. 그 결과 총 10가지의 주제가 도출되었다. 선택 경향 주제로는 ‘내용 진행, 내용 전환, 내용 평가’와 함께 날것의 목소리를 중시하는 ‘자기 표출’, 작성된 표현이 역으로 사고를 자극하는 언어의 사고화로서의 ‘표현 강조’가 확인되었다. 한편 비선택 경향 주제로는 ‘습관이나 실수, 즉각적인 현재 지각, 표현 수정’ 등과 더불어 쓰기의 인지적 부담을 덜어내고 정서를 환기하는 ‘필자 자기 조절’ 과 ‘일상 기록’이 특징적으로 나타났다. 이로부터 자유 작문이 학습자의 아이디어 산출을 극대화하는 동시에 메타인지적 조절 기제로 작동함을 확인하였으며, 현실의 ‘나’와독자를 고려하는 ‘구성된 필자’ 간의 간극을 조정하여 필자 고유의 목소리를 정립하도록 돕는 비계 설정 등 쓰기 교육의 구체적 시사점을 제언하였다.

This study explores free-writing's cognitive and affective mechanisms in idea-generation by analyzing 33 middle school students’ text selection patterns. Thematic analysis and focused interviews revealed ten themes. Five selection patterns demonstrated how writing dialectically shapes cognition, highlighting students’ drive to position their authentic “inner voice.” Conversely, five non-selection patterns revealed free-writing’s function in cognitive offloading and affective regulation. Based on these findings, this study proposes pedagogical scaffolding to bridge the raw “self” and the constructed “writer,” repositioning free-writing as an active metacognitive tool.

Digital service transformation study is a part of research in the field of digital transformation, which is devoted to exploring the transformations that occur in digital service products, which have been intensely explored in recent years to address digital disruption. Several concepts and definitions of digital service transformation have emerged as a result of an approach from the point of view of digital transformation and digital services concepts. This paper is organized to provide a foundational understanding of digital service transformation terminology. This paper uses the systematic literature review method to compile 52 qualified articles from previous studies. We conduct an analysis and synthesis of articles to answer research questions. The results of this study are a descriptive summary of research in the digital service transformation field, determining digital service transformation terminology and components, and also a proposed digital service transformation model to explain the position of transformation in digital service products in the overall transformation process. We construct this model using the findings of previously determined components synthesis.

The concepts of graph theory are applied to model and analyze dynamics of computer networks, biochemical networks and, semantics of social networks. The analysis of dynamics of complex networks is important in order to determine the stability and performance of networked systems. The analysis of non-stationary and nonlinear complex networks requires the applications of ordinary differential equations (ODE). However, the process of resolving input excitation to the dynamic non-stationary networks is difficult without involving external functions. This paper proposes an analytical formulation for generating solutions of nonlinear network ODE systems with functional decomposition. Furthermore, the input excitations are analytically resolved in linearized dynamic networks. The stability condition of dynamic networks is determined. The proposed analytical framework is generalized in nature and does not require any domain or range constraints.

UNESCO World Heritage listing is often misunderstood by the state party and the community as being tourism promotion or branding. This tendency has led to unwanted consequences, such as gentrification, the commodification of heritage, the loss of physical integrity, etc. Small and medium cities in the Asia and Pacific region have been facing rapid social and physical transformations due to the decentralization and expansion of economy and infrastructures from the metropolitan areas into its hinterlands. These developments have threatened the historic urban core due to weak planning and the lack of a conservation policy. The research aims to formulate a more coherent and comprehensive heritage management instrument for a medium city (e.g., provincial and regional capitals or smaller towns), based on the Historic Urban Landscape (HUL) recommendation by UNESCO. Cases in two cities will be used in this study: Semarang and Surakarta in Central Java, Indonesia. The study will focus on three components: (1) Comprehensive mapping of tangible and intanible cultural heritage assets to find the DNA of the Community and place; (2) Capacity building and empowerment of the local community to protect their heritage and to develop the economics of heritage; and (3) Protection and Continuation of the authenticity of local living heritage (the DNA of the Community identity and place personality). It is expected that the outcomes of this research will contribute to (1) the formulation of comprehensive Local HUL Mapping of tangible and intangible heritage as the basis for a more scientific and democratic process in managing conservation and developments; (2) the provision of Heritage Management Recommendations for Local Community and Local Government; and (3) the production of new knowledge through a research paper for academic publication.

Although some CASE tools supported conceptual data design, they required for users too much preliminary knowledge to learn how to use and handle them. In addition, in a number of studies on conceptual data design with natural language, they claimed passive participation for users with conforming to messages predefined by CASE tools. As an alternative to these traditional CASE tools, we proposed an ERD formulator for automated data design tool, called ERDF, so that even ordinary users, not necessarily data modeler, are capable of formulating ERD on business requirements by use of ERDF. We, first of all, introduced NSM as the standard methodology. We also designed the structure of ERDF including main controller, input controller, operation controller, regulation controller, schema controller, and output controller. We then defined conceptual domains and basic operations to lay down schema operations as well as sentence rules to handle input sentence in natural language. To get an ERD that is faithful to business requirements, we laid out supplementary design for dialogue and confirmation of soundness and completion.

이 전략은 모든 문화는 상호작용하며 상호영향을 준다는 사실에 기인한다. 학자들은 보통 어떻게 한국문화나 전통종교들이 한국교회에 영향을 미쳤는가에 대한 연구를 시도한다. 그러나 기독교문화의 형성을 위해서는 그 정반대의 시도가 요구된다. 즉 어떻게 한국교회가 한국사회와 문화에 영향을 미쳤는가 하는 것이 연구의 방향이다. 한국교회는 설교의 황금기와 교회성장의 부흥기를 거쳐 지금은 성장정체와 설교의 위기 시대를 살고 있다. 이런 상황에 대처하는 두 가지 방법이 있다. 하나는 자유주의신학자들의 주장대로 주변문화로 밀리지 않고 주류 문화에 남기 위해서라면 무슨 일이라도 한다는 식의 입장과, 아예 세상으로부터의 단절을 주장하는 후기자유주의자들의 입장이 있다. 개인적으로는 후자의 입장에 동의하면서 구스탑슨의 참여모델이 주는 인사이트를 가지고 선택적 참여(selective engaging and disengaging in participation) 모델을 제시한다. 이 모델을 통해 기독교공동체가 문화와 사회 속으로의 진정한 참여를 이루고 예수 그리스도의 이름으로 세상이 전에 알지 못했던 소중한 것들을 전하는 그런 의미의 기독교 문화를 건설하게 될 것을 기대한다.

The Korean church has lost the cultural initiative of her society since 1945. As a result, deficiencies were revealed in the Korean church’s relationship towards her culture (deficiencies of setup, theological reflection, knowledge, responsibility and contextuality). It was argued that such trends have become a socio-cultural tradition and that they have influenced continuously on the formation of the theological tradition of the Korean church. Besides, the Christian culture is marginalized among cultures in Korean society. In contrast with this reality check, I zealously feel and claim the need of the formation of Christian culture and ultimately the necessity of regaining the cultural initiative of the Korean church. Gustafson’s participant model can be applied to this very matter because of its nature and stand. I strongly assert that from a Christian point of view, the world needs the church. God wants our churches to care for the world, not in order to help the world run more smoothly or make the world a better and safer place for Christians to live in, but in order to help them pay attention to the genuine desire of God for the world and for the nature of God’s kingdom. That is what Christian culture is all about.

Nursing service, as the largest user of labor resources, has become concerned about appropriate allocation of staffing resources. Therefore, this project was designed to measure quantitatively the direct nursing care provided to patients and to develop a new patient classification system based on the direct nursing care activities. The initial step in the development of the classification instrument was to identify the content of direct nursing activities. The frequency with which these activities were carried out, the total time spent in carrying them out and the average time for one performance of each of the nursing activities was calculated. The next step was to select the items for the classification instrument taking into account these direct nursing activities. A list of 40 items was prepared. These items were then classified into 8 major categories: personal hygiene, moving ＆ exercise, nutrition & elimination, observation, medication, treatment, collecting specimens and other care activities for severity ill patients. Each item was assigned a value unit based on the average time required by the nursing staff to complete the specific item. The third step was to determine the practicality of the items and value units, so an attempt was made to establish content validity for these items and units by obtaing a consensus from 8 head nurses, representing eight different departments. The 4th step was to conducted a pilot study to establish the score range for the classification boundaries. For this purpose an instrument was designed using the list of items and value units and a prepared classification criteria as a guideline to validate the patient classification. A judgment group consisting of 52 supervisory nurses and head nurses were asked to select the proper patient to fit each classification criteria and to fill out the instrument for each patient. The total value unit and the frequency for each classification group was calculated. According to the frequency distribution, the score range for the classification group was determined as follows : 0~15 for groupI, 16~30 for group II, 31~50 for group III, and above 51 for group IV. Finally a patient classification form was developed.

〈仮説〉という用語は安部公房の文学的方法論における重要な概念の一つであり、文学やその歴史に対する安部の問いであったことは先行研究でも指摘されているものの、その論理構造の綿密な検討作業はまだ行われていない。科学と異常が結びつくことの多い安部公房の創作テクストでは、科学と空想は相補的なものとして互いに交流を見せる。安部公房が評価しようとしていたのは、科学的論理性に基づいた広義の〈サイエンス․フィクション〉、〈仮説の文学〉であった。それは理論的根拠をもった科学的表象、もしくは科学的論理によって裏打ちされている場面の描写及び展開であり、こうした科学に支えられた〈仮説〉こそが、安部にとって〈異化〉を可能にする重要な要素なのである。本論文では安部の小説『砂の女』を中心に、科学的論理性と問いを重視する〈仮説〉の設計方式の一例を検討した。非日常的出来事を描いているように映る安部公房の創作テクストは、同時代的科学的認識と自然科学的論理性に基づき構築されていると言えよう。そこには様々な認識の転換の問題が描かれている。その方法論を支えているひとつが〈仮説〉であり、安部公房が新しい表現手段としてSF小説に見出していた可能性の意味がそこにあったのである。

이 글에서는 역량기반 교육의 실행과 관련하여 2015 개정 교육과정 역사과 교과 역량 설 정의 문제점을 파악하고 역량 도입에 따른 평가 방향의 변화 속에서 요구되는 역사과 교과 역량 평가의 과제를 제안하고자 하였다. 교과 역량의 평가 문제를 고려하면 현재 역사과 교 과 역량의 개념과 하위 요소가 평가 요소로 작용할 수 있도록 구조화될 필요가 있으며, 학 습 활동을 통해 이루어진 성취의 달성도를 평가할 수 있는 기준 설정에 기여할 수 있어야 할 것이다. 이를 위해서 독일 헤센 주와 베를린 주의 역사 교과 역량 수준 구체화 방식에 주목할 필 요가 있다. 특히 역사과 고유의 사고력 발휘에서 핵심적인 역사적 증거 개념에 대한 이해, 연속성과 변화에 대한 이해를 중심으로 교과 역량을 체계화한 점이 시사하는 바가 크다. 또한 실제 문제 상황에서의 적용 및 수행 능력을 중시하는 역량 기반 교육에서 강조하는 문제해결력이나 비판적 사고와 같은 ‘일반 역량’의 경우, 별도의 평가 대상으로 간주되기 보다는 교과에서 중시하는 지식이나 기능과 어떻게 연계하여 평가할 것인가의 문제를 고 민할 필요가 있다. 교과에서 중시되는 개념적 이해(conceptual understanding)나 인식론적 지 식(epistemic knowledge)을 중심으로 교과 학습 자체의 현상에 대한 인식과 이해를 제고하는 것이 지식을 낯선 맥락에 적용하고 새로운 이해로 나아가는 핵심역량 함양에 기여할 수 있을 것이다.

This study sets out to investigate the status and characteristics of the so-called subject-specific competencies, as defined in the 2015 revised National History Curriculum. The aim of this study is to offer suggestions for the development and assessment of those curriculum capabilities in teaching and learning history. These suggestions are as follows: The key concepts and elements of the subject-specific competencies in history curriculum need to be re-defined, with a close attention paid to defining a vision for the assessment of competencies. To this end, it is worth considering the ways in which the level of competencies outlined in the history curriculum of the two German States, Hessen and Berlin, are systematized on the basis of disciplinary thinking. In particular, the level descriptions specified in the curriculum of the both states highlight the importance of understanding historical concepts such as evidence and causal relationships in designing a competence based curriculum. Worryingly, there has been a tendency to view generic competencies such as problem-solving and critical thinking as primary objectives of competency-based education, without any attempt to link those capacities with the acquisition of the core knowledge and skills of specific school subjects. In conclusion, in the development of subject-specific competencies in history, the focus needs to be put on fostering conceptual understanding and epistemic knowledge, which are domain-specific rather than domain-free. This approach will help students apply specific knowledge to unfamiliar contexts, and thus form new understandings, which will contribute to building up key competencies.

본 연구는 최근 심각한 수준에 이르고 있는 학교폭력 문제를 지역사회 실정에 맞게 적정한 대응방안이 마련되어져야 한다는 인식하에 학교폭력 예방과 대응을 위한 지역사회차원의 협력치안체계에 대한 정책적 우선순위를 분석하고자 하였다. 분석을 위한 연구방법으로는 AHP 기법을 활용하여 변수 간 상대적 중요도 및 가중치를 도출하였다. 즉, 1단계 5개 영역 및 2단계 25개 요인에 대한 각각의 중요도 값을 도출하였으며, 이를 토대로 복합가중치 값을 도출, 전체 요인에 대한 우선순위를 파악하였다. 학교폭력 협력치안체계에 대한 각 단계별 세부요인들의 복합가중치와 통합적 우선순위를 분석한 결과에서 법·제도 영역에서의 학교폭력대책법의 보완이 복합가중치 및 우선순위가 가장 높으며, 동일 영역에서 학교폭력 유관기관 간 정보공유를 위한 학교폭력 종합정보체계의 구축이 그 다음 순위를 차지하였다. 전문인력 영역에서는 학교전담경찰관의권한강화, 학교전담경찰관의 전문성 제고, 학교전담경찰관의 증원이 각각 3, 4, 5순위로도출되었다. 반면 조직화 영역의 학교폭력 경찰조직의 관리감독체계, 학교폭력전담 경찰조직의 커뮤니케이션체계, 학교폭력전담 경찰조직의 책임권한의 분권화가, 매뉴얼 영역의학교폭력 조사 매뉴얼, 학교폭력 분석 매뉴얼, 그리고 학교폭력 결과평가 매뉴얼 등이 하위순위를 차지하였다.

The purpose of this thesis is to find significant factors formulating community policing system to address and to cope with various types of school violence in community level. This thesis adopt Analytic Hierarchy Process(AHP) as a research method to find significant factors. AHP was developed to optimize decision making when one is faced with a mix of qualitative, quantitative, and sometimes conflicting factors that are taken into consideration. This thesis used AHP to measure relative priorities of 5 important factors and 25 sub- factors. Each factor was descrived based on literature review on school violence, community oriented policing, co-production theory of policing and governance theory. Experts interviews were used. Based on AHP measurement analysis, this thesis found and discussed some policy issues on school violence in community level: First, the change of law about school violence is most important factor to address school violence in Korea at the community level. Second, building of comprehensive information system on school violence is also important factor. Information sharing among school violence relevant organization is key factor to fight against school violence. Third, school violence profession-SPOs(School Police Officers)- should be increase in number sufficiently and be enforced professionality, legal power.

스마트폰이 최근 일반 대중의 생활 속으로 빠르게 확산됨에 따라 스마트폰 서비스 품질에 대한 활발한 연구가 이루어져 왔다. 기존 연구들은 모바일 및 스마트폰 서비스에 대한 만족요인을 체계적으로 정리하고 유형화함으로써 이론적 토대와 이해의 폭을 넓혀주었다. 이들 연구는 주로 서비스에 대한 이용 동기 및 만족을 살펴봄에 있어서 사용자 행위의 긍정적인 한 측면만을 고려함으로써 “만족의 반대개념은 불만족이며 불만족하면 이들 서비스를 이용하지 않을 것이다”라는 가정을 바탕에 두고 접근하고 있다. 하지만 이와 같은 일차원적인 해석으로는 “과연 고객이 서비스가 충분하다고 해서 만족하는가?” 또는 “서비스가 불충분하다고 해서 만족하지 않는가?”의 대답에 “그렇다”라고 단언하기 어렵다. 본 연구는 만족과 불만족이 양극단에 존재하는 연속체가 아닌 사용자가 인지하는 다른 차원의 개념일 수 있다는 호기심에서 출발한다. 이에 본 연구에서는 Kano 모델의 분석방법을 활용 및 보완하여 스마트폰 서비스 만족요인들을 분류하는 틀을 제시하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 우선 스마트폰의 만족요인들을 선행연구를 바탕으로 추출하여 일원적 품질요인과 이원적 품질요인으로 구분한 뒤, 다시 이원적으로 구분된 요인들에 대하여 매력적 품질요인과 당연적 품질요인으로 분류하였다. 이 3가지 성격의 품질요인들로 분류함으로써 충족과 만족이 선형적으로 증가하는 일원적 요인뿐만 아니라 만족에 영향을 미치는 매력적 품질요인과 불만족에 영향을 미치는 당연적 품질요인이 존재한다는 것을 검증하였다.

The rapid spread of the Smartphone usage among the public has brought great changes to the overall society. Aiming to gain their competitiveness with better Smartphone service quality, manufacturers are endeavoring to keep the pace with the popularization of mobile internet and social changes. Researches on the Smartphone service quality are actively undergoing in the academic circles as well. A great many of studies ranging from the past mobile services to the recent Smartphone services have thus far focused on proposing the systematic arrangement and the typology in terms of service quality, which in turn have provided the theoretical foundation and broaden the scope of comprehension. Besides technical aspects of the mobile and Smartphone services, the earlier studies in the behavioral domain, however, only tookinto considerations the positive aspect of users' satisfaction with the quality of services via new media devices like Smartphone. The rationale behind this mainly comes from the assumption that as the opposite definition of satisfaction is dissatisfaction, the services are not adopted if dissatisfied. However, it is not always true to conclude that service users are satisfied when the service is functionally fulfilled and dissatisfied otherwise. That is because there exist some cases that quality attributes provide satisfaction when achieved fully, but do not cause dissatisfaction when not fulfilled. And there also exist other cases that quality attributes are taken for granted when fulfilled but result in dissatisfaction when not fulfilled. To account this multi-dimensional feature of service quality attributes in relation with user satisfaction, this study took advantage of Kano model following the identification of a set of the Smartphone service quality attributes by investigating the previous studies. Categorizing of the service quality elements reflecting the customers' needs would perhaps help manage Smartphone service quality, enabling business managers to identify which quality attributes more emphasis to put on and what strategy to establish for the future.

본 연구에서는 원자력산업과 관련된 기술관료, 산업계, 학계로 구성된 ‘원자력 정책공 동체’에는 누가 참여하고 어떻게 형성되고 유지되고 있는가를 탐구하고자 한다. 원자력 정책공동체는 원자력발전 사업자인 한국전력과 한국수력원자력을 중심으로 정부 기관인 미래창조과학부, 산업통상자원부 등과 그 산하기관, 원자력진흥위원회, 원자력안 전위원회 그리고 원자력산업회의의 구성원과 전문가집단으로 구성되어 있다. 원자력 정책공동체를 형성하고 유지시켜온 요인으로는 첫째 원자력에너지 의존 경로의 설정과 강화를 들 수 있다. 산업화시기인 1970년대 석유파동을 거치면서 화석연료 대신 원자력에너지에 의존하기 시작하였고, 그것이 강화되었다. 둘째, 기술결정론적 입장에서 원자력정책의 결정이 이루어 왔다. 원자력 기술이 사회구성물로 정치적 논쟁의 대상임에 도 불구하고 철저하게 정치적 논쟁을 회피하고 과학기술에 의존하여 원자력 정책을 결정 해 왔다. 셋째, 원자력 정책공동체는 풍부한 경제적 자원과 전문지식을 보유하고 있었다. 이들 자원을 토대로 원자력 정책공동체의 구성원들을 결속하여 협력관계 혹은 유대관계 를 유지해 왔다.

Nuclear policy community is defined as an entity that share the same values and beliefs in the policy areas and want to achieve a common purpose, depending on the resources they need each other. It can be said that the core of nuclear policy community in Korea has been placed in KEPCO(Korean Electric Power Corporation) and KHNP(Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power Co., Ltd)) and participate governmental technocrat, which is belong in Ministry of Science and ICT and Future Planning and Minster of Trade, Industry and Energy, experts group and Korea Atomic Industrial Forum around them. It is indicated the factors that nuclear policy community is formulated and maintained as follows. First, Korea’s energy policy was set to rely on nuclear energy since the oil shocks of the 1970s and has enhanced the path. Second, the nuclear policy making had been made in the base of technological determinism. Despite being the subject of political debate as a social construct, nuclear policy making has been to depend on nuclear science and technology. Third, nuclear policy community has had a rich economic resources and expertise. They has maintained a partnership and relationship based on the these resources.

인간의 종교 경험을 가능케 하는 종교성의 깊은 근원은 무엇인가? 그 종교의 근원을 묘사할 수 있도록 하는 적절한 방법론은 무엇인가? 본 논문의 목적은 종교적 상징과 감정을 유발하는 종교의 근원을 연구하는 방법론을 제시하는 데 있다. 특별히 본 연구는 종교를 연구하는 방법론을 정신분석학적 관점에서 접근하게 된다. 프로이트의 정신분석은 종교 연구의 대표적인 환원론적 접근으로 이해된다. 다시 말해, 그의 정신분석은 종교가 가진 독특성과 고유성을 묘사하는 데 실패하고, 그 종교적 차원을 인간 내적 필요와 욕구의 차원으로 끌어내렸다고 평가받았다. 이후에 정신분석은 이론적 수정과 발전을 거듭했다. 이에 따라 프로이트의 고전 정신분석이 갖고 있는 종교 연구의 한계를 보완하고 극복할 수 있는 정신분석적 관점이 등장했다. 대상관계이론이나 자기심리학의 등장은 종교의 긍정적 차원을 묘사할 수 있는 길을 제시했다. 하지만 여전히 이 이론들이 종교 연구에 있어 그 깊은 근원을 분석하기보다 인간 심리 내적 필요와 욕구에 따라 종교를 기능적으로 접근한다는 점에 있어 프로이트의 정신분석이 가진 종교연구의 한계를 뛰어넘지 못한다. 본 논문은 위니컷의 중간 현상 개념, 에릭슨의 존재론적 불안과 최근 그 이론을 활발하게 전개시키는 관계 정신분석 이론을 바탕으로 종교연구를 위한 새로운 방법론이 제시될 수 있음을 주장한다. 그것은 기존 정신분석의 투사로서의 종교 연구 경향을 보완하고, 종교 경험을 자극시키는 종교성의 깊은 근원의 묘사를 가능하게 한다. 본 논문은 종교의 고유성과 독특성을 드러내도록 하는 종교연구 방법론을 제시함으로써 종교를 환원론적으로 접근하는 종교연구 방법론을 보완하는 정신분석학적 관점의 방법론을 제공하고, 종교연구의 정신분석학적 토대를 제공할 수 있다.

The purpose of this paper is to present a research method for the study of religion from the psychoanalytic perspective. Freud’s classical psychoanalysis has been criticized by scholars in religious studies as psychological reductionism through which Freud described religion in terms of human beings’ inner needs and drives, neglecting its uniqueness and distinctiveness. In other words, Freud reduced religious phenomena into projection of human beings’ internal needs and instincts. The approach of his classical psychoanalysis was not able to appreciate the unique aspects of religion. There have been many developments and revisions in psychoanalysis after Freud. In accordance with those developments, it became possible to present psychoanalytic perspectives which can complement and overcome the research limitation of the classical psychoanalytic approach. In particular, object relations theory and self psychology made it possible to explain positive aspects of religion. However, because these theories consider religion as psychological functions for satisfying human beings’s inner needs, they did not go beyond Freud’s theories of religion as projection of humans’ internal needs. This paper claims that a newly revised relational psychoanalysis can provide an appropriate research method for the study of religion. For this purpose, this paper also focuses on Winnicott’s transitional phenomena, and Erikson’s existential anxiety and existential identity. This methodology complements the previous psychoanalytic perspectives which see religion in terms of its functions. It also makes it possible to describe the religion’s own uniqueness because its theory is based on the interactive relatedness of subjectivities’ experiential worlds which form the intersubjective field. The research method will provide psychoanalytic foundation for the study of religion.

An attempt was made to evaluate the effects of total mixed rations (TMR) containing 17.5% forage neutral detergent fiber (NDF) from paragrass, paragrass+cassava chips and corn silages on the performance of dairy cows in the tropics. Experimental dietary treatments contained a similar content of total NDF, total non-fiber carbohydrates, crude protein and energy. Maximum and minimum temperature humidity index during the experimental period were 79.1-80.6 and 66.8-68.6, respectively. Among silage sources, there were no differences (p>0.05) in concentrations of acetic and propionic acids and butyric acid was undetectable. Concentration of lactic acid was higher (p<0.01) in corn silage but its pH was lower (p<0.01) than in paragrass and paragrass+cassava silages. Dairy cows on TMR containing corn silage not only gained more weight (161 and 46 vs. -189 g/d) but also consumed more feed (18.47, 15.84 and 14.49 kg/d), and produced more milk (23.89, 22.03 and 20.83 kg/d), 4% fat corrected milk (25.47, 24.05 and 22.02 kg/d), solids-not-fat (1.99, 18.3 and 1.73 kg/d) and total solid (3.10, 2.85 and 2.64 kg/d) compared with those on TMR containing paragrass+cassava and paragrass silages, respectively (p<0.01). Dairy cows on TMR containing paragrass+cassava silage were better in these respects (p<0.01). These results suggest that in formulating diets on an equal NDF basis for different forage qualities, diets higher in forage quality can stimulate higher DMI for dairy cows in the tropics and thus improve productivity.

Purpose ? The purpose of this study was to provide a systematic technique for building a blue ocean strategy for residence hotels using research methodologies on customer satisfaction aspects in marketing on a strategic canvas and an ERRC matrix. Design/Methodology/Approach ? To do this, we conducted a survey among hotel visitors using questionnaire items and a self-administered data collection approach, with each item scored on a 5-point scale. Judgment sampling was utilized as the sample method. We then used the survey responses to generate an ERRC matrix using IPA analysis. Findings ? According to the ERRC table, hotel attributes that fall under the Raise category include “cleanliness of rooms”, “hotel location”, and “cultural and convenience facilities around the hotel”. Hotel attributes in the Reduce category include “diversity of food and beverage outlets” and “interior decoration and design”, whereas hotel attributes in the Create category include “cultural events”, “creating cultural streets”, and “a family-friendly atmosphere”. The use of the survey results-based Blue Ocean Strategy in the formulation of innovation strategies can provide managers evaluating creative strategies and strategic generating approaches with objective and detailed suggestions. Research Implications ? In the Create category, hotel attributes include “cultural events”, “creating cultural streets”, and “a family-friendly atmosphere”. This indicates that, in order to attract and maintain clients, residence hotels might separate themselves from other hotels by generating demand through the development of local cultural streets. Above all, it is vital to sell not only hotel rooms but also a warm and cozy environment reminiscent of a home.

From a conversation-analytic perspective, this paper analyzes the “committal” suffixes ci and cianha used as “pseudo-tags” in Korean conversation, which render the utterance they mark a request for confirmation (RfC) formatted in the form of a polar declarative question. The focus is given to examining differences ci and cianha as constitutive of mutually related but distinct forms of RfC, particularly in terms of the ways in which the confirmable is formulated and intersubjective understanding is solicited and negotiated. It is proposed that the RfC formatted with the pseudo-tag ci indexes the speaker’s orientation towards having the recipient help him/her “raise commitment” to the factually ascertainable character of shared information. Its use organizes recipiency in such a way that the recipient’s confirmation is solicited collusively. The RfC formatted with cianha, by contrast, furnishes the speaker with a discursive resource for engaging the recipient in a negotiatory process, prodding him/her to raise his/her “momentarily latent” commitment. With the confirmable grounded in general/shared knowledge, the use of cianha has the import of organizing a range of “attendant activities”, such as appeasing, whining, rebuking, etc.

In recent decades, significant effort has led to risk-informed improvements to regulation. Performance-based approaches also promise significant gains in efficiency (level of safety versus effort). However, significant work remains to be done before performance-based approaches realize their full potential in regulation of nuclear power plants. This paper reviews key concepts related to performance-based regulation, discusses some applications of performance-based approaches, and identifies issues that still need to be addressed. Realistic, experience-based models of licensee performance are still lacking; this makes it difficult to assess the prospective effectiveness of any given regulatory approach, in light of the performance issues that it will actually face. Also, while 'compliance' is an intuitively straightforward concept to apply within a prescriptive implementation, its analog in a performance-based approach remains unclear. An overarching theme of the paper is that formal methods of decision analysis are very helpful in developing appropriate regulatory approaches, especially performance-based ones; this theme is illustrated at several points.