Earticle

The event data generated by the thermal detector of security system installed in the fire target and the fire space is analyzed, which is used as the basic data for determining the initial firing point. The operation principle, detection distance, detection angle, and effects of the thermal detector are checked, and the direction of combustion is verified by analyzing the data of the heat-sensor event due to the flow of flames and smoke. The reproducibility test of the fire case proves that the ignition point and fire behavior, by reinterpreting the sensor operation event data according to the detection range and blind range of the thermal detector, and confirms that the thermal detector can be an important factor in determining the firing point during the fire investigation.

A Steel column with damaged spray-applied fire resistive material (SFRM) may exhibit reduced structural performance due to the effects of elevated temperature during fire events. Thus, the fire load behavior of steel columns with removed or reduced SFRM needs to be examined to predict the structural damage by fire. FEM analyses were performed for the flange thinning removal models in which the SFRM was reduced as a constant strip in thickness at the top flange of the column. The temperature results for all models obtained from the heat transfer analyses were included as an initial condition in the FEM structural analyses. In this study, the results of analysis show that even small remnants of SFRM led to an effective reduction of temperature at any given fire duration, and improved significantly the axial load capacity of a column as compared to the complete removal cases of SFRM.

After a past history of fire suppression, California’s forests face increased fire risk from the buildup of fuels. The objective of the study is to develop custom fuel models for the area and to determine whether fuel loads differ significantly by dominant species, and whether measured fuel loads differ from the closest standard fuel models. Measurements of fuel loads suggested that stands dominated by a sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana) had significantly higher loads of fine fuels than ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa). Based on fire modeling, sugar pine may also show more severe fire behavior than ponderosa. Standard fuel models did not closely correspond to the custom fuel models in either fuel loads or predicted fire behavior, suggesting a need for further development of new fuel models. Existing fuel models fail to reflect the fuel loads measured in Lassen National Forest, and lead to different predictions of fire behavior. Evidence also suggests that fuel loads and fuel bed density differ based on species composition. This study also highlights the possible under-prediction bias found in many custom fuel models and models of crown fires. More detailed measurements of ladder fuels and crown characteristics are required for more accurate modeling of crown fire behavior.

이 연구에서는 잣나무 낙엽을 대상으로 실내 연소실험을 진행하여 경사조건에 따라 변화하는 화염 의 연소특성을 파악하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 경사조건을 0ﾟ⋅10ﾟ⋅15ﾟ⋅20ﾟ⋅25ﾟ로 부여하여 연소 연료판의 최하단부와 최상단부에 불을 놓은 후 실험조건에 따라 잣나무 낙엽의 연소특성이 어떻게 변화하는지를 관찰하였다. 상향확산의 경우 경사도가 커질수록 확산속도가 증가하였으나, 하향확산 은 줄어들었다. 산불강도는 상향확산의 경우 21~37kW, 하향확산에서는 21~29kW로 상향확산이 다소 높았다. 경사도가 커질수록 최대화염길이는 증가하고, 화염각은 줄어들었는데 이는 화염이 미연 소 연료로 열전달이 빨라져 산불확산속도를 증가시킬 수 있다. 이 연구의 결과는 지형조건에 따라 다양하게 변화하는 산불행동을 예측하는 데 기초자료로 활용이 가능하다.

In this study, a laboratory burning experiment was conducted to experimentally examine the combustion characteristics of Pinus koraiensis litter with different slopes. Using several slope conditions, we observed how forest fire behavior changed after igniting the upper and lower sections of fuel bed. The results showed that the rate of fire spread on uphill slopes increased with slope gradient, but that on downhill decreased. The measures of fire intensities on uphill ranged from 21 to 37kW and those on downhill are 21 to 29kW, indicating that fire intensities on uphill slopes were larger than on downhill. As the slope increased, the flame length increased but the flame tilt angle decreased. This meant that the flame can accelerate heat transfer to unburned fuels and increase fire spread rate. The results of this study can be used as basic data to accurately predict fire behavior under different slope conditions.

This study focused on analyzing changes in forest fuel based on the structural characteristics of forests. From 2020 to 2023, a monitoring survey was conducted at a managed experimental site in a three ageclass pine forest in the fire-prone Yeongdong region of Gangwon Province, Korea. The experiment included thinning intensity treatments of 40%, 20%, and a control plot. A comparative analysis of forest growth in the study area revealed that the diameter at breast height (cm/year) was 1.51 cm for the 40% thinning treatment, 1.21 cm for the 20% thinning treatment, and 0.71 cm for the control plot. Height growth (m/year) was 0.33 m for the 40% thinning treatment, 0.29 m for the 20% thinning treatment, and 0.22 m for the control plot. Forest fuel analysis showed that the total fuel load (canopy + surface) was 2.96 kg/m² for the 40% thinning treatment, 3.51 kg/m² for the 20% thinning treatment, and 4.21 kg/m² for the control plot. This indicates that the 40% thinning plot had up to 1.4 times less fuel than the control plot. Canopy fuel density was measured at 0.145kg/m³ for the 40% thinning treatment, 0.237 kg/m³ for the 20% thinning treatment, and 0.290kg/m³ for the control plot, demonstrating that higher thinning intensity resulted in lower fuel accumulation within the forest. Additionally, annual litter deposition (ton/ha) was 4.13 tons in the control plot, 4.29 tons in the 20% thinning plot, and 3.68 tons in the 40% thinning plot, with the control plot showing 1.1 times higher litter deposition than the high-intensity thinning plot. This study intends to periodically analyze changes in forest fuel loads based on thinning intensity through forest management monitoring for the development of forest fuel technologies. The findings will contribute to establishing a comprehensive forest management database.

본 연구에서는 단순 물리적 연소실험을 통하여 경사와 풍속 변화가 산불행동 특성 변화에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지를 파악하고자 하였다. 경사는 상향경사와 하향경사 조건을 모두 고려하였고, 풍속은 0m/s, 2m/s, 4m/s, 6m/s의 조건을 부여하여 실험하였다. 본 연구 결과에 의하면, 상향경사가 크고, 풍속이 빠를수록 화염의 온도가 지속적으로 증가하여 최대 1,353.3°C까지 높아지는 것으로 나타났다. 확산속도의 경우에는 경사 30°, 6m/s의 풍속에서 최대 분당 15m까지 빨라지는 현상을 관찰하였다. 조건에 따른 산불화염의 강도 추정에서는 최소 78.11kW/m∼최대 5,982.23kW/m의 범위로 나타났으며, 경사가 크고, 풍속이 강해질수록 확산강도가 높아지는 패턴으로 수치의 범위가 국외에서 제시한 연구결과와 유사하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 추후 산불확산 및 강도를 정확하게 예측하는 데 유용한 정보로 활용될 것이다.

The objective of this study is to find out what effects the changes in slope and wind velocity has on characteristic changes in fire behavior through a simple burning experiment. Both upslope and downslope were considered for slope factor and the conditions of 0m/s, 2m/s, 4m/s and 6m/s were applied for wind velocity factor. The result of this study shows that, with the higher upslope and wind velocity, the flame temperature continues to increase up to 1,353.3°C. The rate of spread was also found to be as fast as 15m/min in the condition of 30° slope and 6m/s wind velocity. The conditional fire intensity was estimated to range from 78.11 kW/m to 5,982.23 kW/m and also increased with the higher slope and wind velocity, which was similar to findings in the literature for other countries. The result of this study will help to predict accurately the spread and intensity of forest fire.

기존의 패닉모형과 달리, 최근 연구들은 재난 상황에서 이타적 행동이 더 많이 나타나며 이타심은 집단의 위기 대응 역량을 순간적으로 증대시켜 인명구조에 긍정적인 영향을 끼친다고 밝히고 있다. 그리고 이타적 행동을 발현시키는 뇌의 기제는 학습과 경험을 통하여 강화될 수 있다는 사실도 드러 나고 있다. 화재 상황을 모사하여 이루어진 본 실험 연구는 학습과 경험의 유형이 이타적 행동의 발현에 영향을 미치는가를 확인하기 위하여 집단비교와 요인설계분석을 실시하였다. 분석결과, 화 재시 대응 행동 학습, 화재시 승강기 사용 학습을 비롯하여 실제 화재 경험, 화재훈련, 미디어를 통한 화재 관련 정보 습득을 포함한 5가지 학습경험에서 각각 경험을 갖고 있는 집단의 이타적 행동 발현 정도가 경험이 없는 집단에 비해 높았다. 그러나 경험들 간 상호작용 효과의 패턴은 두 가지 경험이 중복되는 것 보다 오히려 의미 있는 한 가지 경험을 한 경우, 이타적 행동 발현이 더 우세하다 는 것을 보여주었다. 이때 유의미한 경험은 실제 화재 경험, 화재시 대응 행동 학습, 화재시 승강기 사용 학습으로, 실제 상황과의 관련성, 경험의 구체성과 체계성이 중요하다는 것을 시사하고 있다.

Unlike the traditional panic model, recent studies have revealed that altruistic behavior is more prevalent in disaster situations and altruism has a positive effect on lifesaving by instantly increasing the group’s ability to respond to crisis. It also turns out that the brain mechanism that manifests altruistic behavior can be strengthened through learning and experience. In this experimental study using a simulated fire emergency, group comparisons and factorial design analysis were conducted to determine whether the type of learning experience influenced the manifestation of altruistic behavior. The results showed that a higher degree of altruistic behavior was manifested among groups with experience in each of the five learning experiences (real fire experience, learning to respond to fire, learning to use an elevator during fire, and obtaining fire-related information through media) than inexperienced groups. However, the pattern of interaction effect between those experiences showed that one meaningful experience was better than overlapped experiences. The significant experiences were situated and systematically constructed with detailed information such as real fire experience, learning to respond to fire, and learning to use an elevator during fire.

본 연구는 방음터널 내 차량 화재 발생 시 화재 양상과 인체 피해 및 피난 안전성을 정량적으로 평가하기 위해 Fire Dynamics Simulator(FDS)를 활용하였다. 주요 분석 지표는 온도, 열방출률(HRR), 가시도, CO·CO2·O2 농도로 설정하여 내연기관차(ICEV)와 전기차(EV)를 비교하였다. EV 화재는 최대 HRR이 ICEV보다 약 1.6배 높 았으며, 온도와 가시도 임계 조건에 각각 104초, 92초 빠르게 도달하여 급격한 피난 제약 환경을 형성하였다. CO, CO2, O2 농도는 두 차량 모두에서 기준치를 초과하지 않아, 본 연구 조건에서는 독성가스보다 온도 상승과 가시 도 저하가 주요 제약 요인으로 확인되었다. 또한 현행 방음터널 관련 지침은 소재의 불연·난연 성능만 규정하고 있어 방음터널의 화재 안전성 확보를 위해서는 대체 소재 적용과 이를 뒷받침할 법·제도적 기반 마련이 필요하다.

This study investigated the fire safety of soundproof tunnels by analyzing vehicle fire scenarios using the Fire Dynamics Simulator. Human impact indicators including temperature, heat release rate, carbon monoxide concentration, carbon dioxide concentration, oxygen concentration, and visibility at respiratory height (1.8 m above the floor) were assessed. Results indicated that electric vehicle fires produced a maximum heat release rate of 34,668 kW, approximately 1.6 times higher than internal combustion engine vehicle fires. Electric vehicle fires reached the critical thresholds of temperature (60 ℃) and visibility (5 m) 104 seconds and 92 seconds earlier, respectively. Under simulated conditions, toxic gas levels remained below hazardous thresholds, implying that evacuation safety was mainly threatened by heat and smoke visibility. Both electric vehicles and internal combustion engine vehicles quickly created hazardous conditions, emphasizing the structural vulnerability of soundproof tunnels. Moreover, current guidelines only mandate non-combustible or flame-retardant materials, underscoring the urgent need for alternative materials and stronger legal and institutional frameworks to ensure tunnel fire safety.

전기자동차 배터리 화재는 고온, 유독가스 발생, 진압의 어려움 등 전통적인 화재와는 다른 특성을 가지며, 박물관 건물 및 그 안의 문화재에 심각한 피해를 유발할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 지하주차장 내부에서 전기자동차의 화재 시 특성을 분석 하여 화재전파 및 피난대책 수립을 위한 데이터를 제시하고자 한다. 전기자동차 화재 시 지하주차장 내의 온도는 급격히 상승하며 전기자동차 상부 2m 부근의 온도가 1044 ℃에 도달하였으며 이는 전기자동차의 화재가 건물 구조에 상당한 영 향을 미침을 확인하였다. 또한 화재로 인하여 발생된 유독 가스는 매우 빠른 시간에 지하주차장 내로 확산되어 120초 경과 시 재실자의 안전한 피난에 좋지 않은 영향을 미침을 확인하였다. 따라서 전기자동차의 화재로부터 피해를 저감하기 위해 서는 화재를 신속하게 감지하고 진압할 수 있는 소화시스템을 개발하고 보급하여야 한다.

Unlike traditional fires, EV battery fires exhibit distinct characteristics, including high temperatures, toxic gas emissions, and difficulty in suppression, posing a severe threat to museum buildings and their cultural artifacts. This study aims to analyze the characteristics of EV fires within underground parking garages to provide data for establishing fire spread and evacuation strategies. The results demonstrate a rapid temperature rise in the underground parking garage during an EV fire, with temperatures reaching 1044°C near the top of the EV (2m), indicating a significant impact on building structures. Furthermore, the toxic gases generated by the fire spread rapidly throughout the underground parking garage, compromising safe evacuation within 120 seconds. Therefore, to mitigate damage from EV fires, it is crucial to develop and deploy fire suppression systems capable of rapid detection and extinguishment.

본 연구는 소방공무원의 구강건강관리 행동에 대한 실태를 파악하고자 대전광역시의 일부 소방서에 근무하 는 241명의 소방공무원을 대상으로 실시하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 첫째, 1일 칫솔질 횟수는 남성은 3회, 여성 은 4회라는 응답이 많았고, 칫솔질 시간은 20대 연령과 근무경력이 5년 이하인 근무자들이 3분 이상 닦는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 구강보조용품 사용은 20, 30대 연령과 근무경력이 10년 미만인 근무자들이 많이 사용하고 있었으며, 소방장 이하의 계급에서 구강보건교육 경험이 많았다. 셋째, 구강보건교육을 받은 경우 구강보조용품을 더 많이 사용 하고 있었고, 1년 내 치석제거도 더 많이 시행한 것으로 나타났다. 연구결과 열악한 근무환경에 비해 소방공무원의 구강건강관리상태는 다행히 양호한 수준 이였으나, 향후 구강건강향상을 위한 IT와 로봇기술이 융합된 직무 맞춤형 구강건강 프로그램 개발과 홍보대책 방안을 마련하고 소방공무원의 처우를 개선한다면 소방공무원들의 구강건강관 리 수준은 더 향상될 수 있을 것이라 사료되었다.

This study was conducted in 241 fire officers at fire stations in Daejeon Metropolitan City to determine their oral health care behavior status and obtained the following results: First, men were more likely to brush their teeth 3 times a day and women were more likely to brush their teeth 4 times a day; those who were in their twenties and had ≤5 years of career brushed their teeth for ≥3 minutes. Second, the respondents who were in their twenties and thirties and had <10 years of career were more likely to use auxiliary oral hygiene devices and fire captains and those at higher positions were more likely to have received oral health education. Third, the respondents having received oral health education were more likely to use auxiliary oral hygiene devices and to have their teeth scaling within a year. While the fire officers were fortunately at good levels of oral health care, taking the poor working environment into account, the efforts to develop job-customized oral health programs in which IT and robot technologies are combined to improve oral health and take measures to publicize the programs and to give better treatment to fire officers are expected to put them in better oral health care status.

This study aimed to suggest an analysis model quantifying spaces vulnerable to evacuation situations such as a fire accident in general hospitals. Overall study procedure included the legal understanding of emergency exit, the search for frequent fire accident spots and space analysis of hospital. In evacuation simulation, two exit conditions were considered: one was to block walkable spaces around frequent fire spots, and the other was not to block them. User conditions were varied with the use of a crutch, wheelchair. In the application of evacuation simulation model, blocking walkable spaces around frequent fire spots had agents use bypasses and revealed vulnerable evacuation spaces from the result of unblocking condition. In the case of the simulation considering the user’s walking behavior, delayed evacuation result appeared. Finally, this study suggested an analysis model finding spaces vulnerable to evacuation with consideration of bypass and a patient’s walking behavior.

Fire emergencies in complex buildings present significant challenges to occupants, requiring rapid decision-making and efficient evacuation. This study examines the impact of fire location awareness on evacuation behavior, with fear and anxiety as mediating variables. A survey was conducted with 309 participants who had experience using multi-story buildings, and structural equation modeling (SEM) was employed to analyze the relationships among fire location awareness, fear and anxiety, and evacuation behavior. The results indicate that lower fire location awareness significantly increases fear and anxiety (β = -0.81, p < .001), while higher levels of fear and anxiety are associated with increased evacuation behavior (β = 0.496, p < .001). Furthermore, fire location awareness has a direct negative effect on evacuation behavior (β = -0.282, p < .01) while also exerting an indirect influence through fear and anxiety (β = 0.402, p < .001), confirming a partial mediation effect. These findings suggest that occupants who are unable to accurately perceive the fire’s location experience heightened levels of fear and anxiety, which may in turn excessively drive their evacuation behavior. Based on these findings, this study highlights the necessity of improving fire location awareness through enhanced alarm systems, real-time notifications, and preemptive evacuation training. Additionally, psychological preparedness programs should be introduced to regulate fear and anxiety, preventing excessive panic that may lead to inefficient evacuation behavior. Future research should explore experimental methodologies and real-life evacuation scenarios to further validate these relationships and develop optimal fire safety measures.

연구목적: 본 연구는 소방공무원의 지진재난 대응을 위한 소방조직구성, 소방지휘능력, 여론운영 등이 조직시민행동에 미치는 영향을 파악하여 소방조직이 지진재난에 대응하기 위한 실무적 기초자료를 제 공하는데 목적이 있다. 연구방법: 전국 소방공무원 159명을 대상으로 설문조사를 수행하였으며 , 조사 자료는 SPSS 22.0 프로그램을 이용하여 통계적 분석을 수행하였다. 연구결과: 첫째, 소방조직구성, 소 방지휘능력, 여론운영 등은 조직시민행동에 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 독립변인의 종속변인에 대한 상대적 기여도는 소방조직구성, 소방지휘능력, 여론운영 순서로 확인되었다. 결론: 본 연구의 분석결과를 통해 정부가 지진대응을 위해 사전에 소방조직 구성, 소방지휘능력 배양, 여론운영 이 필요함을 실무적 관점에서 제시하고자 하며 향후 발생할 수 있는 재난에 대비하고자 하는 기초자료 로 활용되길 기대해 본다.

Purpose: This study identifies the impact on composition of the firefighting organization, fire command ability, and public opinion operation on organizational citizenship behavior for fire officials to respond to the earthquake disaster, and provides practical implications as basic data for firefighting organizations to cope with the earthquake disaster. Method: Questionnaire survey was performed for 159 fire officials, and the surveyed data was statistically analyzed by using SPSS 22.0 program. Result: First, the results of the verification of the hypothesis showed that the composition of the fire organization, firefield command ability and public opinion operation have a positive impact on organizational citizenship behavior. Second, the relative contribution of independent variables to the dependent variables was identified in the order of composition of fire organization, fire command ability and public opinion operation. Conclusion: The implications of this study suggested from a practical perspective that the government needs to organize firefighting organizations, develop firefield command ability and operate public opinion in advance in order to respond to earthquakes.

본 연구는 경북 지역 일선 소방 공무원을 대상으로 한 셀프 리더십, 조직 몰입, 혁신 행동, 조직 시민 행동 간의 관계에 대한 실증 연구이다. 셀프 리더십을 독립 변수로, 조직 몰입을 매개 변수로, 혁신 행동과 조직 시민 행동을 종속 변수로 설정하여 구조 방정식을 활용한 설문지 자료 분석 결과 경북 지역 일선 소방공무원의 경우 셀프 리더십이 조직 몰입을 매개 변수로 하여 간접 또는 직접적으로 혁신 행동과 조직 시민 행동에 긍정적 영향을 미치는 원인 변수로 기능하고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 본 연구의 연구 결과는 일선 소방 공무원에게 특히 요구되는 혁신 행동과 조직 시민 행동의 향상을 위해서는 조직 관리의 측면에서 일선 소방 공무원 개개인의 셀프 리더십 함양에 주목할 필요가 있음을 실증적으로 보여주고 있다.

This is an empirical study on organizational behavior of the street level fire service officials, focused on the relationships with self leadership, organizational commitment, innovative behavior, and organizational citizenship behavior. As a data collection method, we commissioned a questionnaire survey to find out the relationships with self leadership, organizational commitment, innovative behavior, and organizational citizenship behavior. The respondents for our study were the street level fire service officials in Gyeongsangbuk-do. In order to analyze the data, we used such statistical techniques as Cronbach Alpha Coefficient, and Structural Equation Modeling. On the basis of such data analyses, the study shows that self leadership, which is mediated by organizational commitment, could positively affect innovative behavior, and organizational citizenship behavior directly or indirectly in the case of the street level fire service officials.

최근 부주의와 낮은 안전의식과 책임감 부족으로 사고 발생이 지속적인 증가추세를 보이고 있는 화재안전에 대하여 교육을 실시한 후, 화재 안전 교육이 안전행동에 미치는 효과를 계획된 행동이론(Theory of Planned Behavior: TPB)적용하여 연구하였다. 2010년 5월 6일부터 2010년 5월 27일까지 서울시에 소재하는 1개 고등학교에 재학 중인 1학년생 204명을 대상으로 조사가 이루어 졌다. 연구대상자 중 실험군 102명에게는 주 1회 50분씩 총 3회에 걸쳐 화재안전 교육을 실시하였고, 대조군 102명에게는 어떠한 화재안전교육도 이루어지지 않았다. 분석결과 화재 안전 교육 전․후 화재 안전에 관한 지식, 태도, 주관적 규범, 지각된 행동 통제, 안전행동 의도, 안전행동 모두 통계학적으로 유의하였고. 화재 안전행동에 미치는 영향은 사후 조사에서 실험군이 대조군에 비해 총합 점수가 유의한 영향을 미쳤다. 화재안전행동에 영향을 미치는 요인들 중 유의한 변수는 ‘안전행동 의도’ 로 설명력은 64.2%이었고(p<.05), 상대적 영향력은 64.9%이다. 결론적으로 사고로 인한 손상은 예방이 가능한 보건학적 문제이므로, 청소년의 안전사고 또한 체계적이고 효과적인 안전교육을 통해 올바른 지식, 태도, 행동의 변화를 유도해야 한다.

This study investigates the effect that fire safety education reaches to safety behavior was studied, the variable of the behavioral theory(Theory of Planned Behavior: TPB) planned as the model for an outcome and add knowledge variable were based. The survey was conducted in a high school located on Seoul by studying. its 204 first graders from May 6, 2010 to May 27, 2010. 102 students of the subjects were given a 50-minute fire safety education per. week for three weeks and the others were not given any education. 1.Variables of the Planned Behavioral Theory between before and after of Fire Safety Education intervention showed that as to the influence that it attains to Fire Safety Behavior, in case group was enhanced in the post survey so that the total score could note in comparison with control group. 2.Factors affecting firesafety behavior and safety of the significant variables are intended to act. Explanatory power was 64.2%(p<.05), the relative influence is 64.9%. In other words, the higher' the behavioral intention fire safety' 'fire safety behavior' can be seen that the execution of the higher. 3.Variable is affected fire safety behavior among a significant variable was intended to the Explainability was 64.2%(p<.05), the relative influence was 64.9%. A damage due to accident is a study problem that prevention is possible. Therefore, it has to induce the right knowledge, attitude, and change of a behavior through the safety education in which the safety-related accident of a teenager is moreover systematic and which is effective.

본 연구의 목적은 소방공무원의 외상후 스트레스 장애의 원인을 파악하고 스트레스를 진단하기 위한 척도 와 도구에 대한 고찰을 통해 위기상황 스트레스 관리 교육프로그램과 대책을 제안하고자 하는데 그 목적이 있다. 외상후 스트레스 장애는 침습 증상, 회피 증상, 인지와 기분의 부정적 변화, 과각성 증상을 특징을 포함한다. 트라우 마의 기억은 외현 기억(explicit memory)과 암묵 기억(implicit memory)이 있다. 외현 기억은 의식적, 인지적, 서술 적이며, 변연계 구조물 중 해마가 관여한다. 사건 당시 정보 처리는 억제적이며, 내러티브 언어구성을 갖는다. 암묵 기억은 무의식적, 정서적, 절차적이며, 몸이 기억을 한다. 관련된 변연계 구조물은 편도체이고 사건 당시 정보처리는 활성화되어 있고, 말로 표현할 수 없는 언어구성을 갖는다. 암묵 기억의 소거가 트라우마 치료에서 가장 중요하다. 위기상황 스트레스 관리(critical incident stress management, CISM)는 위기 상황으로 인해 발생되는 스트레스의 유해성을 감소시키고, 조절하기 위한 포괄적이고 체계적인 접근 방법이다. 결론적으로 CISM의 핵심적 목표는 외상 후 스트레스 장애에 의한 심리적 상태의 종결이라고 할 수 있다. 본 연구는 외상후 스트레스 장애의 원인과 대처방 법에 대한 문헌 고찰을 통해 소방공무원의 외상후 스트레스 장애 해소를 위한 교육프로그램 개발을 제안하고자 하 였다.

The purpose of the study is to investigate the predisposing factors of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in fire fighters in Korea and to suggest the program development and solution to the critical incident stress management (CISM) in the future. PTSD is characterized by invasion, withdrawal, negative change of cognition and mood, and hypersensitivity. Trauma memory includes explicit memory and implicit memory. The explicit memory is conscious, cognitive, and descriptive and is controlled by hippocampus. The data of explicit memory have inhibitive and narrative language structure. The implicit memory is inconscious, emotional, and remembered by the body. The implicit memory is controlled by amygdala and has inexpressive language structure. The deletion of implicit memory is the key point to trauma treatment. Critical incident stress management (CISM) is the approach for the solution of PTSD. In conclusion, the essential goal of CISM is the psychological cessation of PTSD. This study tried to suggest the education program development of PTSD.

The seismic separation joint is an important device that absorbs vibration displacement from earthquake shock and protects fire extinguishing pipes and various utility pipes. In this study, the mechanical behavior occurring in U-typed and V-typed seismic separation joint was analyzed according to the length of the bellows, the length of the elbow straight pipe, and the open angle. As a result, as the length of the bellows increased, the stress and natural frequency decreased. In addition, as the length of the elbow straight pipe increased, the stress tended to decrease in the case of forced displacement in the vertical direction. As the open angle increased, the stress in the case of forced displacement in the left and right directions increased.

This paper attempted to analyze the correlation between the risk image of the evacuees in the tunnel and the variables that affect the evacuation behavior due to the closed feeling. As to whether there is a difference in the level of recognizing the tunnel risk image according to the distribution of jobs, the null hypothesis was rejected at the significance probability of 0.002, so it can be said that the level of recognition of the tunnel risk image varies depending on the job group. In the distribution difference between gender and tunnel risk image recognition level, the significance probability was 0.012, indicating that the null hypothesis was rejected, indicating that the tunnel risk recognition distribution according to gender was different. As a result of analyzing the distribution difference between the tunnel's closed feeling and the tunnel risk perception level, the significance probability was 0.001, and the null hypothesis was rejected, indicating that there was a difference in the tunnel risk image level.

This study proposes a fire disaster prevention system that analyzes CCTV video streams to detect multi-crowd movements in real time and evaluate potential risk levels. The system identifies early warning signs by assessing crowd density, movement speed, and directional changes, enabling rapid detection of hazardous situations in densely populated environments. The proposed method extracts motion vectors and behavioral features from sequential video frames to compute a risk index that reflects scene instability. Experimental results using synthetic and real CCTV data demonstrate that the model effectively distinguishes normal, alert, and evacuation states. These findings indicate that the system can provide timely early warnings and support prompt decision-making during fire-related emergencies.