Earticle

본 연구는 미-중 무역분쟁을 보다 장기적인 관점에서 ‘G2 리스크’로 정의하고 급변하는 세계무역환경 속에서 중소 기업 수출지원제도의 문제점을 진단하고 개선방안을 논의하고 있다. 중소기업 수출지원제도는 이를 총괄하는 컨트롤 타워 가 부재하고, 사업별로 제도가 운용되면서 정책 간 중복으로 인해 행정적 낭비가 발생할 수 있다는 문제점이 있다. 이러한 문제를 개선하기 위해서 첫째, 중소기업 수출지원제도를 총괄하는 컨트롤 타워를 명확하게 설정해야 할 것이다. 둘째, 컨트 롤 타워를 명확하게 설정한 이후 중장기 로드맵을 구축하여 중소기업 수출지원제도의 효율적인 운영방안을 마련해야 할 것이다. 셋째, 개별 수출지원조직의 역할과 책임을 명확하게 한 후 조직 간 협력을 강화할 필요가 있다. 마지막으로 중소기 업 수출지원제도가 잘 수립되고 운영되고 있는지 여부를 확인하기 위해서는 올바른 성과평가기준과 환류시스템을 마련하 는 것이 중요하다.

This study argued problems and improvement of export support system for SMEs in the uncertain world global trade environment with G2(US-China) risk. In SMEs export support system, The authorities needs stronger control tower to promote consistent export support policies. There is also another problem of repetitious work that export support system has been operated by individual project. In order to overcome these problems, first, the authorities set clearly organization to control various export support policies. Second, export support system needs the efficient operation based on long term road map. Third, the authorities defines clear roles and responsibilities of supporting units, and enhances cooperation between the different organizations. Finally, the system should arrange performance evaluation index and feedback system to build the desirable export support system.

본 논문에서는 최근 다시 심화되고 있는 한국 수출시장의 집중화 현상에 주목하여 그 원인을 찾아보고자 하였다. 국가수준에서 수출시장의 집중화와 그 원인을 규명한 연구는 아직까지 발표된 바 없다. 이런 연유로 본 연구에서는 관련연구와 한국수출의 특징을 고려하여 연구모형 을 설정하였다. 종속변수를 한국의 국가별 수출실적으로, 독립변수를 해외직접투자, 외국인직접투자, 수입, GDP, 지역으로 선정하였다. 그리고 통제변수로 환율을 고려하였다. 분석자료는 1985년, 1995년, 2005년, 2015년의 4개 기간에 걸쳐 수집하였다. 분석의 결과는 다음과 같다. 한국의 수출은 쌍무적인 차원에서 수입과 밀접하게 연계되어 있다. 수입을 많이 하는 국가에 수 출도 많이 하는 패턴을 보이고 있다. 해외직접투자, 외국인직접투자 및 GDP는 4개 기간 모두에서 통계적으로 유의한 정(+)의 관계를 보였다. 해외직접투자와 외국인직접투자가 많이 이루어지고 시장규모도 큰 국가에 한국의 수출은 집중하고 있다. 반면 아시아지역 국가에 대한 수출은 1985년을 제외한 3개 기간에서 통계적으로 유의한 수준으로 집중하였고, 환율은 모든 기간에서 수출에 영향을 미치지 않았다. 특별히 한국의 수출은 해외직접투자와 밀접한 관계가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 과거에 비해 최근 기간에서 수출과 해외직접투자의 관계는 더 밀접하였다. 또한 해외직접투자는 수출과 수입의 관계를 매개하는 작용을 하였다. 해외직접투자의 매개 효과도 과거에 비해 최근 기간에 더 강하게 나타났다. 반면 외국인직접투자는 수출과의 관계가 점점 더 약화되고 있고 매개효과도 확인되지 않았다. 한국의 수출은 해외직접투자와 높은 보완 관계에 있고 해외직접투자가 많은 국가에 수출도 집중하는 현상을 보이고 있다.

This paper aims to find the determinants of the export market concentration in the case of South Korea. Previous research related to the export market concentration or diversification has not been published in the analysis at a country level, while the previous researches are mainly related to the export product concentration or diversification. The research model is set up based on the relevant research and the export characteristics of South Korea. The dependent variable is the export amount by country. The independent variables are outward foreign direct investment (FDI), inward FDI, import, and GDP. The exchange rate is included as a control variable. The data was collected during the four periods: 1985, 1995, 2005 and 2015. The results of the analysis are as follows. South Korea's exports are closely linked to imports on a bilateral level. Outward FDI, inward FDI and GDP are statistically significant over the four periods. South Korea's exports are concentrated in countries with large outward FDI, large inward FDI and a large market size. On the other hand, the region is statistically significant in three periods except for 1985, and the exchange rate did not affect exports during the periods. In particular, South Korea’s exports have a close relationship with outward FDI, and their relationships have been more closely related to the recent period. Outward FDI, also mediates the relationships between exports and imports, and the mediating effect of outward FDI has also been stronger in recent years than in the past. On the other hand, inward FDI relationships are weakening and the mediation effect is not statistically significant. South Korea's exports are highly complementary to outward FDI. South Korea's exports have been concentrating in the countries with large outward FDI.

최근 K-POP으로 대변되는 우리나라의 문화에 대한 세계적 열풍은 우리나라의 수출입 상품 및 서비스 분야의 교역에도 상당한 영향을 미치고 있다. 본 연구는 1인당 GDP이나 구매력을 기준 으로 국가별 경제적 순위가 결정되는 기존의 수출입 실적 반영 방식에서는 동종 제품에 대하 여 상대적으로 구매력이 크거나 경제적 수준이 높은 국가에 대한 수출실적이 높게 나타나는 한계점이 있다. 구매력이 낮은 국가라고 해서 ‘한류(韓流, Korean Wave)’로 표현되는 ‘한국문화 에 대한 수요’가 낮은 지역으로 단순 분류하는 것은 글로벌 한류 현상을 이해하는 데에 있어 해석상 오류가 될 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 한류에 대한 문화적 수요를 반영해 줄 수 있는 주요 상품을 UNESCO 2005 가이드라인을 반영하여 한류가 전 세계 고르게 분산되어있는지 여부를 파악할 수 있는 ‘한류상품수출다변화지수(가칭, KWMEDI = Korean Wave Merchandise Export Diversification Index)’를 개발하고자 한다. 지수 개발 과정과 결과에서 주요 한류 상품 품목 HS Code 분류 및 선정, HHI를 활용한 산출식, 국가별 및 지역별 지수 산출, 시계열 및 횡단면 분 석, 산출 결과 검정 및 해석을 언급한다. 본 연구의 한계점은 HHI 지수의 역수를 취하여 수출 다변화를 표현하였고, 계절효과를 배제하였으며, 주기별 평활화 작업을 추가적으로 하지 않았 기 때문에, 지수 산출 결과가 시간의 흐름에 따라 결과값이 잠정적으로 우상향 편의가 발생할 가능성이 있으며, 이러한 한계점을 향후 보완할 필요가 있다.

Purpose : This study establishes the Korean Wave Merchandise Export Index to monitor the Korean Wave’s trend all over the world as the value of Korean Wave is enormously on the increase. Through developing the index, this study suggests a brand-new merchandise-based Korean Wave index to monitor the changes in overseas demands for the Korean culture. Research design, data, methodology : In order to produce the KWMEDI, this study utilizes the inverse formula of the Hirshman-Herfindahl index which is originally to measures a business concentration in a market, through which KWMEDI can measure the dispersion of the Korean Wave across the world. This study adopts the merchandise items from the UNESCO 2005 cultural products across the borders, making up of the whole index components for KWMEDI. Results : Korean Wave Merchandise Export Index can be an alternative to the existing survey-based indexes which can not represent the whole trends of the Korean Wave in every sector of the world. Outcomes of the calculated KWMEDI index can be interpreted in time-series and cross-sectional analysis. Conclusions : This Study delivers an important implication through producing KWMEDI as it shows some meaningful outcomes different from simple statistics such as the number of exporting countries, as it shows how the trend of Korean Wave is disperse.

본 논문은 2008-2022년 101개국 패널자료를 이용해 금융접근성의 물리적 인프라(인구 10만 명 당 ATM 수, 상업은행 지점 수)가 수출성과에 미치는 영향을 분석한다. 수출성과는 수출액과 수출다변화로 구분하여 측정하였다. 분석 방법은 수출액은 PPML-HDFE(포아송 최대우도 추정 법-고차원 고정효과) 모델을 활용하였고, 수출다변화는 2-way 고정효과 모형(two-way fixed effects model)과 Driscoll–Kraay 표준오차(Driscoll–Kraay standard errors)를 적용하였다. 국가 발 전단계의 이질성에 따라 분석하기 위해 소득그룹 더미를 활용였다. 주요 결과는 다음과 같다. (1) ATM 보급은 두 집단 모두에서 제품·대상국 다변화를 유의하게 촉진한다. (2) 지점망 확충은 개도국에서 다변화를 확대하나, 선진국에서는 제품 다변화를 제 약한다. (3) 수출액에 대해서는 ATM의 양(+) 효과가 주로 선진국에서 유의하며, 지점의 효과는 일관되지 않다.

Purpose : Using data for 101 countries from 2008–2022, we examine how physical financial access—ATMs per 100,000 adults and bank branches per 100,000 adults—affects export outcomes (export volume and export diversification) and whether effects differ by development stage. Research design, data, methodology : We use IMF FAS indicators (ATMs per 100,000 adults and bank branches per 100,000 adults) and WDI exports, estimate export volume with PPML‑HDFE, and analyze diversification with two‑way fixed effects and Driscoll–Kraay standard errors; heterogeneity is assessed using an income‑group dummy and interaction terms. Results : ATM expansion significantly promotes both product and destination diversification in advanced and developing economies and raises export volume mainly in advanced economies; branch expansion increases diversification in developing economies but constrains product diversification in advanced ones, with non‑robust effects on export volume. Conclusions : Stage‑specific policies are implied: expand branch networks in developing economies and strengthen payments/ATM infrastructure in advanced economies; using policy‑oriented physical indicators, we document dual‑dimension diversification effects and clear heterogeneity by development stage.

본 연구는 국내 수출기업을 대상으로 지리적 수출 다각화 수준이 기업의 수출성과에 미치는 영향을 실증적으로 분석하고, 이 관계 에서 공공지원의 조절효과를 검토하였다. 기존 문헌에서는 지리적 다각화가 성과에 미치는 영향에 대해 편익과 비용이 공존하는 양면 적 시각이 존재하며, 본 연구는 이러한 이론적 배경을 반영하여 양자 간의 관계가 역U자형의 비선형 구조를 가진다는 가설을 설정하 였다. 아울러 공공지원이 다각화로 인한 수익 체감 현상을 완화할 수 있는 조절 변수로 작용할 수 있다는 두 번째 가설을 추가적으로 제시하였다. 분석을 위해 2015년부터 2019년까지 8,560개 기업의 25,499개 패널 자료를 활용하였으며, 고정효과 패널 회귀모형을 통해 가설을 검증하였다. 실증 분석 결과, 지리적 수출 다각화는 일정 수준까지는 수출성과를 향상시키나, 일정 수준을 초과하면 성과 가 하락하는 역U자형 관계가 통계적으로 유의하게 나타났다. 또한 공공지원을 받은 기업은 그렇지 않은 기업에 비해 부정적 전환점이 지연되며, 다각화의 긍정적 효과가 더 오래 유지되는 것으로 확인되었다. 이러한 결과는 지리적 다각화의 효과가 리스크 분산 효과와 관리 비용 간의 균형 속에서 결정됨을 시사하며, 공공지원이 수출기업의 국제화 전략 실행에 있어 완충 자원으로 기능할 수 있음을 실 증적으로 보여준다. 본 연구는 지리적 다각화와 성과 간의 비선형 관계를 실증적으로 입증하고, 공공지원의 전략적 역할을 조절효과 관점에서 규명함으로써 이론적·실무적 함의를 함께 제공한다.

This study empirically investigates the impact of geographical export diversification on export performance among Korean exporting firms, and further examines the moderating role of public support in this relationship. While existing literature presents mixed views on the effect of geographical diversification—emphasizing both its benefits and costs—this study hypothesizes a nonlinear, inverted U-shaped relationship between export diversification and export performance. In addition, it posits that public support mitigates the diminishing returns associated with excessive diversification, thereby prolonging its positive effects. To test these hypotheses, panel data comprising 25,499 firm-year observations from 8,560 firms between 2015 and 2019 were constructed. Fixed-effects panel regression analysis reveals that geographical export diversification enhances export performance up to a certain point, beyond which performance declines due to increased entry and coordination costs. Furthermore, firms that received public support experienced a delayed inflection point, maintaining the positive effects of diversification over a longer range. These findings highlight the trade-off between risk dispersion and transaction costs in international markets, and suggest that public support serves as a buffering resource that enhances the effectiveness of internationalization strategies. By empirically confirming the nonlinear nature of the diversification–performance link and elucidating the contingent value of public support, this study contributes meaningful theoretical and practical implications.

한국과 이스라엘은 지정학적 특성뿐만 아니라 안보 및 방위산업 환경 측면에서도 유사성이 많다. 하지만 그간의 무기수출 성과를 보면 이스라엘이 한국보다 우위에 있다는 것은 부인할 수 없는 사실이다. 특히, 무기 수출다각화, 즉 수출 무기유형의 다양화와 무기 수출시장의 다변화 측면에서 이스라엘의 사례를 주목해서 볼 필요가 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 1992-2020년 동안 한국과 이스라엘의 수출경쟁력에 영향을 미친 요인 중 수출다각화 요인을 벡터오차수정모형을 통해 실증적으로 분석함 으로써 장차 한국의 발전적인 무기수출 전략 수립에 기여하는데 목적이 있다. 연구결과, 한국과 이스라엘 양국의 무기 수출다 각화는 무기수출 증대에 긍정적인 영향을 미치고 있는 것으로 분석되었으며, 특히 이스라엘은 한국보다 높은 수준의 수출다 각화를 달성하고 있는 것으로 확인되었다. 이는 한국의 지속적이고 안정적인 무기수출 확대를 위해 수출다각화를 강화하는 방향으로 수출전략을 수립할 필요성이 있음을 시사하고 있다.

Korea and Israel have a lot of similarities in terms of their geopolitical characteristics as well as security and defense industry environment. However, it is undeniable that Israel has an edge over Korea looking at an arms export achievement aspect so far. In particular, it is necessary to pay attention to the case of Israel in terms of diversification of arms exports. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to contribute to the establishment of Korea's advanced arms export strategy in the future by empirically analyzing export diversification factors through the vector error correction model among the factors that influenced the export competitiveness of Korea and Israel during 1992-2020. As a result of the study, it was analyzed that the diversification of arms exports between Korea and Israel has positively affected the increase in arms exports, and it was confirmed that Israel in particular achieved a higher level of export diversification than Korea. This implies that there is a need to establish an export strategy in the direction of strengthening export diversification for the continued and stable expansion of arms exports in Korea.

본 연구의 목적은 제조업을 수행하는 수출중소기업을 대상으로 하여 수출성과에 영향을 주는 선행요인을 확인하는 것이다. 기존 문헌들을 고찰하여 총 5개의 잠재변인을 선정하고 연구목적에 부합하는 연구모형을 구성하였다. 5개의 잠재변인은 기업가정신, 시장지향성, 공급사슬 민첩성, 시장 다각화, 그리고 수출성과이며, 각 변인들 간 인과관계를 파악하고자 총 8개의 가설을 수립하였다. 분석대상은 총 242개 수출중소 기업으로 PLS(Partial Least Squares) 구조방정식 모형을 이용하여 실증분석을 수행하였다. 분석결과 기업가정신이 공급사슬 민첩성에 유의한 영향을 주지 못하였고, 시장 다각화 역시 수출성과에 기각되었으며, 나머지 가설들은 모두 채택되었다. 이러한 분석 결과를 토대로 기존 연구들 과의 이론적 차별성을 제시하였고, 수출중소기업 최고경영자에게 필요한 실무적 시사점을 제안하였다.

The purpose of this study is to identify the antecedent factors that affect the export performance of small and medium-sized exporting enterprises in the manufacturing industry. After reviewing the existing literature, a total of 5 latent variables were selected and a research model suitable for the purpose of the study was constructed. The five latent variables are entrepreneurship, market orientation, supply chain agility, market diversification, and export performance, and a total of eight hypotheses were established to identify the causal relationship between each variable. A total of 242 export SMEs were analyzed, and an empirical analysis was performed using the PLS (Partial Least Squares) structural equation model. As a result of the analysis, entrepreneurship did not have a significant effect on supply chain agility, and market diversification was also rejected for export performance, but all other hypotheses were accepted. Based on the results of this analysis, theoretical differentiation from existing studies was presented, and practical implications for CEOs of small and medium export enterprises were suggested.

본 연구는 Born Global 기업의 수출성과에 영향을 주는 선행요인을 확인하고자 자원준거관점, 동적역량 관점, 공급사슬 파트너십 관점 및 사 업 다각화 측면에서 기존 문헌들을 고찰하여 잠재변인을 선정하고 연구모형을 구축하였다. 4개의 잠재변인은 기업 내부요인, 공급사슬 민첩성, 사업 다각화, 그리고 수출성과이며, 각 변인 간 인과관계와 사업 다각화의 매개효과를 포함하여 총 7개의 가설을 수립하였다. 분석대상은 총 159 개 Born Global 기업으로 PLS(Partial Least Squares) 구조방정식 모형을 이용하여 실증분석을 실시하였다. 분석결과 기업 내부요인과 공급사슬 민첩성은 각각 사업 다각화와 수출성과에 긍정적인 영향을 주었다. 하지만, 사업 다각화는 수출성과에 유의한 영향을 미치지 못했으며, 기업 내 부요인 및 공급사슬 민첩성과 수출성과 사이에서 사업 다각화의 매개효과 역시 유의한 결과가 나오지 않았다. 이러한 연구결과를 바탕으로 기존 연구들과의 이론적 차이점을 제시하였고, BornGlobal 기업 뿐 아니라 수출을 지향하는 중소기업이나 벤처기업에 실무적 시사점을 제안하였다.

This study selected potential variables and built a research model by examining existing literature from Resource-based View, Dynamic capabilities View, Supply Chain Partnership View, and Business Diversification View in order to identify antecedent factors that affect the export performance of Born Global firms. The four potential variables are firm internal factors, supply chain agility, business diversification, and export performance, and a total of seven hypotheses were established including the causal relationship between each variable and the mediating effect of business diversification. A total of 159 Born Global firms were analyzed and empirical analysis was conducted using the PLS(Partial Least Squares) structural equation model. As a result of the analysis, firm internal factors and supply chain agility had a positive effect on business diversification and export performance, respectively. However, business diversification did not have a significant effect on export performance, and the mediating effect of business diversification between firm internal factors and supply chain agility and export performance did not show any significant results either. Based on these research results, theoretical differences from previous studies were presented, and practical implications were proposed not only for Born Global firms, but also for export-oriented SMEs and venture companies.

본 연구는 공급사슬 파트너십 관점에서 기업 외부 네트워크에 내재된 자원의 총합인 사회적 자본과 성과 목표 달성을 위한 구체적 실행 수 단인 다각화 전략이 수출성과에 미치는 영향을 확인하기 위하여 분석을 진행하였다. 잠재변인으로는 사회적 자본의 구조적 자본과 관계적 자 본을 설정하였고, 다각화 전략은 제품 다각화 전략과 시장 다각화 전략으로 분류한 후, 수출성과로의 경로 상에서 각각의 인과관계를 살펴보기 위해 연구모형을 구축하고 총 8개의 가설을 수립하였다. 설문을 통해 수집한 총 244개 수출중소제조업체의 샘플로 PLS(Partial Least Squares) 구조방정식 모형을 이용하여 실증분석을 실시하였다. 분석 결과 구조적 자본과 관계적 자본은 모두 제품 다각화 전략과 시장 다각화 전략에 정(+)의 관계를 보여주어 가설 1부터 가설 4까지는 채택하였다. 하지만 구조적 자본과 관계적 자본 모두 수출성과에는 유의한 영향을 주지 못하 였기에 가설 5와 6은 기각하였다. 제품 다각화 전략은 수출성과에 유의하지 않아 가설 7은 기각하였지만, 시장 다각화 전략은 수출성과에 긍정 적 영향을 주는 것으로 나타나 가설 8은 채택하였다. 이러한 분석 결과를 토대로 선행연구들과의 이론적 차별성을 제시하였고, 실무적 시사점 을 도출하였으며, 향후 연구 방향을 제안하였다.

This study conducted an analysis to determine the impact of social capital, which is the sum of resources embedded in a company's external network, and diversification strategy, which is a specific implementation tool to achieve performance goals, on export performance from the perspective of supply chain partnerships. Structural capital and relational capital of social capital were set as potential variables, and the diversification strategy was classified into product diversification strategy and market diversification strategy, and then a research model was built to examine each causal relationship on the path to export performance. And a total of eight hypotheses were established. Empirical analysis was conducted using the PLS (Partial Least Squares) structural equation model with a sample of a total of 244 small and medium-sized export manufacturers collected through a survey. As a result of the analysis, both structural capital and relational capital showed a positive relationship with product diversification strategy and market diversification strategy, so Hypotheses 1 to 4 were adopted. However, since neither structural capital nor relational capital had a significant effect on export performance, Hypotheses 5 and 6 were rejected. Product diversification strategy was not significant on export performance, so Hypothesis 7 was rejected. However, market diversification strategy was found to have a positive effect on export performance, so Hypothesis 8 was adopted. Based on these analysis results, theoretical differences from previous studies were presented, practical implications were derived, and future research directions were suggested.

Recently, as Korea's exports and economic growth have decreased, concerns over the economy are growing. The main reason for the slump of export is the concentration of export countries and export products. In fact, the proportion of exports to China was 26.8% and that of semiconductors was 20.1% among the total exports of Korea in 2018. In the first half of 2019, exports to China and semiconductors declined by -16.9% and -24.0% respectively. As a result, domestic economic growth in the first quarter was -0.4%. So, in this paper examine the recent export trends and calculate the degree of concentration by item and country using the indicators of HHI and CR. And, analyze the effects of such concentration on export and economy of Korea. Then, the necessity of export diversification by item and region and detailed export expansion methods are presented. This paper is timely in the face of sluggish exports in Korea. And differs from previous studies in that it proposes the necessity of diversification of exports and proposes expansion strategy of export portfolio. It is expected to contribute to the export expansion strategies and export policies of individual companies and governments.

본 연구는 수직적/수평적 수출 다변화에 따른 외국인직접 투자의 영향을 분석한 것이다. 분석에는 40개 아프리카국가들과 12개의 동아시아국가들의 1995년부터 2010년까지의 패널 데이터를 이용하였다. 본 연구에서는 수정된 헤트로스케다시티와 자동 상관관계가 동반된 GLS 랜덤효과 예측방법을 활용하였다. 분석결과 아프리카와 아시아의 경우 외국인 직접 투자와 GDP 의 비율이 1% 증가함에 따라, 아프리카는 5.6% 아시아는 14% 증가하는 것 으로 나타났다. 한편, 외국인직접투자와 GDP 의 비율이 1% 증가하면 동아시아의 경우 수평적 수출다변화가 0.035 증가한 것으로 나타났다. 아프리카는 변화가 없는 것으로 나 타났다. 수출 다변화의 다른 중요한 변수들은 소득수준, 인프라 수준, 인구규모와 개방정 도 등이 포함된다. 중요한 의미는 아프리카는 아시아의 경험에서 외국인직접투자가 수출 다변화와 연계되도록 하고 인적자원에 대한 투자, 인프라건설 및 안정적이 거시경제를 유지하며 개방의 속도를 늘리는 것이 중요한 것으로 결론지을 수 있다.

This paper analyzes the impacts of FDI inflow on vertical and horizontal export diversification based on a balanced panel data of 40 African and 12 East Asian countries from 1995 to 2010. The study employed a GLS Random Effect Estimation Method with corrected heteroskedasticity and autocorrelation. The empirical result suggests a one percent increase in the ratio of FDI to GDP triggers a 5.6 and 14 percentage points’ increases in vertical export diversification in Africa and East Asia, respectively. Similarly, a one percent increase in the ratio of FDI to GDP results an increase in 0.035 units in the horizontal export diversification index in East Asia, but no evidence found for FDI to induce horizontal export diversification in Africa. Other important control variables found to be essentials for diversification include: income per capita, quality of infrastructure, population size and degree of openness. The key lesson for Africa from East Asia implies the contributions of FDI towards to value-added export diversification and structural change may in part depends on the interactions of other institutions and policy measures including investment in human capital and physical infrastructure together with stable macroeconomic environment and more degree of openness.

Considering that the K2 tank black panther tank export contract with Poland in recent days is a prime mover to advanced defense countries, it is a point of great interest for the future. The K2 tank black panther tank shows the highest export performance as a single type among Korea’s main export weapon systems. In addition, the localization rate of parts and production is very high, so stable supply chain management is also possible. To diversify potential export markets, it is necessary to evaluate the factors that enhance the export competitiveness of the K2 Black Panther from multi-dimensional perspective. This study is to recognize the potential export market diversification through export competitiveness analysis in Porter’s five forces perspective of the K2 black panther tank. Analytic Hierarchy Process(AHP) method was used in considering the factor’s weights. The survey of 14 members who participated in DAPA(Defense acquisition program administration), KRIT(Korea research institute for defense technology planning and advancement), and academic experts. The result of this study showed that the Consistency Ratio was under 0.1 in evaluation items and factors. This study implies a conceptual framework for evaluating the export competitiveness of the K2 tank black panther and provides a guideline for strategic priorities of K2 black panther on export competitive improvement factors.

This study examines the impact of digitalization on export diversification across two dimensions: Product Variety Extensive Margin (ProVEM) and Partner Variety Extensive Margin (ParVEM). Using a 10-year panel dataset of national exports, this analysis evaluates the effects of internet usage and e-government on export diversification. The analysis of ProVEM finds that internet usage is a significant driver of export product diversification, with pronounced effects in upper-middle-income countries and low- and medium-tech industries. However, its marginal impact diminishes once digital infrastructure reaches a saturation point. E-government supports product diversification in low- and medium-tech industries, highlighting the role of governance reforms in reducing trade barriers. In the case of ParVEM, internet usage significantly enhances export partner diversification in high-income countries but remains insignificant in lower-income economies. This suggests that internet access alone is insufficient for expanding trade networks. E-government does not have an immediate effect on ParVEM, yet lagged model results indicate delayed positive effects, implying that institutional reforms may gradually contribute to the expansion of trade networks. This study underscores the need for customized digitalization policies that account for both economic and sectoral differences. Investments in digital infrastructure and governance reforms are essential to fully leverage the benefits of digitalization and effectively promote export diversification.

Ethiopia experienced a transition into the market-based system in 1992. It recorded a rapid economic growth since the mid-2000s. Analyzing the case of Ethiopia, this paper tries to reveal whether or not sticking to specialization based on the pattern of comparative advantage is preferred to industrialization and diversification. The share of agriculture in GDP continued to fall, while that of the manufacturing sector rose. Ethiopia’s rapid economic growth can be attributed to the combination of the market-based reform and the active industrial policy. The government has promoted the agro-processing industry and selected labor-intensive industries in the manufacturing sector. It provided them infrastructure, tax incentives, and industrial zones. It has pursued export promotion policy. Ethiopia succeeded in export diversification from a heavy reliance on coffee to other agricultural products and manufactured products. The case of Ethiopia provides policy implications to many developing countries. Among others, the Ethiopian government pursued an export-led economic growth and an industrialization strategy, which led to industrialization and export diversification.

This paper studies whether export diversification mitigated the negative effect of the global financial crisis on exports using the Korean case. Specifically, we use annual data on the exports of 24 Korean manufacturing industries from 2000 to 2016 and examine whether the negative effect of the crisis on exports was less prevalent in industries that were more diversified in terms of country and product. We also examine whether export competitiveness, as measured by the revealed comparative advantage index by industry, had a mitigating effect on trade during the crisis. In order to study these issues, we use panel regression with a fixed-effect model for 24 Korean manufacturing industries. From our empirical analysis, we find that country diversification weakened the negative impact of the global financial crisis on Korea’s exports, whereas neither product diversification nor export competitiveness did so.

This paper examines the impact of voluntary standards on trade studying textiles, clothing, and footwear sectors. It hypothesizes that internationally harmonized standards can reduce the fixed cost burden facing exporting firms, thus encouraging greater market entry and a corresponding increase in product variety on the import side. The data bear out this contention, providing the first evidence on the links between international harmonization and extensive margin trade growth. Moreover, the income level of the exporting country?as a proxy for its ability to adapt to foreign standards?has a major impact on the effect of standards. For an average low income country, a 1% reduction in the total number of European Union standards is associated with a 0.6% increase in export variety, while a 1% increase in the proportion of European Union standards that are internationally harmonized leads to a 0.8% increase in export variety. These effects are weaker, and even reversed, for high income countries.

This paper examines the effect of financial sector development on export diversification of 41 sub-Saharan Africa countries using data for the period 1995-2013. The empirical results using dynamic panel system generalized methods of moments (System-GMM) estimation technique show that high financial development promotes export diversification in sub-Saharan Africa. The finding underscores the importance of financial sector development policies in sub-Saharan Africa to stimulate export diversification. Specifically, it is necessary to increase the roll out of financial infrastructure across sub-Saharan Africa to widen the extent of financial access. Government should also ensure macroeconomic stability to support financial sector development in the various sub-Saharan Africa countries.

This paper examines the effect of global value chain (GVC) participation on export diversification using a dataset covering 134 countries from 2002 to 2018. Applying the two-step System GMM estimator, we find that GVC participation contributes to the diversification of both export products and export partners. Our empirical results further reveal that this positive effect powerfully works through backward GVC participation, while the impact of forward GVC participation on export product diversification varies among countries with different levels of trade liberalization and policy stability.

This study empirically examines the effect of Internet access on services export diversification. A panel dataset containing 131 countries is analyzed over 1995-2014 and shows that greater access to the Internet is positively associated with services export diversification.T his outcome applies to both high-income and developing countries, and particularly to least developed countries (LDCs) among developing countries. Additionally, the effect of Internet access on services export product diversification translates to countries’ level of innovation, merchandise exports, including export product concentration and size of foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows.T hese findings highlight the need for developing digital infrastructure and regulations that would facilitate access to the Internet, particularly in developing countries.T he international community must focus on developing countries, particularly LDCs, by helping them to develop the requisite digital infrastructure and regulations to better participate in international trade, especially through greater series export diversification.

The effects of the betterment of enforced intellectual property rights (IPRs) provisions on services export diversification are investigated. The analysis used an unbalanced panel dataset of 76 developing countries over the period of 1970-2014. The empirical analysis is based on the feasible generalized least squares estimator. It suggests that the implementation of weaker IPR protection fosters services export diversification in less developed countries (i.e., those whose real per capita incomes are less than US$ 1458.60), including those with a low level of export product upgrading. Conversely, in relatively advanced developing countries (countries whose real per capita income exceeds US$ 3356.80), including those with high levels of export product upgrading, the implementation of stronger IPR laws induces greater services export diversification. Finally, the analysis revealed the existence of a non-linear relationship between IPR protection and services export diversification. The implementation of stronger intellectual property laws spurs services export diversification in countries with high degree of IPR protection, especially when IPR protection exceeds a certain level, recorded here as having a score of 1.197. In contrast, in countries with weaker IPR protection, in particular those with IPR protection levels that score less than 0.915, it is rather the implementation of weaker intellectual property laws that promotes services export diversification.