Earticle

본 연구는 경쟁우위, 입지우위 및 협력우위가 한국 중소제조기업의 수출성과에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 연구결과 수출기업과 외국바이어 간 협력우위가 수출이익률과 성장률에 유의한 정의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 한편, 경쟁우위는 수출성장률에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타난 반면, 입지우위는 수출이익률과 상대적으로 더 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 연구결과는 경쟁우위와 입지우위 외에도 협력우위가 수출 성과에 미치는 영향력의 중요성을 일깨워 준다. 따라서 특히 중소수출기업은 외국 바이어와 시장조사, 제품기획 및 개발, 판매 및 유통, 촉진, 비용절감, 품질증진 등에 걸쳐 다양한 협력을 통해 시장기반을 공고히 할 필요가 있다

This paper assesses the influence of ‘competitive-location-cooperation advantages’ on the export performance of small and medium-sized Korean manufacturing firms. Among these three types of advantages, we specially focus on the role of the cooperation advantages under conditions of close ties with foreign buyers. Due to the recent rapid decreases in the technology gap among firms and countries on one hand and the increases in access to any foreign markets with economic liberalization on the other hand, firms should seek cooperation advantages in order to secure export performance. On the basis of our analysis of 114 Korean exporting companies, it was found that close cooperation between Korean exporters and their foreign buyers exerts a significant positive effect not only on export profits but also on export sales growth. It was also noted that as a key component of competitive advantage, the price advantage exerts a significant positive effect on both export profits and sales growth, whereas the differentiation advantage(i.e., product quality and design) does not have any significant effect on export performance. In addition, as a location advantage, the competitive intensity of local foreign market was determined to exert a significant negative effect on both export profits and sales growth, whereas local market size exerts a significant positive effect only on export profits. In general, our findings bolster the notion that both competitive advantages and location advantages are prerequisites for successful exporting. Finally, the findings of no significant effect of control variables, such as firm size, export experience, product and industry types, on export performance suggest that firms must maintain an aggressive involvement in exporting, regardless of their size, previous export experience, and product and industry types. Indeed, the majority of exporters face resource constraints with tense global competition. In this regard, small and medium-sized exporters should take into account the generation of cooperation advantages under conditions in which close ties exist with the firm’s foreign buyers in addition to competitive and location advantages. This argument is strongly bolstered by the finding that a close cooperation with foreign buyers plays important roles in both export profits and sales growth. This finding also implies that exporters should deal with foreign buyers from the standpoint of a long-term partnership rather than a short-term transaction. In this process, it is necessary for exporters to develop various cooperation activities with foreign buyers across dimensions including market research, product planning and development, marketing and distribution, promotion, cost reduction, and quality improvement.

지식 경제의 비약적 발전 배경 아래 지적 자본이 지식 경제 시대 가장 가치 있는 자원이 되고 기업 경쟁이 중요한 작용을 일으키는데 이 부문에 무엇보다 중국 중소기업의 표현이 가장 두드러진다. 중국 중소기업은 기술적 환경에 대응하기 위해 끊임없이 발전 변화하는 추세인데 때문에 절실하게 경쟁력 우위를 강화하거나 기업 효율을 제고하는 것이 필요한 상황이다. 본문은 중점적으로 중국 중소기업의 지적자원, 동태적능력과 경쟁력 우위의 관계를 연구하려 한다. 그래서 중국 중소기업의 지적자원, 동태적능력, 경쟁력 우위의 바로미터 구조 및 정량 통계표에서 나아가 지적 자원과 동태적능력, 경쟁력 우위의 신뢰도와 효율성 그리고 각 바로미터의 관계를 제기하려 한다. 이를 위해 설문조사를 거쳐 수치를 수집하여 중국 중소기업 지적자원이 그 동태적능력에 대해 현저한 영향이 있다거나 동태적능력이 경제 우위에 대해 현저한 영향을 있다는 가설을 제기하고 지적자원의 그 동태적능력과 경쟁력 우위에 대한 영향 경로의 모형을 연구한다. 또한 SPSS와 AMOS를 이용하여 분석을 진행한 결과, 중국 중소기업 인적자원, 자원구조, 관련자원 등이 그 동태적능력에 대해 현저한 영향을 지니는데 즉 지적자원은 그 동태적능력에 대해 현저한 영향이 있다. 중국 중소기업 환경 감수성과 창조력이 경쟁 우위에 대해 현저한 영향을 지니는데 즉 동태적능력은 경쟁 우위에 대해 현저한 영향이 있다. 이는 본 연구를 통해 사실로 입증되었다. 본문은 중국 중소기업의 지적자원, 동태적능력과 경쟁 우위 관계를 검증하였고 중소기업 효율제고를 위한 중요한 이론적 근거를 제공하였다. 따라서 중국 중소기업은 마땅히 지적자원의 충분한 발휘를 중시하고 기업의 동태적능력을 강화함으로써 기업 경쟁 우위를 제고해야만 최상의 효과, 이익을 거둘 수 있을 것이라 생각한다.

In the context of the rapid development of the knowledge economy，intellectual capital, as the most valuable resource in the era of knowledge economy, plays an important role in enterprise competition, especially in small and medium-sized enterprises in China. In order to cope with the changing environment of technological environment，Chinese SMEs urgently need to enhance their competitive advantage and improve their performance. This paper focuses on the relationship among intellectual capital, dynamic capabilities and competitive advantages of SMEs in China，proposes the dimensional structure and scale of intellectual capital, dynamic capabilities and competitive advantages of Chinese SMEs，and further analyzes the reliability and validity of intellectual capital, dynamic capabilities, and competitive advantages and the relationship between various dimensions. Based on the data collected from the questionnaire survey, the paper puts forward the hypothesis that Chinese SMEs intellectual capital has a significant impact on dynamic capabilities and dynamic capabilities have a significant impact on competitive advantage, and studies the path model of the impact of intellectual capital on dynamic capabilities and competitive advantages. The results of SPSS and AMOS analysis show that human capital, structural capital and relational capital of SMEs in China have a significant impact on dynamic capability, that is, intellectual capital has a significant impact on dynamic capability. The environmental perception ability and innovation ability of Chinese SMEs have a significant impact on competitive advantage, that is, dynamic ability has a significant impact on competitive advantage. This paper verifies the relationship between intellectual capital, dynamic capability and competitive advantage of SMEs in China, and provides an important theoretical basis for improving the performance of SMEs. Therefore, Chinese SMEs should pay attention to the full play of intellectual capital to enhance the dynamic capabilities of enterprises, thereby improving their competitive advantage and obtaining the best benefits.

在知识经济飞速发展的背景下，智力资本作为知识经济时代最有价值的资源，在企业竞争起到重要作用，尤其是中国中小企业表现最为突出。中国中小企业为应对技术环境不断发展变化的形势，迫切需要增强竞争优势，提高企业绩效。本文重点研究中国中小企业智力资本、动态能力与竞争优势的关系。提出中国中小企业智力资本、动态能力、竞争优势的维度结构以及量表，进而分析智力资本与动态能力、竞争优势的信度和效度以及各维度关系。通过问卷调查收集数据，提出中国中小企业智力资本对动态能力有显著影响、动态能力对竞争优势有显著影响的假设，研究智力资本对动态能力与竞争优势影响路径模型。利用SPSS和AMOS进行分析，结果表明：中国中小企业人力资本、结构资本、关系资本对动态能力有显著影响，即智力资本对动态能力有显著影响。中国中小企业环境感知能力与创新能力对竞争优势有显著影响，即动态能力对竞争优势有显著影响。本文验证了中国中小企业智力资本、动态能力与竞争优势的关系，为提高中小企业绩效提供重要的理论基础。因此中国中小企业应该重视智力资本的充分发挥,以增强企业动态能力,进而提高企业竞争优势，获得最佳效益。

This paper aims to develop a conceptual model of smart tourism destination competitiveness to provide implications in terms of smart tourism destination realization and smart tourism destination competitiveness development. A literature review on tourism destination competitiveness and smart tourism destination is performed. A conceptual model is suggested on the basis of the model of destination competitiveness developed by Crouch and Ritchie (1999). The suggested conceptual model integrates the traditional concepts of comparative advantages and competitive advantages, seven core resources and attractors, and five destination management factors. Smart technology is included as a new core resource and attractor in the model. This study is the first to comprehensively conceptualize smart tourism destination competitiveness. Moreover, this study has practical value in the sense that it focused on the convergence between smart technology and other factors.

Convention industry is one of the fastest growing segments in China in the last decades. As the capital city in China, Beijing became a leading convention city, and the industrial growth reported is around 20% per year. It has been more than 20 years since the regional tourism cooperation started in the Jing-Jin-Ji Economic Zone; however, the performance has not been so satisfactory because of various reasons. How to strengthen the cooperation in this field to better promote regional economic development is not only an important task for practice, but also one area of a focus in the academic field. There are three economic zones in China, which are Jing-Jin-Ji, Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta, where the convention industry is also a booming sector of the economy. The article reviews the resources and attributes of these areas, and analyzes the regional competitive advantages in terms of some key indicators like venues, PEO, star hotels, international meetings and tourist attractions. Some suggestions are given too.

오늘날 세계적 명품에 대한 소비자들의 열망은 지속되고 있으며, 따라서, 이들 기업의 성장세는 계속되고 있다. 명품기업은 어떻게 탄생되는 것일까? 보다 구체적으로, 어떻게 해서 경쟁우위를 창출하는 것일까? 또한, 명품기업이 공략해야 할 유망한 시장은 어디이며, 세계적 명품기업이 되기 위해서 어떠한 관련여건이 필요한가? 그들의 주요 전략은 무엇일까? 본 논문은 위와 같은 이슈에 대한 해답을 찾고자 한다. 이를 위해 세계 최고의 명품 브랜드인 루이뷔통을 보유한 LVMH(루이뷔통 모에 헤네시) 그룹을 그 대상으로 삼았으며, 종합적인 경쟁우위의 분석을 위해 포터의 다이아몬드 모델을 활용하였다. 끝으로 한국에서 이러한 명품 기업이 탄생하기 위한 제반 조건들도 살펴보았다.

Recently global luxury brand firms go abroad with highly refined strategy and competitive advantages. What kinds of competitive advantages are needed to become global luxury brand firm? Why are there highly royal customers, who have wild enthusiasm in luxury brands? What kinds of related contexts are needed to become global famous luxury brands? The objective of this study is to find answers to these kinds of questions, and to do so, this study investigate the case of LVMH including Louisvuitton. First of all, this study analyzes the total sources of competitive advantages using Porter’s diamond model. Finally, we discussed some necessary conditions to give birth such a global luxury firm in Korea and some comments to create sustainable competitive advantages in present global luxury brand firms.

In 1960s and 1970s, consumers and society mainly were interested in quality and cost of corporate`s products. In 1980s, particularly, 1990s, they became more concerned about environmental issues. The environmental policies and regulations of government against industries were at the beginning perceived as resource inefficiency, cost escalation and disadvantages in productivity and competition of corporates. Recently, however, the outcome of those policies and regulations such as environmentally-conscious manufacturing and environmental operations management not only are responding to the expectations of consumers and society but become the source of corporate`s competitive advantages. Corporates have to produce environmentally conscious "green" goods. Product management of comrporates have to observe pollution regulation and it further needs to prevent pollution in advance. Further, environmental operations management can be the most effective when it becomes lifecycle oriented(responsible from cradle to grave) or when it evaluates product life cycle.

The success of new product development is a key factor for getting competitive advantages. Marketing research has been investigating marketing capability, manufacturing technical capability, cross-functional integration, market knowledge competence, market orientation, and competitive environment as the key success factors of new product development. Recently, the role of IT infrastructure in enhancing new product advantage is assumed in the literature. However, the empirical studies on the role of IT infrastructure are lacking. The purpose of this study is to empirically exam the impacts of IT infrastructure on new product competitive advantage. In this study, IT infrastructure is conceptualized as the flexibility of IT infrastructure. Based on previous research, a conceptual model is established by incorporating the direct impact of IT infrastructure flexibility and its indirect impact through the key success factors on new product development. To empirically test the research model, data are surveyed from a pair of IS department and Marketing department of 92 consumer goods manufacturers. By employing PLS technique, the measurement reliability and reliability of research variables are tested and the path analysis is conducted to do the hypothesis testing. The path analysis shows that IT infrastructure flexibility has no direct effect on new product advantage, However, the indirect effect of IT infrastructure is found, which is mediated by marketing capability, manufacturing technical capability, cross-functional integration, and market orientation respectively. Hence, The flexible IT infrastructure increases cross-functional integration (H1), market orientation (H3), marketing capability (H5), and manufacturing technical capability (H6). All success factors of new product development excepts for competitive environment have a positive association with new product competitive advantages (from H10 to H14). Finally, the path from IT infrastructure flexibility to cross-functional integration, to market orientation, to market knowledge capability, and to new product advantage is found as the strongest path. These results indicate that the flexible IT infrastructure enhances information sharing with multiple departments and collaboration within a distributed innovation environment. The collaboration among departments positively affects the level of customer and competitor intelligence. The ability to obtain knowledge about customers and competitors makes firms to adapt to a changing environment quickly and to respond to customers' demands adequately. The flexible IT infrastructure also enhances the capability of organization to more rapidly respond to the changes in product design resulting in faster product development and reduced costs. In addition to, it enhances marketing capability by the two-way communications with customers and the analyses of various kinds of customer data. In brief, the finding of this study suggests that the flexible IT infrastructure allows many firms to pursue sustained new product competitive advantages. This study advances research on IT infrastructure in two important aspects. First, by Integrating marketing research and IS research, this study develops a conceptual model on the role of IT infrastructure in enhancing new product advantage. Second, it empirically finds the indirect impacts of IT infrastructure on new product advantage, which confirms the potential for the IS field to contribute to new product development research. The limitations of this study are also discussed to provide research directions for future research.

The success of new product is a key factor for getting competitive advantages. Marketing research has been investigating marketing capability, manufacturing technical capability, cross-functional integration, market knowledge competence, and competitive environment as the key success factors of new product advantage. Recently, the role of IT capability in enhancing new product advantage is assumed in the literature. However, the empirical studies on the role of IT capability are lacking. The purpose of this study is to identify the effects of IT capability on new product competitive advantages and the relationship between IT capability and the key success factors for new product advantage. Conducting an empirical field study, the IT capability is shown to have a direct effect on new product competitive advantages, and to be also the key success factor to make up for marketing capability and manufacturing technical capability. This study develops a conceptual model on the role of IT capability in enhancing new product competitive advantages by integrating marketing research and IS research.

지구를 위협하는 다양한 문제점 중 지속가능한 에너지의 개발과 지구 온난화 문제는 특히 인류의 생존과 직결되어 있다. 따라서 국제사회에서도 교토의정서를 채택하는 등 온실가스의 배출 감소를 위해 노력하고 있다. 한편, 보다 적극적으로 지속가능한 에너지와 지구온난화 문제를 해결하고자 하는 시도가 엘론 머스크 등 전기자동차를 대중화시키려는 혁신가들에게서 나타나고 있다. 엘론 머스크가 창업한 ‘테슬라 모터스(Tesla Motors)'는 창업 10년만에 흑자를 기록하고, 미국 나스닥 시장에도 상장한 전기자동차 생산업체이다. 본 연구에서는 엘론 머스크를 중심으로 테슬라 모터스의 종합적 경쟁우위를 분석하고자 하며, 이를 위해 포터(1990)의 다이아몬드 모델을 활용하였다. 분석결과, 요소측면에서는 최고경영자의 역량, 기술력, IR 등을 통한 자금확보능력이 중요하였고, 수요측면에서는 전기차의 시장점유율이 성장하고 있으며, 최근 미국, 일본, 유럽 등 선진국 시장을 중심으로 미래 성장잠재력 또한 높음을 알 수 있었다. 또한 관련 및 지원분야 측면에서는 충전소 및 서비스 센터의 확대, 도요타 등 다른 선도 기업과의 전략적 제휴 등이 주요 경쟁우위 요소로 작용하였으며, 전략·구조·경쟁(경영환경) 측면에서는 제품개발전략, 경쟁기업들과의 경쟁으로 인한 기술력 증진 등이 핵심 요인으로 분석되었다. 정부측면에서는 ZEV법 등 규제와 정부지원 요소가 중요하게 작용하였다. 끝으로 결론 부문에서는, 테슬라 모터스의 사례가 사회적 가치와 기업의 경제적 가치를 동시에 추구하는 공유가치창출(CSV)의 한 예가 될 수 있다는 등 전략적 시사점도 도출하였다.

Sustainable energy and global warming linked to the survival of mankind are one of the main issues that threaten the planet. To solve these problems, the international community has made effort to reduce the emissions of greenhouse gases by adopting the Kyoto Protocol. Meanwhile, a number of innovators, like Elon Musk have attempted to resolve the issues of sustainable energy and global warming through the diffusion of electric cars. Tesla Motors founded by Elon Musk has been recorded as surplus within 10 years of its start-up as the publicly listed car manufacturer in Nasdaq Stock Market. This study analyzed the competitive advantages of Tesla Motors using Porter’s diamond model. The findings are as follows. First, the CEO’s capabilities, technical skills and ability to secure funds through IR (investor relations) were key elements in factors conditions. On the demand side, the current electric vehicles‘ market has showed the rapid growth, mainly in advanced countries, such as USA, Japan and Europe and has the highest growth potential. Second, the expansion of service centers and electricity charging points for vehicles, as well as strategic alliances with the leading companies, such as Toyota, were key determinants of competitiveness in terms of related and supporting industries. Third, product development strategy and the promotion of technical skills in intense inter-enterprise competition were the main factors influencing the competitive advantages in terms of firm strategy, structure and rivalry. Fourth, government regulation and support policy, including ZEV law, were important factors influencing the competitiveness in terms of government. Finally, the case of Tesla Motors provided some implications related to an example of a CSV (Creating Shared Value) that seeks both firm's economic value and social value.

The existing and competitive environment of enterprises faces severe challenges in the process of global economic integration, and how the enterprises win the competitive advantages in the market to achieve sustainable development has become the focus of attention. With the rapid development of internet, information construction and application have gradually become important means to win the competitive advantages for enterprises. This thesis summarizes the method research status of enterprise informatization promoting competitiveness conducted by domestic and foreign scholars through analysis from the perspective of driving force (namely, external environment, internal resource & capabilities and internal & external integration) of enterprise competitiveness, which is useful to the construction of enterprise informatization and the promotion of the competitive advantages and provides theoretical basis and policy suggestions for further study of enterprises informatization construction and competitive advantage.

This paper provides a longitudinal analysis of internationalization strategies of Hyundai Motor Company in relation with the competitiveness improvement not only from home country's industry level but also firm's competitive advantage level. The characteristics of Hyundai's internationalization experiences can be summarized as 1) maintaining global market focusing attitude, 2) speedy decision making of export and FDI(foreign direct investment) toward overseas markets, and 3) never-ending challenge to overcome trials and error. The case study of Hyundai does not support the incremental expansion of foreign markets asserted by Johanson and Vahlne, but demonstrates that the home country environment such as cheap labour cost was the most important in the early stage of internationalization. However, as the company accumulated international experience, it relied more upon its internal competitive advantages. Locational factors related to the host country environment also affected Hyundai's internationalization strategies but their relative importance declined over time.

아커의 브랜드 에쿼티 모델은 브랜드 에쿼티가 브랜드 충성도, 브랜드명 인지, 지각된 품질, 브랜드 연상 및 기타 독점적 브랜드 자산을 기반으로 형성된다는 것을 나타내주고 있다. 이후 많은 후속 연구들이 아커의 모형을 적용하여 브랜드 에쿼티 측정을 시도해 왔으나 기타 독점적 브랜드 자산을 고려하지 않았다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 주얼리 브랜드의 지속가능한 경쟁우위로서 독점적 브랜드 자산과 다른 브랜드 에쿼티 구성개념간의 관계를 분석하여 브랜드 관리와 발전에 유용한 통찰력을 제시하고자 하였다. 본 연구 모형 분석을 위해 두 번의 설문조사를 수행 하였다. 첫 번째 설문조사 데이터는 각 주얼리 브랜드의 지속가능한 경쟁우위 요인을 규명하기 위해 5개 주얼리 브랜드 기업 종사자들로 부터 수집하였으며, 두 번째 설문조사 데이터는 각 주얼리 브랜드의 SCA로 규명된 요인들이 브랜드 이미지, 인지도, 직각된 품질 및 충성도에 미치는 영향을 규명하기 위해 그러한 브랜드를 구매한 경험이 있는 소비자들로부터 수집하였다. 분석 결과 주얼리 브랜드의 지속가능한 경쟁우위 요인이 브랜드 에쿼티 구성 개념들(지각된 품질, 브랜드 이미지, 브랜드 인지, 브랜드 충성도)에 유의한 정의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 하지만 브랜드 이미지, 브랜드 인지, 지각된 품질은 특정 브랜드의 경우 선행연구에서 나타난 것처럼 브랜드 충성도의 중요한 동인이 아닌 것으로 나타났으며 본 연구결과는 각각의 주얼리 브랜드별로 각기 다른 지속가능한 경쟁우위에 전략적 포커스를 맞추어야 함을 시사하고 있다.

Aaker's brand equity model demonstrates that brand equity is developed based on the five dimensions of brand loyalty, name awareness, perceived quality, brand associations, and other proprietary brands assets. Henceforth, a number of subsequent studies have applied Aaker's model in order to measure brand equity and yet, without considering other proprietary brands assets. Thus this study analyzes the relationship of proprietary brand asset as a sustainable competitive advantage of jewelry brand and other constructs of brand equity with the purpose of providing useful insight into brand management and advancement. For the purpose of analysing research model, two surveys have been conducted. The first survey data have been collected from the employees of five jewelry brand firms in order to identify sustainable competitive advantages of each jewelry brand and the second survey data have been collected from the customers with experience of purchasing those brands in order to identify the impact of those factors identified as SCA of each jewelry brand on brand image, recognition, perceived and loyalty. Results make evident a significant positive impact of sustainable competitive advantage on the constructs of brand equity namely perceived quality, brand image, brand awareness and brand loyalty. However, findings reveal that brand image brand awareness and perceived quality are not as important a driver of brand loyalty in some cases as put forward in previous research and evidence suggesting strategic focus of different sustainable competitive advantage for each jewelry brand are required.

To design the strategies for developing global competitive advantages, organizing competitive intelligence should be preceded. Porter has developed the generic strategies for creating and sustaining competitive advantage. Theories of competitive advantages generally have enumerate value activities, superior skills or technology, and superior resources as the sources of competitive advantages. Various types of strategies have been developed in connection with these sources of competitive advantages. Geographical positioning is also a competitive advantage. For well-positioned companies by developing competitive advantages, shakeouts are opportunities to gain market power. Successful global competitors develop an integrated and innovative global strategy that makes it very difficult and costly for other companies to compete. Transnationals integrate assets, resources, and diverse people in operating units around the world, Through a flexible management process, transnational companies can build strategic capabilities. Strategies in this paper are a kind of examples. In developing strategies for competitive advantage, companies should consider their conditions as like their market positions and resources, For Korean companies, the collaborating or strategic alliance, resource leveraging and innovation strategy would be more adequate than other strategies. In developing global strategy, the company should treat the domestic market the same as the foreign market.

최근 빠르게 진행되고 있는 세계화, 정보화의 영향으로 국가 및 기업 환경 역시 이 같은 국제관계의 흐름에 따라 급속도로 변화하고 있다. 본 연구는 본격적인 세계화 시 대를 맞이하여 관광을 둘러싼 정부 및 기업환경의 변화상을 살펴보고, 이에 대해 어떤 새로운 정책적 방향성과 기업 경영전략이 필요한지를 이론적으로 논의하기 위해서 진 행되었다. 현재 지역적으로 넓게 분포하고 있는 관광자원 및 관광산업의 배치 때문에 이에 대한 범세계적 활동 조정이 이루어지고 있다. 기업의 외부환경으로서 존재한 정 부의 정책 운영은 삶의 질에 대한 사회구성원들의 관심을 반영해야 하는 상황적 조건 에 놓여 있으며, 따라서 공공성에 입각한 관광정책의 운영이 필요하게 되었다. 더불어 관광기업은 고도의 글로벌 경영전략에 입각한 차별화된 마케팅 전략을 적극적으로 이 행해야 하는 상황에 직면해 있다. 이 같은 국가와 기업의 원격화된 네트워킹 구조의 확립은 세계화를 주도한 정보통신기술(ICT)의 연계 및 협업구조를 통해 가능해졌다. 공공성을 지닌 국가의 관광정책 및 경쟁우위를 추구하는 관광기업의 차별화된 경영전 략은 세계화 시대의 대안적 삶에 대한 논의를 가능하게 하는 주요 수단이라 할 수 있다.

Political and business environment has been changing very rapidly by changes of international environment like the spread of globalization and development of Information and Communications Technology infrastructure. The study explores the changes of government and business environment, and suggests government policy and business management strategy for tourism promotion to cope with them. Now locally distributed tourism resources and businesses are being globally adjusted. Part of business environment, government’s tourism policy is needed to have public interest because public values like quality of life of community are increasingly popular. Tourism companies also should implement more aggressive management strategies different from competitors to survive in global market. The introduction to ICT and cooperation of players is needed to construct a network between the government and a company. The networking can be considered the alternative of differentiated management strategy, that has public interest and competitive advantage.

TSR (Trans-Siberian Railway) route is losing price competitiveness versus Deep Sea route in the transportation from East Asia to Europe, including Moscow. To further attracting the containers to the TSR route, it will be necessary (1) to keep competitive through rate, linked to fluctuating Deep Sea rate; (2) to strengthen speed advantage; (3) to enforce seamless transportation system, including simplified customs clearance procedures. In transportation to Central Asia from East Asia (Korea and Japan), TSR is competitive versus TCR (Trans-China Railway), depending on destinations. Korea has been the leader in revitalizing the TSR route since 2000. Key contributors were affluent export containers to Russia and Central Asia, port of Busan, efficient maritime transport network to Far East Russia, and Korean forwarders' persistent efforts for activating the market. Korea and Japan have a possibility of cooperation in using the TSR route efficiently, such as organizing a joint block train to a same destination.

To understand South Korea's economic success several contending paradigms have emerged, ranging from a neo-classical explanation to a statist perspective, and Schumpeterian structuralism. The Korean miracle can be seen as a product of multiple factors involving the strategic choice of export-led growth, timely and active human-capital investment, business activism, and individual innovative ideas. However, South Korea needs more complex and innovative ideas to continue its both economic growth and S&T Development. The ideas of Schumpeterian structuralist needs to be more emphasized. Changing state-society relations and subsequent policy choice are greatly influenced by the industrial life cycle. The industrial life cycle is closely related to the historical sequencing and diffusion of technology. The complex mixture of statist-market-Schumpeterian structuralist perspectives could lead more technologically advanced society in South Korea.