Earticle

제2언어 학습자들은 의사소통전략을 사용하여 그들이 구두 의사소통에서 직면하게 되는 문제들에 대처 한다. 이 전략들이 의사소통과 언어학습에서 주요한 역할을 하기 때문에 제2언어 연구에서 의사소통을 용이하게 하는 전략을 찾아내는 것이 중요하다. 그러나 어떻게 전략을 확인하는가, 특히 연구 자료로 대화 자료, 회상인터뷰 자료, 또는 두 가지의 융합된 자료를 사용하는 것에 대해 논란이 있다. 이 연구에서는 융합자료 분석을 통해 제2언 어 학습자들이 사용하는 의사소통전략을 발견해 내고자 하였다. 이 질적 사례연구를 위해 한국인 제2언어 학습자들 의 대화 자료와 전략사용을 회고하는 인터뷰 자료가 수집되었다. 이 수집된 자료들의 융합분석을 통해 한국인 제2언어 학습자들이 사용하는 정의대치 전략, 메시지변환 전략, 시간얻기 전략, 이해전략 등의 다양한 의사소통전 략들이 확인되었다. 이 연구는 제2언어 의사소통시의 문제점을 해결하는 데 의사소통전략들이 효율적임을 보여주 며, 의사소통 연구에 융합자료 분석이 유용하다는 것을 시사해준다.

L2 learners deal with communication problems encountered during the course of their oral communication by employing what are known as communication strategies(CSs). As CSs play a significant role in communication and language learning, identifying CSs that facilitate communication has become important in L2 research. However, there have been some controversies about how to identify CSs, especially about data sources: conversation data, retrospective interview data, or combining two types of data. Drawing on the advantages of converged data, this study aimed to identify CSs that L2 learners use in their English communication through a convergence analysis of data. In this qualitative case study, the data were collected from Korean L2 learners’ conversations and retrospective verbal reports in stimulated recall interviews. Using a data convergence approach, various CSs were identified: definition replacement CSs, message change CSs, time-gaining CSs, and comprehension CSs. This study suggests the effectiveness of CSs in handling L2 communication problems and the usefulness of data convergence in L2 CS research.

L2 speakers often encounter difficulties caused by a dual problem both with vocabulary and structure in delivering his or her intended message. This qualitative study reports on how the dual problem involving both lexical and syntactic problems can be managed by employing CSs. The participants were 12 Korean students studying in a university in the USA, whose language proficiency varied from limited to high advanced. For the data, the participants’ natural conversations in various settings were recorded and stimulated recalls were conducted on the recorded conversations. The study presents various CSs for managing dual lexical-syntactic problems (DL-SCSs) identified from an inductive analysis of the data. Based on a taxonomic analysis of the data, this study presents a taxonomy in which various DL-SCSs are organized in multiple levels. In this paper, examples illustrating how participants employed each DL-SCS are also provided. These examples show that L2 speakers employing appropriate DL-SCSs are likely to communicate their intended meaning despite massive dual problems. Based on the findings, this study suggests that L2 speakers should be encouraged to use DL-SCSs.

The globalisation of English in recent decades has focused scholarly attention on the use of English as a lingua franca (ELF) where second language English speakers are the overwhelming majority. This emerging field of research has significant implications for English language teaching (ELT) because it reveals the real-life use of English in international communication. Against this background, this study reports on the first-hand experiences of a wide range of English users in Hong Kong through interviews specifically focused on language use contexts, problems and solutions. The findings suggest that although the daily use of English by the interviewed English speakers tended to be context-specific and perhaps individualised according to its occupational nature, many of those interviewed reported that they had encountered similar problems with international communication, including accent variations, telephoning and cultural differences. It was also found that the participants altered their language use when communicating with English speakers with different language and cultural backgrounds and in different situations. This study highlights some important observations and recommendations based on the challenges and the solutions suggested by the people interviewed, with wider implications for the choice of appropriate ELT goals and approaches for contemporary English language education.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of emotional problems(EB), such as depression and anxiety, on smartphone game addiction(SGA) of elementary school students, and to indentify how parent-child communication(PCC) and ego-resilience(ER) act as multiple mediating factors. A survey was conducted with 572 students at grades 4 to 6 at two elementary schools in a metropolitan area. The survey was constructed to assess the levels of EB, SGA, PCC and ER. The collected data were analyzed using structural equation modeling, and the multi-mediated effect was confirmed via bootstrap analysis. The primary findings are as follows. Firstly, ER of elementary school students was found to escalate their SGA either directly or indirectly. Secondly, both PCC and ER were found to mediate the relationship between EB and SG through a multi-mediation analysis. In the analysis, three significant pathways were identified: 'EB → PCC → SGA', 'EB → ER → SGA', and 'EB → PCC → ER → SGA'. Therefore, it is essential to totally consider emotional problems, familial communication, and ego-concept of elementary school students to prevent or intervene in their smartphone game addiction.

본 연구는 학령 후기 아동의 신체자존감과 가정환경 변인 그리고 어머니의 양육방법과 자녀와의 의사소통 간의 관계를 밝히기 위해 실시되었다. 구체적으로 아동이 지각한 부부갈등은 모-자녀 의사소통 문제를 매개로 아동의 신체자존감을 부적으로 예측할 것이며 모 심리적 통제가 모-자녀 의사소통 문제와 아동의 신체자존감 간 관계를 조절할 것으로 예상하였다. 서울 소재 한 초등학교에 재학하는 5-6학년 아동 195명(여 102명, 남 93명)을 대상으로 설문을 시행하였으며 SPSS PROCESS를 사용하여 조절된 매개모형을 분석하였다. 그 결과 부부갈등과 아동의 신체자존감의 부적 관계를 모-자녀 의사소통 문제가 부분 매개하였다. 이 때 모 심리적 통제는 모-자녀 의사소통 문제와 아동의 신체자존감의 관계를 조절하는 것으로 나타났다. 구체적으로 모 심리적 통제가 낮을 때 부부갈등과 아동의 신체자존감의 관계에서 모-자녀 의사소통 문제의 부적 매개효과가 더 강하게 나타났다. 본 연구는 부부갈등이라는 가정환경 요인이 어머니와 아동 간 의사소통 문제라는 보다 직접적인 매개변인에 의해 아동의 신체자존감을 설명하며, 심리적 통제와 같은 어머니의 부정적 양육방법에 따라 어머니와 아동 간 의사소통 문제와 신체자존감의 관계가 더욱 부정적이 될 수 있음을 밝혔다.

This study aimed to examine a mediating effect of mother-child communication problems and moderating effect of mother’s psychological control in the relationship between perceived martial conflict and body esteem among children in late childhood. A total sample of 195 5-6th grade children (102 girls) completed a survey. We found that perceived martial conflict was significantly and negatively associated with children’s body esteem. Mother-child communication problems partially mediated this link. This mediation effect of perceived martial conflict on body esteem through mother-child communication problems was moderated by mother’s psychological control. The children who perceived mothers’ psychological control less were more likely to have low body esteem when problematic communication with mothers occurred more frequently. Our findings implied that marital conflict might lead to problematic communication with their children and that children might internalize those negative messages that they received when they evaluate their self-image. Moreover, mother’s maladaptive parenting may exacerbate the link between problematic communication and children’s body esteem.

맞벌이 가정의 증가로 학부모는 교사와의 의사소통에서 시간․공간적으로 자유롭지 못하며, 교사도 학급당 많은 인원수와 업무과중 등으로 학부모와 의사소통이 잘 이루어지지 못하고 있다. 이러한 상황을 극복할 수 있는 수단으로서 SMS를 활용한 교사와 학부모의 의사소통 실태를 분석하고 해결해야 할 과제를 알아보았다. SMS 활용 실태에서 아동에 대한 정보 교류 및 교육 활동을 위해 SMS가 필요하다는 대답이 높았으며, 교사는 아동에 대한 교육 정보 교류를, 학부모는 생활 태도 향상에 효과가 있음을 지적하였다. 분석 결과를 바탕으로 담임에 대한 부담 해결, 담임과의 친숙함 형성, SMS 무반응 이유 탐색 및 대처 방안 마련, 학부모 요구에 맞는 정보 제공하기, 학부모의 답장률 높이기, 문자 용량 확대, 컴퓨터 온라인 접속 문제 등이 해결해야 할 과제로 파악되었다.

With the increase of double-income families, parents are not free in terms of time and space in communicating with teachers. Also for teachers, with many students and heavy load of work, communication with parents has been poor. As a means for overcoming this kind of situation, this research examined the current status of communication between teachers and parents using SMS and problems to solve. The investigation of the actual conditions of SMS use showed that there was a high number of answers pointing out that SMS is needed for the exchange of information regarding children and educational activities, and teachers pointed out that the communication was effective for exchanging educational information regarding children whereas parents pointed out that it was effective in improving the children's attitudes. Based on the results of the analysis, the following was found as tasks to be solved: preparing a plan for revitalizing SMS use, solving the burden that parents have in communicating with teachers, becoming more friendly with teachers, investigation of the reason why there is no response regarding SMS and preparing countermeasures, providing information appropriate to what parents want, increasing the reply rate of parents, expansion of text capacity, and trouble with getting online with a computer.

디지털 신호로 채워지는 스마트폰 사이버 공간 속 소통이 대세가 되어버린 이 시대에 우리는 무엇을 얻고 무엇을 잃었는가. 고속화, 상시화, 경량화 등으로 요약되는 소통의 편의성을 얻는 대신 육체가 담 보되는 인간적 소통의 총체성을 잃었다. 논의는 먼저 이러한 상실을 ‘세 공간의 삭제’로 재맥락화하고 거기서 야기되는 문제들을 짚어낸다. 세 공간이란 이전에 우리의 생활세계를 채우던 주축적 지평들로 서, 곧 타자들이 들어서던 옆공간, 마음이 서성이던 그집앞, 그리고 삶을 응시하던 메타공간 들이다. 스마트폰 나아가 인터넷 시대의 소통이 어떻게 다시 육체의 인간이 지니는 따뜻함과 간절함을 복원해 낼 수 있을까. 우리의 연구는 조선말 철학자 혜강 최한기의 사유에서 그 가능성과 방법을 모색한다. 혜강사상을 관통하는 운화(運化) 패러다임은 기의 통(通)에 대한 숙고로써 하늘과 인간과 대지, 이 삼 자의 조우를 통해 구축해가는 총체적 소통 개념이다. 본 소론은 혜강의 신기의 통을 실제 삶 속에 접속 시킴으로써 사이버 공간 속에서 소외된 소통을 상통시키고 관계를 변통시키며 어우러짐을 넒혀감으로 써 삭제된 공간들을 회복시키고자 한다. 결국 이 연구는 이러한 혜강의 통찰에 기대어 다음과 같은 비 전을 제시한다. 즉 각자의 모바일 단말기 자판에 손을 얹은 온라인 상태에 있으면서도 사실은 산산이 부서진 소통망 안에서 파편화된 채 고립되어있는 디지털 디바이스 사용자들이 잃어버린 것, 즉 오프라 인에서 온라인으로 두루 통하는 총체적 연관망의 복원을 통해 육체와 대지가 긴밀하게 순환하는 진정 한 소통의 실천적 비전이다.

It goes without saying that in these days, the main trend of our communication is that by the digital device. What we get and what we lose in that way of the communications. Every day we use diverse portable mobile apparatuses of the communication with velocity of light. But we should pay for those convenient devises severely. We come to lose the totality of human being, especially in the field of communication each other. It could be summarized of deleting three pivotal spaces. Namely deleting the place of the near for the others, deleting the place of ‘in front of the house’ for wondering mind, and deleting the place of meta space for gazing at the life itself. In old days these had been decisive spaces of axis in our everyday life. But now they had faded out in our view. I re -contextualize these three spaces for the purpose of revealing the serious problems we confront with now. The point is that how we could revive the humanized spaces of the communication with warm flesh and fresh blood. I tried to find out the way of solving these problems with the help of Haegang Choi Han-ki’s insightful thoughts, one of the greatest philosophers in Chosun Dynasty, Korea. Heagang's main idea is the Special Communication through the Great Universe. It is "Un-Wha" Paradigm(it's very hard to explain but loosely can be said, Ki Rotate through the world and change everything properly) "Un-Wha" circulate the universe though the Heaven, the Earth, and the Human being. In this paper I suggest this ‘circulating universe’ mode of totality and the scale of Choi Han- ki’s communication concept. Over and over again, Choi Han-ki said that "Un-Wha" has the special power to break through the every rigid wall of isolations. He prescribed the diverse methods of breaking through the isolation-walls. For example, the Byuntong is one, Jootong is another. The former(the meaning of this is very similar to that of Aristotelian Phronesis) could find out the exact point of the mean (中庸) to dissolve the special warrior to block communicating each other. The latter could dissolve the every universal communication block from heaven to earth, from ancient to current. Of course we should think over and over again the insight of Choi Han-ki’s thought to find out the point to apply to diverse communication problems of our times. But I believe we could get the great help from the visions he had deliberated in the problems of communication, and from the prescriptions he had given us in old times, Chosun Dynasty.

본 논문에서는 ‘2022 개정 교육과정’의 개정을 앞두고 현행 ‘2015 개정 일본어Ⅰ, Ⅱ 교육 과정’의 ‘의사소통기본표현’과 ‘기본어휘표’의 문제점을 고찰하고 이에 대한 개선방안을 제시 함으로써 새로운 교육과정이 체계적이고 효율적으로 구성할 수 있도록 하였다. 기존의 선행 연구는 일본어 교육과정의 의사소통기본표현과 기본어휘를 각각 독립적으로 고찰하고 있으 며, 연구 대상으로 삼은 교육과정도 연구시기의 차이와 병행하여 각각 달랐다. 그러나 언어 표현에서 의사소통기본표현과 기본어휘는 상호 연계되어 있으므로 본 논문과 같이 둘을 통합 하여 문제점을 고찰하고 대안을 제시하는 것이 연구의 가치가 크다고 할 수 있겠다. 본 논문 에서 교육과정의 문제점 고찰 및 수정안으로 제시한 구체적인 방법은 의사소통기본표현에서 는 영역 구분과 제시된 예시문에 대해 각각 추가, 수정의 의견을 제시하였고, 기본어휘에서는 기존 기본어휘표 목록에 대하여 추가, 삭제, 수정의 의견을 제시하였다.

In this paper, the new curriculum can be organized systematically and efficiently by considering the problems of “basic communication expression” and “basic vocabulary table” of the current 2015 revised Japanese I and II curriculum ahead of the revision of the notice. Existing prior studies independently consider the basic expression and basic vocabulary of the Japanese curriculum, and the curriculum was different in parallel with the difference in the timing of the study. However, because communication basic expressions and basic vocabulary are interconnected in language expressions, it is worth the study to integrate the two into consideration problems and present alternatives as in this paper. Specific methods presented in this paper as considering and correcting the problems in the curriculum were added, deleted, and modified in communication basic expressions, respectively, and in basic vocabulary, added, deleted, and modified in basic vocabulary.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship of parent-child communication, loneliness and interpersonal problems on adolescents smartphone addiction. The subjects of the study were 342 adolescents who were selected from 1~3 grade of high school. The collected data was analyzed using the SPSS 23.0 program. Depending on the research problem, frequency, Cronbach's α, Pearson's corrlation coefficients, multiple regression were used. The results of this study were as follows: First, Father-child communication, mother-child communication all showed negative correlation with smartphone addiction. Loneliness and smartphone addiction have a positive correlation, interpersonal problems and smartphone addiction have a positive correlation. Second, father-child communication has indirect effect on adolescent's smartphone addiction through loneliness and interpersonal problems. On the other hand, mother-child communication was indirectly influenced by loneliness and interpersonal problems, and was directly influenced too. Third, in the relationship between father-child communication and adolescent's smartphone addiction, the dual mediating effect of loneliness and interpersonal problem appeared. also mother-child communication and adolescent's smartphone addiction, the dual mediating effect of loneliness and interpersonal problem appeared too. This study helped the adolescents to understand smartphone addiction and provided specific information to prevent and mitigate them.

본 연구는 애착의 문제를 지닌 유아에게 모래놀이치료와 언어적 촉진을 병행하였을 때 의사소통 능력의 향상을 알아보는 실천사례이다. 연구대상은 애착의 문제와 31개월에 00대학 병원에서 ‘발달지연’으로 진단을 받은 한국계 중국인 부모를 둔 39개월 된 남아이며 가족, 또래관계에서 의사소통의 의도나 몸짓 표현이 전혀 나타나지 않고 무의미 발성으로 옹알이를 하고 있다. 사전검사로 부모 보고 유형의 언어검사인 ‘영유아 언어발달검사’(김영태 외, 2003)를 실시한 결과, 수용 및 표현 언어능력 모두 등가월령 2개월로 언어발달지체(-2SD미만)로 진단되었다. 연구방법으로 내담유아에게 모래놀이치료에서 10회기동안 모래놀이치료와 의사소통 기능을 중재하였다. 분석 방법은 ‘영유아 언어발달검사’를 사전 사후 결과 비교하였고 언어이전기의 의사소통 기능 중 몸짓 표현과 내담유아의 발화로 나누어 분석하였다. 연구 결과 내담유아의 ‘영유아 언어발달검사’ 사후 검사 결과, 등가월령은 수용언어 20개월(-1SD), 표현언어 12개월(-2SD)로 상향되었다. 몸짓 표현으로 지시하기 몸짓은 2회기부터 가능하여졌다. 3회기부터 관습적 몸짓 표현하기가 가능하였다. 10회기에 이르러서 표상적 몸짓이 시작되었다. 발화에서도 1회기는 무의미 발성단계였으며 2회기부터 9회기는 구강조음기관의 조절 능력이 향상되었으며 제한적이지만 자음과 모음이 합쳐진 옹알이를 출현하였다. 10회기에〔곰〕을 정확하게 발화하였으며 모방 발화가 시작되었다. 이와 같이 모래놀이치료에 병행된 언어촉진은, 애착 문제를 지닌 내담유아의 의사소통 능력 향상에 영향을 미쳤다. 따라서 본 연구는 언어이전기 유아들의 의사소통 능력 향상을 위한 중재법으로서 모래놀이치료와 언어촉진기법의 병행사용의 효과와 역할을 입증한 것에 큰 의미가 있다.

This study is a practical case of examining the improvement of communication ability when sandplay therapy and verbal facilitation are combined in infants with attachment problems. The subject of this study was a 39-month-old boy from a multicultural family with Chinese parents diagnosed with attachment problems and ‘developmental delay’ at 00 University Hospital at 31 months. He is babbling with meaningless vocalizations. As a result of conducting the ‘Infant Language Development Test’ (Kim Young-Tae et al., 2003), a parent-reported type of language test, both receptive and expressive language skills were diagnosed with language development retardation (less than -2SD) at an equivalent age of 2 months. As a research method, the communication function was mediated by sandplay therapy and language promotion for 10 sessions in sandplay therapy for children in the homeroom. As a result of the post-test results of the ‘Infant Language Development Test’ of the child, the equivalent month age was increased to 20 months for receptive language (-1SD) and 12 months for expressive language (-2SD). Instructing with gestures Gestures became possible from the second session. From the 3rd session, it was possible to express conventional gestures. By the 10th session, symbolic gestures began. In speech, the first stage was a meaningless vocalization stage, and the control ability of the oral articulatory organ was improved from the second to the ninth period, and although limited, a babble with consonants and vowels combined appeared. In the 10th session, [bear] was uttered correctly and the imitation utterance started.As such, the analysis method of the ‘infant language development test’ was compared with the pre- and post-mortem results of the speech promotion in parallel with the sandplay therapy to improve the communication ability of children with attachment problems. The speeches of infants were divided and analyzed. influenced Therefore, this study is of great significance in proving the effect and role of the concurrent use of sandplay therapy and language promotion technique as an intervention method for improving communication ability of pre-linguistic infants.

이 연구는 어린이집 교사를 대상으로, 미술치료를 통하여 대인관계문제를 감소하고 동료관계 및 가족관계를 회복하도록 돕고자 하였다. 연구 대상은 K군에 살고 있는 35세의 기혼 여성으로 미술치료는 주 1회 1시간 20분 정도를 연구자의 미술치료실에서 실시하였고, 의사소통 교육은 미술치료 실시 전․후에 8회기에서 15회기까지 부모역할훈련(Parent Effectiveness Training: P. E. T.)을 중심으로 진행되었으며 치료회기는 총22회기이다. 연구의 효과를 검증하기 위하여, 대인관계문제 단축형 검사와 의사소통검사를 사전․사후 비교하였으며 미술치료 진행과정을 회기별로 요약하여 기술하였다. 이 연구에서 나타난 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 대인관계문제검사는 사전검사에서 85점이고 사후검사에서는 32점으로 낮아졌다. 둘째, 의사소통검사는 사전검사에서 82점, 사후검사에서는 159점으로 높아졌다. 따라서, 이 연구는 미술치료가 어린이집 교사의 대인관계문제 감소에 영향이 있었음을 알 수 있다.

This study aims to help restore the relationship between the colleagues and the family members of a day care center teacher by using art therapy. The purpose is to reduce the interpersonal problems and promote effective communication skills. The client is 35-year-old married woman who lives in K County. The art therapy session each took 1 hour and 20 minutes and was conducted in the participant’s treatment room once a week. The communication trainings included a total of 22 sessions that centered on the Parent Effectiveness Training (PET) from the 8th session to the 15th session, before and after art therapy. It was compared with the short form of Korean Inventory of Interpersonal Problems (KIIP), and the process of each art therapy session was summarized. The results of this study are as follows. First, the KIIP score went from 85 points in the pre-test to 32 points in the post-test. Second, the communication test score went from 82 points pre-test to 159 points in the post-test. Therefore, this study educed interpersonal problems of the day care center teacher.

본 연구는 교차전이 이론적 관점에서 초등학생 자녀의 정서행동문제에 취업모의 직무스트레스가 미치는 영향을 파악함과 동시에, 취업모-자녀의 역기능적 의사소통이 매개역할을 하는지를 검증하려는 목적을 가지고 있다. 본 연구의 조사대상은 취업모와의 의사소통이 원활히 이루어지며, 청소년기로 전환되어 정서행동 문제가 중요해지는 시점인 초등학교 5, 6학년 아동과 이들의 취업모이다. 서울, 인천 지역의 6개 초등학교로부터 표본추출하여, 어머니가 주양육자이며 현재 취업상태에 있는 아동의 설문 242부와 취업모 설문 242부를 최종분석에 활용하였다. 다중회귀분석과 Sobel test를 실시하여 자료를 분석한 본 연구의 주요 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 독립변수인 취업모의 직무스트레스는 종속변수인 초등학생 자녀의 정서행동문제에 정적으로 유의하게 직접적인 영향을 미치고 있었으며 둘째, 독립변수인 취업모의 직무스트레스는 매개변수인 취업모-자녀의 역기능적 의사소통에 정적으로 유의하게 영향을 미치고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 취업모-자녀의 역기능적 의사소통의 매개효과를 검증한 결과, 취업모의 직무스트레스는 초등학생 자녀의 정서행동문제에 있어 부분매개효과를 나타내고 있어, 취업모-자녀의 역기능적 의사소통은 취업모의 직무스트레스가 초등학생 자녀의 정서행동문제에 미치는 영향에 있어 간접적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 직장과 가정에서의 경험이 서로 다른 영역의 구성원에게 영향을 미칠 수 있다는 교차전이이론의 실증적 연구로써, 취업모의 직무스트레스, 취업모-자녀의 의사소통구조의 개선을 위한 실천방안 및 초등학생의 정서행동문제 대한 개입 필요성을 제시하였다는 점에서 의의가 있다.

This study is to investigate the effect of working mother's job stress on their children’s emotional/behavioral problems and to examine the mediating effect of dysfunctional communication between working mothers and their children as perceived by the children based on communication theory and Spillover and Crossover concepts. Ultimately, this research is to suggest the practical intervening ways to reduce the emotional/behavioral problems of children having working mother and to alleviate job stress of working mother. The participants were 242 fifth and sixth graders who attended six selected elementary schools in the city of Seoul, Incheon and their mother responded to questionnaires regarding working mother's job stress, and working mother-children dysfunctional communication and children's emotional/behavioral problem. Data were analyzed by multiple regression. The results of this study showed that job stress affect on children's emotional/bahavioral problems directly. Also, job stress affect on children's emotional/ bahavioral problems through working mother-children dysfunctional communication indirectly. That is, working mother-children dysfunctional communication played a partial mediating roles between job stress of working mother and children's emotional/bahavioral problems. This study has a significant implication to understand Spillover and Crossover concepts. Especially, Based on the research results, The variety practical intervening ways to reduce job stress need to be developed and provided for working mother. Also, the effective working mother-children communication program or interaction program need to be developed and provided. Finally, The variety intervening ways for alleviate the children emotional/behavioral problem need to be provided through a multidimensional approach.

지금까지 수학적 의사소통과 수학적 태도에 관한 선행연구는 주로 쓰기 활동을 통한 자료 수집을 통해 많이 이루어져 왔다. 또한 프로젝트 활동이나 소집단 토의 활동에 대한 연구는 여러 차례 있었으나, 이를 수학적 의사소통 영역과 수학적 태도면에서 연관시켜 분석한 선행연구는 없었다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 학생들을 소집단으로 구성하여 프로젝트형 문제를 해결하는 과정을 촬영하여 살펴본 후, 그 속에서 수학적 의사소통은 어떻게 전개되고 있으며, 수학적 태도의 측면에서는 어떤 현상이 관찰되는지 알아보고 그 시사점을 추출해 보고자 하는데 연구의 목적이 있다.

This study was proposed to analyze mathematical communication activity and mathematical attitudes while students were solving project problem and to consider how the conclusions effects mathematics education. This study analyzed through qualitative research method. The questions for this study are following. First, how does the process of the mathematical communication activity proceed during solving project problem in a small group? Second, what reactions can be shown on mathematical attitudes during solving project problem in a small group? Four project problems sampled from pilot study in order to examine these questions were applied on two small groups consisting of four 5th grade students It was recorded while each group was finding out the solution of the given problems. Afterward, consequences were analyzed according to each question after all contents were noted. Consequently, conclusions can be derived as follows. First, it was shown that each student used different elements of contents in mathematical communication activity. Second, during mathematical communication activity, most students preferred common languages to mathematical ones. Third, it was found that each student has their own mathematical attitude. Fourth, Students were more interested in the game project problem and the practical using project problem than others.

본 연구의 목적은 일본문부과학성과 문화청의 “아동학생 커뮤니케이션 능력의 육성에 이바지하 는 예술표현체험사업”의 실천 사례와 각 교육현장에서 이루어지고 있는 연극적 기법을 사용한 커 뮤니케이션교육의 사례를 통해 일본의 교육현장에서 안고 있는 커뮤니케이션교육의 과제를 밝히는 것이다. 예술표현체험사업 실시학교의 보고서에 의하면 학생들의 인간관계가 좋아지고 학급의 분 위기가 개선되고 학급 전체의 학력이 향상됨으로써 이지메, 등교 거부, 폭력행위 등의 문제해결에 도 도움이 되었다고 생각된다. 교원에 있어서는 표현활동 전문가에 의한 예술표현체험수업을 통해 기존의 지도법을 재검토하여 평가법 등을 개선할 기회를 얻음으로써 학급 분위기가 개선되고 학급 경영 및 학년경영이 원활히 진행되었다. 앞으로는 일관된 커뮤니케이션 능력을 육성하는 수업체계 를 교육과정 안에 만드는 것과 현장에서 지도하는 교원의 능력을 육성하는 것이 향후의 과제가 될 것이다

The purpose of this research is to clarify problems of the communication education which is held at the educational sites in Japan through practical examples of the "Art Expression Experience Project that contributes to the development in the communication skills of students by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology and the Agency for Cultural Affairs, and examples of the communication education using a theatrical method which is actually conducted at the educational sites. It will be a future task to create in the curriculum gradual teaching systems according to age group and lesson systems to foster consistent communication abilities and to promote the skills of teachers who instruct them on the field.

本研究の目的は、文部科学省が設置したコミュニケーション教育推進会議と文化庁の「児童生徒のコミュ ニケーション能力の育成に資する芸術表現体験事業」の実践例とそれぞれの教育現場で行われている演 劇的手法を用いたコミュニケーション教育の事例を通し、日本の教育現場で抱えているコミュニケーション教 育の課題を明らかにすることである。芸術表現体験事業の実施校からの報告によると、児童生徒において は、受け入れる力や伝える力が向上し、教員や父母以外の第三者である外部の大人に評価され認められ ることにより、自己肯定感を持ち、自分の居場所を見つける機会にもなり自信を持つことができた。子供たち の人間関係が良好になり、学級の雰囲気が改善され、学級全体の学力が向上することで、いじめや不登 校、暴力行為などの問題解決にも役立つと考えられる。教員においては、表現活動の専門家による芸術 表現体験授業を通して、従来の指導法を見直し、評価法などを改善する機会が得られたことで、学級の 雰囲気が改善し、学級経営や学年経営が円滑に進んだ。全体的に見ると、児童生徒のコミュニケーショ ン能力だけでなく、学習環境や学習活動などが改善されたと報告はあるが、その反面、このような授業を 実施している学校数はまだわずかであり、多くの課題も残している。学校教育において演劇的手法を用いた コミュニケーション教育が活発になっていくであろうと予想されるが、年齢にあった段階的な指導体系と小学 校から大学までの一貫したコミュニケーション力を育成する授業体系を教育課程の中に取り入れ、現場で指 導する教員の技量を育成していくことが今後の課題となってくるであろう。

본 논문은 아렌트(Hannah Arendt)가 악의 본질로 주목하는 ‘악의 평범성(the banality of evil)’이 사유, 말하기, 판단의 무능력함에서 발생함을 밝히고 악의 발생에 대한 대안으로 소통을 제시하는데 목적을 둔다. 아렌트의 주요한 연구주제이기도 했던 전체주의는 감시와 고발을 통해 개인들이 공유하는 연결망을 제거하면서 인간의 복수성을 파괴하고 공적영역을 폐쇄함으로써 악을 발생시킨다. 이는 근본적으로 인간이 사유하고 판단할 수 있는 능력을 마비시키는 것으로 그와 같은 환경에서 인간은 사유, 말하기, 판단에 있어 무능력함을 보이게 된다. 다시 말해, 전체주의는 개인들 간의 소통을 용인하지 않음으로써 인간을 오롯이 사적 영역에 머물도록 만든다. 이러한 조건 안에서 인간은 자신의 사고와 행위를 성찰할 능력을 상실하기 마련이므로 일정한 조건만 주어진다면 누구나 죄의식 없이 악을 자행할 수 있는 가능성을 안고 있다. 따라서 개인의 사유활동을 마비시키고 악인으로 전락하게 만드는 사회의 구조적 모순에 대항하는 최선의 방법은 소통이다. 아렌트의 소통은 기본적으로 상상력을 통해 재현된 타인과의 대화를 통해 자신의 사유를 검토하고 숙고해 보는 정신활동이다. 그러나 인간에게는 실재하는 타인과의 직접적인 만남이 담보되는 사회적 차원의 소통 역시 필요하다. 상상력을 통해 재현된 타인과의 소통을 통해 현상 세계를 온전히 반영하거나 실질적인 합의를 이끌어내기에는 근본적인 한계가 있기 때문이다. 평범한 모습을 한 악을 발생시키는 사회는 비단 전체주의에만 국한되지 않는다. 어떤 사회적 구조가 됐든 개인의 정신활동을 무력하게 만드는 조건이라면 어느 때고 어디서나 평범한 모습의 끔찍한 악인을 발견할 수 있다. 그러므로 타인과의 소통을 통해 세계를 경험하며, 인간사를 이해하고 판단하는 일은 여전히 중요하다.

The objective of this very research is to reveal that such a banality is derived from the three inabilities of human; thinking, speaking, and judging. And the otrher one is to to suggest the concept of communication that can prevent the outbreak of evil and overcome the banality of evil. Totalitarianism which was one of Arendt’s primary research topics states that network that individuals share is removed through vigilance and accusation. Consequently, the plurality of human being would be destroyed and the public realm would be shut down to outbreak evil. A human being shows inabilities to think, speak, and judge in such an environment basically paralyzes the human’s capabilities of thinking and judging. In other words, totalitarianism, not permitting to communicate with each other, makes a human stay just in private area. It means that anyone can be a evildoer because it is very easy to lose one's abilities to considerate and examinate their thinking and behavior in that condition. So, communication is the best way against that society paralize one's mantal activity and make a person evildoer. In Arendt’s perspective, judging is considered as a mental activity that analyzes and considers one’s own thinking through creating a conversation with imaginative person actually does not exist. But human needs the communication carried out at the level social dimension by directly having contact with actually existing others and this is because the imaginative person can’t provide a real status perfectly. Totalitarianism is not the only society produce the evil in a banal appearance. Whatever it is, if a society has the system incapacitate human's mental activity, anyone could see the evildoer with a banal appearance but horrible. For this reason, it is still important to interpret and identify the human events as well as to experience the world through continuous communication with others.

Hi Seoul과 해치로 대표되는 서울시의 상징체계를 커뮤니케이션의 의미론적 모델을 통해 분석하였다. 세계주요 도시의 상징 디자인 사례를 조사하였으며 이를 기반으로 서울시 상징체계의 문제점과 성과를 분석하였다. 도시 슬로건으로서의 Hi Seoul은 서울시의 의도와는 달리 목표대상이 되는 외국인들에게 어떠한 의미로도 인식되거나 공유되지 못하고 있다. 도시 상징으로서의 해치는 선정과정에서 많은 논란이 있었으나 일단 서울시민들에게는 서울시가 의도한 의미가 비교적 인식되고 공유되고 있다 평가된다. 그러나 외국인의 해치 이미지에 대한 접근성은 개선해야 할 필요가 있다.

This thesis analyzes the symbol system of the Seoul Metropolitan Government that is represented by “Hi Seoul" and "Haechi" through the semantics model of communication. It studies the cases of symbol designs of other major cities in the world, and based on that, examines the problems and achievements of the symbol system of the Seoul Metropolitan Government. The city slogan "Hi Seoul" has not been either perceived or shared in any ways by foreigners, one of the target groups, which is the result far from what the city government has intended. The process of selecting "Haechi" as the city symbol stirred up many controversies, but the meaning that the city government intended to instil is evaluated to be relatively well appreciated and shared by the citizens of Seoul for now. Nevertheless the accessibility to "Haechi" for foreigners still needs to be improved.

Communication strategies (CSs) have been reported to play an important role in managing problems encountered during L2 communication. This qualitative study explored what factors affected L2 learners’ manageability of communication problems and how it influenced their choice between achievement and avoidance CSs. The participants were Korean students studying in a university in the USA with various student status. The data were collected from interviews, natural conversations recorded in various settings, and stimulated recalls on the recorded conversations. Through the inductive analysis of the data, this study found that L2 learners’ perceived manageability was affected by various factors: (1) the complexity of the problem, (2) message factors (the nature of the message, the illocutionary force of the message), (3) participant factors (the participant’s language proficiency, the participant’s experience with the problem and the expression), and (4) interlocutor factors (the interlocutor’s language proficiency, the interlocutor’s background knowledge). In addition, this study revealed that L2 learners’ manageability affected their choice of achievement and avoidance CSs. Drawing on the findings, this study also provided L2 educators with pedagogical suggestions that can contribute to increasing L2 learners’ manageability of communication problems, making them choose an achievement CS rather than an avoidance CS, and helping them manage their communication problems more successfully.

As the number of ships and goods shipped by marine transportation increases, almost all shipping companies adopted foreign crews in order to overcome lack of seafarers and be competitive for manning cost. Thus, these days it is inevitable to work with foreign crews aboard ships, but there occur many marine accidents due to language barriers and communication problems under multicultural and multilingual shipboard environments. In order to resolve troubles resulting from different languages, reduce miscommunication risks, and make working on ships safe and efficient, this study recognized the current status of ships with mixed crews, analyzed marine accidents caused by communication problems not only in Korea but also in other countries using analytical methodologies. Additionally, existing hazards affecting miscommunication were identified and risk of miscommunication was quantitatively evaluated while offering suggestions and future forecasts. Consequently, in this study we suggested that fundamental dialogues are to be necessarily educated on the ships with foreign crews so as to reduce the language barrier and risk of miscommunication. Furthermore, a standard maritime Korean language program and manual targeting Korean coastal vessels would be developed in the next step.

In the global health crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, wearing a mask to prevent infection has been suggested as an effective means of disinfection, and now it has become a daily routine for people around the world. Wearing a mask while talking obscures a lot of ‘facial expressions’ causing disconnection and noise in nonverbal communication. By wearing a protective mask, numerous information transmitted through facial expressions may be either lost or distorted. Along with verbal messages, nonverbal messages of facial expressions are also used as a redundant channel. On one hand, facial expressions as a redundant communication channel are used as a strategic communication means for appealing to sympathy or empathy, displaying emotional states, and finding some clues for a speaker’s sincerity. On the other hand, facial expressions paralinguistically emphasize, supplement, modify, or reverse a message in meaning. Wearing a protective mask makes the nonverbal communications through facial expressions extremely difficult. The purpose of this study is to explore human communication problems caused by wearing a protective mask during the COVID-19 pandemic. A group questionnaire was conducted with students taking human communication classes. The questionnaire was designed to explore nonverbal problems through facial expressions in the six domains of R. Jakobson’s communication model. The result of the study shows that the nonverbal communication of facial expressions is more problematic in the domains of the addresser, addressee, context, and message than in the domains of contact and code. This study identifies the nonverbal communication of facial expressions from the experience of the absence of those facial expressions being covered by a protective mask.