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Purpose: This study aimed to identify the challenging tasks for male and female paramedics and suggest solutions to address these difficulties. Methods: We surveyed 58 male and 43 female paramedics. The survey covered 253 tasks, and the ten most difficult tasks were identified. These tasks were analyzed using an independent t-test to compare differences between males and females. Results: Among the 253 items, both male and female paramedics reported difficulties with maternal and neonatal treatment. Male paramedics found the chemical accident response difficult, whereas female paramedics found treating open-chest injuries challenging. This study further examined whether significant differences existed in the task difficulty between male and female participants. Thirteen tasks were observed in which the perceived difficulty differed between genders. Male paramedics found 12 tasks to be more difficult than their female counterparts, including asking about the situation in which the patient was found, inquiring about the location of the patient, and assessing the scene. Female paramedics found handling child abuse cases difficult. Conclusion: This study examined the challenges faced by male and female paramedics and revealed that they encountered different difficulties and required different levels of training. Male paramedics required training in patient communication, whereas female paramedics required training in emotion regulation. In addition, both groups would benefit from further training in areas where they commonly encounter difficulties.

Purpose: This descriptive correlation study investigated the correlation between workplace bullying, organizational commitment, and turnover intention, and identified the factors that influence organizational commitment and turnover intention in paramedics. Methods: Convenience sampling was used to collect data from 175 paramedics working in medical institutions. The research tool consisted of 13 questions regarding general characteristics, 20 regarding workplace bullying, 12 regarding organizational commitment, and 6 regarding turnover intention. Results: Analysis of the correlations revealed that workplace bullying and organizational commitment had a significant negative (-) correlation (r=-0.457, p<.001), workplace bullying and turnover intention had a significant positive (+) correlation (r=0.389, p<.001), and organizational commitment and turnover intention (r=-0.775, p<.001) had a significant negative (-) correlation. Conclusion: The results indicate that workplace bullying is associated with lower organizational commitment and higher turnover intention. Conversely, higher organizational commitment is linked to lower turnover intention. Therefore, measures such as program development and education should be implemented to reduce bullying in the workplace.

Purpose: This study aimed to determine the effect of professional self-concept on job satisfaction and occupational turnover among EMT paramedics working in medical institutions. Methods: The data collected from 161 EMT-paramedics in this descriptive correlation study using an online questionnaire form were analyzed using the SPSS 25.0 for windows statistical program. Results: The professional self-concept of the subjects was 3.78±0.61, job satisfaction rate was 3.53±0.71, and occupational turnover was 2.51±1.12 (missing value 18). Multiple regression analysis was conducted to determine the effect of professional self-concept on job satisfaction and the results were found to be statistically significant in terms of satisfaction (β=0.581, p<.001), and communication (β=0.257, p<.001). The degree to which professional self-concept explained job satisfaction was about 62% (R2=0.620). Analysis to determine the effect of professional self-concept on occupational turnover showed significant results in terms of satisfaction (β=-0.468, p<.001), and the degree to which it explained occupational turnover was about 26.6% (R2=0.266). Conclusion: The study confirmed that higher the professional self-concept, higher the job satisfaction and the lower the occupational turnover. Setting the scope of work and establishing a self-concept through professional education are necessary to increase satisfaction with work.

Purpose: This study investigated the impact of leadership styles of first-aid instructors on student engagement and satisfaction in lectures. Methods: The study consisted of 152 disability support workers who received first-aid training at a welfare center for the disabled in J City. The measured variables were leadership style, lecture engagement, and lecture satisfaction. Pearson's correlation analysis was conducted to examine the relationships between variables, and multiple regression analysis was performed to verify the effects of leadership styles of first-aid instructors on student engagement and satisfaction in lectures. The data collected for this study were analyzed using SPSS for Windows version 26.0. Results: Task-oriented leadership (t=3.067, p<.01) and relational leadership (t=3.791, p<.001) had statistically significant effects on lecture engagement (F=9.551, p<.001). Relational leadership (t=2.943, p<.01) had a statistically significant positive effect on lecture satisfaction (F=3.058, p<.05). Conclusion: Both task-oriented and relational leadership were found to have a positive impact on lecture engagement, with relational leadership having a stronger positive effect on lecture satisfaction. These findings suggest that effective instructors should value both the task and relational aspects in their leadership approaches.

Purpose: This study aimed to analyze the knowledge of seizures among 119 emergency medical technicians (EMTs), evaluate the educational needs regarding seizures among them, and analyze areas for improvement in the prehospital emergency care of patients with seizures. Additionally, it provides foundational data to enhance the quality of prehospital emergency care for patients with seizures. Methods: From September 8, 2023 to September 13, 2023 questionnaires were distributed among 119 EMTs working in the Gyeonggi-do area, and 151 copies were used, excluding 14 that were incomplete out of 165 copies recovered. Results: The average seizure knowledge score of the 119 EMTs was 25.33±2.97, and the video score was 1.74±0.88. Of the 119 EMTs, 99.3% reported that they required training on seizures. A total of 40.5% mentioned "administration of intramuscular anticonvulsants" and 38.9% mentioned "administration of intravenous anticonvulsants" as areas for improvement in pre-hospital first-aid for seizures. Conclusion: These data show the opinions of a subset of 119 EMTs; therefore, a larger sample size of 119 EMTs is required. Although 119 EMTs have a high demand for education regarding patients with seizures, no set training exists; therefore, a video-based training system is required. Institutional discussions regarding first-aid for patients with pre-hospital seizures are warranted.

Purpose: This study aimed to comprehensively analyze the impact of AED installation locations and environmental factors on resident awareness of AED locations in apartment complexes to ensure appropriate AED placement and improve resident awareness. Methods: Public data on AED installation locations in apartment complexes in Gyeonggi-do were analyzed. Based on the results, the selected apartment complexes were surveyed using structured face-to-face questionnaires with residents. Results: Significant differences were observed in the awareness of residents based on the AED installation location (p=.000). The highest awareness was for AEDs installed at ‘entrances of each building’ (46.6%), whereas the highest unawareness was for those in ‘management offices’ (33.7%). Factors that significantly increased awareness included having more than two AEDs (OR=1.94, p=.008), providing guidance or promotion on AED locations (OR=3.47, p=.000), and having AED training experience (OR=1.67, p=.039). Conclusion: This study confirmed that AED installation locations significantly affect resident awareness of AED locations. For future AED placement, accessibility and visibility should be prioritized over ease of management. Continuous guidance and AED usage training can enhance the awareness regarding AED locations.

Purpose: This study requested and used the raw data of an in-depth investigation of emergency room-injured patients to analyze the characteristics of youths who have attempted intentional self-harm and suicide and the characteristics of youths who have repeatedly self-harmed and attempted suicide. Methods: This study utilized raw data from an in-depth survey of emergency room injury patients conducted from 2019 to 2020, extracted self-harm and suicide patients aged 9-24 years, defined as adolescents under the Youth Basic Act, and analyzed 2,595 subjects. A chi-square test was performed to identify factors related to suicide reattempts. In addition, multiple logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the factors affecting suicide re-attempts in depth. Results: Women were 2.96 times more likely to re-attempt suicide than men (95% CI: 2.468-3.550, p<.001). In terms of reasons for suicide attempts, the probability of re-attempting suicide because of psychiatric problems was 1.354 times higher based on relationship conflict (p<.01). In terms of suicide attempt methods, falls were 0.295 times lower based on burns (p<.001). In terms of suicide attempt outcomes, survival was 0.183 times lower for those who attempted suicide again based on death (p<.05). Conclusion: Ongoing care and support are needed for adolescents who survive suicide attempts. They should be provided with professional counseling and treatment, and programs should be established to help them adapt well to school and society.

Purpose: This study aimed to determine the relationship between self-esteem, resilience, and career maturity, and to determine the mediating effect of career maturity on the relationship between self-esteem and resilience. Methods: Data were collected between September 27 and October 19, 2024 from 178 healthcare students using a structured questionnaire. Results: Career maturity partially mediated the relationship between self-esteem and resilience, with an explanatory power of 51.1%. The mediating effect of career maturity on the relationship between self-esteem and resilience was also significant (Z=2.68, p<.001). Conclusion: Identifying the key factors that affect the self-esteem and career maturity of healthcare college students and developing interventions to improve their resilience are necessary.

Purpose: This study aimed to identify how career preparation behavior, career identity, and social comparison motives in academic contexts influence the job-seeking stress of paramedic students and contribute to the development of alternatives to reduce stress levels. Methods: Data were collected through a structured questionnaire from September 21, 2024 to October 19, 2024 from 170 paramedic students. Results: Job-seeking stress was significantly correlated with career preparation behaviors (r=.223, p=.004), career identity(r=.498, p<.001), and social comparison motives in academic contexts (r=.391, p<.001). Conclusion: Additional research is needed on the correlation among career preparation behavior, career identity, and social comparison motives in academic contexts to improve job-seeking stress among paramedic students. Furthermore, university-level attention and efforts are essential to alleviate job stress among paramedic students.

Purpose: This study aimed to verify the effectiveness of dispatcher-assisted cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) by analyzing the effect of bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation on the return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) and neurological outcomes in patients of cardiac arrest. Methods: A total of 2,329 the emergency medical services reports were collected for non-traumatic patients of cardiac arrest aged 15 and older, attended by 119 paramedics from Fire Department C from January 1, 2019 to December 31, 2021. Additionally, we collected data on the performance of CPR by bystanders and heart avers. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 29.0. Results: Dispatcher-assisted (DA) CPR was performed in 70.3% of subjects. Compared with no CPR, DA-CPR was 1.567 times (p=.026) higher likelihood of return of spontaneous circulation and 1.889 times (p=.076) higher likelihood of improved neurological outcomes. Compared with no CPR, spontaneous CPR (SP-CPR) resulted in a 2.642 times (p=.000) higher likelihood of return of spontaneous circulation, and a 3.363 times higher likelihood of improved neurological outcomes (p=.002). Conclusion: The operation of DA-CPR and CPR training opportunities for bystanders should be expanded.

Purpose: This study provided data on efficient firefighting activities by identifying the status, risk perception, and effect perception of firefighters responding to electric vehicle fires in underground parking lots. Methods: The study included 265 firefighters. Data were analyzed using SPSS/WIN 23.0 for frequency, percentage, mean ± standard deviation, independent samples t-test, Pearson’s correlation, and logistic regression. Results: Firefighter training experience in responding to electric vehicle fires in underground parking lots was very limited, averaging less than 3 h per year, and they had a high risk awareness (4.00±0.57) regarding on-site response. Their perceptions of the effectiveness of the fire response methods (3.12±0.50) and confidence (3.36±0.64) were moderate. In particular, higher the confidence of firefighters in responding to electric vehicle fires in underground parking lots, higher was their evaluation of the effectiveness of fire response methods (r=0.373, p<.001) and lower was their tendency to perceive the risk (r=-0.141, p<.05). Conclusion: Firefighters lack confidence in effective responses despite recognizing the risk because of a lack of experience and education in responding to electric vehicle fires in underground parking lots. Therefore, practical education, training, and mission standards are required to improve the confidence of field personnel and increase risk awareness in field responses simultaneously.

Purpose: The 119 Emergency Operations Center (EOC) is responsible for receiving and handling fire, rescue, and emergency disaster reports. We aimed to investigate job stress, resilience, and burnout among workers at this center. Methods: A descriptive survey was conducted among 119 EOC workers stationed at 18 fire department headquarters nationwide. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS Statistics 28, including frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson’s correlation coefficient, and stepwise multiple regression analysis. Results: The research findings indicate that job stress accounts for 34.1% (adjusted R² = 0.341) of the variance in burnout, demonstrating the greatest impact. Resilience contributed to 12.8% of the variance. Together, these two variables explained 51.4% of the variance in burnout. Conclusion: The impact of job stress and recovery resilience on burnout among EOC dispatchers was significant. The highest stress was observed in terms of the lack of manuals for non-emergency reporting and the environmental aspects of work. Based on these findings, emotional exhaustion and dehumanization were particularly high in burnout. In response to these results, fire departments should raise awareness about the causes of job stress, produce nationwide promotional videos to improve public consciousness, establish detailed guidelines for responding to different types of reporters, and revise the legal aspects to address these issues.