Earticle

Purpose: We aimed to investigate trunk angle and muscle activation of the extremity and back toevaluate the effect of chest compression on work-related musculoskeletal disorders in 119 emergencymedical technicians (EMTs). Methods: Eighteen 119 EMTs performed 2-minute chest compression without interruption on acardiopulmonary resuscitation manikin, during which we measured changes in the trunk and shoulderjoint angles, muscle activation (triceps brachii, biceps brachii, erector spinae, gluteus maximus,pectoralis major, rectus abdominis, and rectus femoris) and chest compression accuracy. Results: The decrease in trunk angle by trunk muscle activation was the highest in event 2, the majordirection of chest compression. Both shoulder joint angles had no significant difference. Muscleactivation of the triceps brachii (p < .01), biceps brachii (p < .05), rectus abdominis (p < .05) and rectusfemoris (p < .01) significantly increased during the compression phase compared with the decompressionphase, with the rectus femoris showing an increase of 19%. Muscle activation of the erector spinaesignificantly increased in the decompression phase compared with the compression phase (p < .01). Conclusion: 119 EMTs mainly use the triceps brachii, biceps brachii and pectoralis major muscles duringchest compression.

Purpose: This study aimed to improve the quality of prehospital emergency care for elderly patients bydetermining current prehospital care status based on run sheets and level of knowledge, andprehospital care confidence toward the elderly through questionnaires answered by 119 emergencymedical technicians (EMTs). Methods: This study was conducted with 4,946 elderly patients who were transferred to the hospital by119 ambulances in D city from March 1, 2013 to February 28, 2014. This study was a descriptive studyof 119 run sheets. The questionnaire was completed by 160 EMTs working in D city. All data wereanalyzed by using SPSS 21.0. Results: 74.2% was due to disease among the 4,946 elderly patients who were transferred by 119ambulances, and a rest was due to injury. The mean knowledge score of the 119 EMTs regarding elderly patients was low. Their confidence on prehospital care of the elderly patients statistically significantlydiffered according to career at hospital and education. Conclusion: Theoretical knowledge, education on prehospital care of the elderly, and repeated technicalprehospital care education and training accompanied by feedback assessment by 119 EMTs are needed.

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the educational experience, re-demand, pre-post self-efficacy, subjective social contribution of disadvantaged youth after first-aid and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) education. Methods: The subjects in this study were 967 disadvantaged youth from the general population. Data analyzed were frequency, percentage, and results of the χ2 = test, t = test, one-way analysis of variance, and Pearson correlation by using the SPSS 18.0 statistical program. Results: Of the subjects, 51.7% had educational experiences, mostly less than 1 year. First-aid and CPR education improved self-efficacy. In particular, a higher the self-efficacy resulted in a higher subjective social contribution. Conclusion: This study showed that first aid and CPR education positively affected the self-efficacy, and awareness of social contribution in disadvantaged youth. Therefore, appropriate first aid and CPR education program for disadvantaged youth is beneficial.

연구 목적: 본 연구는 목적은 신임소방대원 직무 관련 출동 스트레스, 대처방법과 직무관련 출동 스트레스의 영향요 인을 알아보고자 하는데 있다. 연구 방법: 직무관련 출동 스트레스원은 Beaton 등(1998)이 사용한 33개 문항의 VAS(Visual Analogue Scale)을사용 하여 측정하였고 대처 방식 척도는 이장호와 김정희(1988)의 62문항으로 구성된 질문지를 사용하였다. 수집된자료 는 SPSS WIN 14.0 program을 이용하여 t -test와 ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient과 다중 회귀분석을 실시 하였다. 연구 결과: 잘못된 신고로 인한 출동이 가장 빈번하게 노출되는 스트레스원(95건, 71.4%)이고 이때 가장 많은 스트 레스(3.84)를 받는 것으로 나타났다. 직무관련 출동 스트레스는 적극적 대처(r = .420, p < .001)와 소극적 대처(r = .450, p < .001)에서, 적극적 대처는 소극적 대처(r = .890, p < .001)에서 통계적으로 유의한 강한 상관관계를나타났 다. 직무관련 출동 스트레스 영향요인은 수동적 대처(t = 2.12, p < .05), 동료가 부상이나 죽음위험을 경험을 한 경 우(t = 3.30, p < .001), 근무기간이 6개월 이내(t = -2.30, p < .05), 본인이 부상이나 죽음경험을 한 경우(t = 2.05, p < .05)로 나타났다. 결 론: 외상 후 스트레스 장애로 진행되지 않도록 적극적 대처에 대한 교육과 중재의 제도개선이 요구되고 사회적 지지와 지속적인 관심이 필요하다.

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate duty-related incidental stress, coping method, and stressfactors in 133 new firefighters. Methods: A self-reported questionnaire was administrated to 133 new firefighters between April andMay 2010. It consisted of 33 and 62 items concerning duty-related incident stress and coping methods,respectively. Data were analyzed by using the t-test, analysis of variance, Pearson correlationcoefficient analysis, and multiple regression analysis. Results: New firefighters experienced the most stress when inappropriately dispatched. Duty-relatedincidental stress correlated with active (r = .420, p < .001) and passive coping (r = .450, p < .001). Alsoactive coping statistically correlated with passive coping (r = .890, p < .001). Influencing factors ofduty-related incidental stress were passive coping (t = 2.12, p < .05), experience of having a co-workerin a dangerous situation (t = 3.30, p < .001), having less than 6 months of work experience (t = 2.30, p< .05), and experience of having oneself in a dangerous situation (t = 2.05, p < .05). Conclusion: New firefighters need to be provided with training on active coping to preventposttraumatic stress disorders and, social support immediately after an inappropriate and stressfuldispatch.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the image about emergency medical technology(EMT) jobs and to identify factors influencing the image of EMT jobs among students of thisdepartment. Methods: A self-reported questionnaire was administered to 532 paramedic students in the cities of D, G,and J between May 28 and June 19, 2013. Data were analyzed by using the SPSS version 21.0 program. Results: The image about EMT jobs was positively related to self-esteem. However, the image aboutEMT jobs was negatively related to grade and hospital practice experience. In the multiple regressionanalysis, the adjusted R2 value was .220 (p < .001). Conclusion: The importance of enhancing the self-esteem of paramedic students should be emphasized. Further research on the image about EMT jobs in the hospital practice setting is needed.

Purpose: This study was a descriptive survey research that aimed to investigate the stress level ofpregnant women and subsequent effect of emergency cesarean delivery on anxiety and subjectiveanxiety statuses. Methods: The study samples were 233, including 109 emergency cesarean delivery and 124 normalvaginal deliveries between May 1, 2014, and August 26, 2014, in the Gwangju Metropolitan City. Results: None of the results showed any significant statistical difference in psychological stressbetween emergency cesarean delivery during mid-pregnancy and normal vaginal delivery (t = 1.784, p =.076). Emergency cesarean delivery has a significantly high level of anxiety (t = 10.849, p < .001) andsubjective anxiety statuses (t = 13.294, p < .001) compared with normal vaginal delivery. Conclusion: A prenatal education program for stress and anxiety from emergency cesarean deliveryneeds to be developed for more effective stress management.

Purpose: This study aimed to confirm the effects of a simulation-based program on knowledge andclinical performance in the post-operative management of emergency patients. Methods: This was a pre- and post-research design with a nonequivalent control group and randomlysampled 29 experimental and control groups, respectively from nursing department juniors for 4 weeksfrom September of 2014. The experimental group received lectures, team study, team simulation, anddebriefing in post-operative management of simulation-based emergency patients and control groupconducted in the traditional lecture- type setting. Educational learning effects were measured by usingthe knowledge and clinical performance measurement tools of 15 and 20 items, respectively. Data wereanalyzed by using the SPSS program, including frequency, ratio, and results from the Chi-square test,Fisher's exact test, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, t-test. Results: Our research results indicate that, the experimental group showed significantly higherknowledge and clinical performance score compared with the control group. Conclusion: We confirmed that education on post-operative management of simulation-based emergency patients was an effective educational method to improve the knowledge and clinical performance ofnursing students.

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to report a case of uterine rupture with fetal death in utero inprimigravida woman who was involved in a vehicular collision at 20 weeks of gestation. Method: The uterine rupture victim was primigravida woman at 20 weeks of gestation. Informedconsent from the patient was received and the medical records were reviewed. Results: We experienced a case of uterine rupture with fetal death in utero after a vehicular collision,although intensive feto-maternal monitoring was performed. Conclusions: A high degree of early suspicion on uterine rupture possibility and careful monitoring ofuterine activity are important in the pregnant woman after a vehicular collision.