Earticle

최근 감귤에서 볼록총채벌레의 피해가 증가하 고 있다. 볼록총채벌레의 발생시기 및 주변 기주 식물과의 관계에 관한 연구는 진행되었으나 볼록 총채벌레에 의한 정확한 피해증상에 관한 연구는 미흡한 실정이다. 볼록총채벌레의 피해증상은 상 당히 다양하게 나타나며 피해 시기에 따라 바람 피해, 귤녹응애, 차먼지응애, 검은점무늬병 등 다 른 병해충과 유사한 증상을 나타내어 구별이 쉽 지 않다. 본 연구는 정확한 병해충 동정과 방제 전략을 수립하기 위해 제주도내 노지 온주밀감에 발생하는 볼록총채벌레 피해증상을 온주밀감의 발육시기별로 구분하여 구명하고자 수행되었다. 그 결과 만개기의 피해증상은 과경부와 과정부 둘레에 원형의 회백색의 식흔이 나타나는 것을 확인하였으며 1차 낙과기에는 그 피해면적이 더 넓어지고 2차 낙과기의 경우 회백색 식흔의 일부 분이 그물모양으로 갈라지기 시작하였다. 그리고 회백색의 식흔 이외에 피해부의 진피층이 비춰지 는 증상도 나타나기 시작하였다. 비대말기에는 과피가 녹이 쓴 것과 같은 검붉은 피해증상이 나 타나기 시작했으며 착색초기에는 이러한 증상이 일반적으로 나타났다. 그리고 착색기에는 이러한 피해가 넓은 면적에 걸쳐 나타났다. 이는 추후 감귤원의 볼록총채벌레 방제연구에 기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

The damage of citrus caused by Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood is increasing in Jeju, Korea. The study about seasonal abundance of S. dorsalis in citrus orchards and occurrence of S. dorsalis in citrus influenced by adjacent primary host orchards has been conducted. However, study of injury symptoms caused by S. dorsalis in citrus is not clear. The symptoms are various according to seasons of occurrence and difficult to distinguish with other similar injury symptoms caused by citrus red mite, broad mite and citrus black spot disease. This study was conducted to distinguish the symptoms according to seasons of fruit stage and utilize for making strategy control S. dorsalis. The symptoms can be divided according to fruit stage. Symptom of full bloom stage was silver-white circle ankertrass around sepal and style of citrus. And symptom of 1st physiological fruit drop stage was that the area of silver-white circle was increased to inside and outside of circle around sepal and style of citrus. The symptom of 2nd physiological fruit drop stage was that the surface of damaged was suberized and cracked and transparent. At enlargement stage, rustic colored fruit was found and the symptom was generalized at coloring fruit stage. This result shows the symptoms caused by S. dorsalis on satsuma mandarin according to fruit stage and can be used as the basic data for studying control of S. dorsalis.

Citrus mandarin is major industry in Jeju island where citrus mandarin had broadly grown. However, citrus fruits were damaged by crucial citrus diseases as melanose, scab and canker which caused finally yield loss of production. To prevent the loss of fruit harvest, a lot of synthetic fungicides have been used recklessly in some farms. Eventually, excessive usage of synthetic fungicides could lead the serious problems in environment. Therefore, eco-friendly disease managements have been required in recent researches to protect not only environments from synthetic fungicides residues but also to avoid crop loss by citrus diseases. In this current review, environment friendly disease management were introduced in citrus mandarin cultivation in Jeju. Eventually, the goal of this review is to improve Jeju citrus industry and environment by supporting scientific results to local farms.

감귤 무병묘 이용은 황룡병과 다른 바이러스를 방제하는 중요한 전략 중 하나이다. 무병묘는 대 목으로 생산 되므로 종자 전염 여부 확인이 필요 하다. 본 연구는 황룡병에 감염된 감귤 나무로부 터 과실 및 종자를 채취하여 파종한 뒤 1년 동안 육안 관찰 및 qPCR 검정을 실시하였다. 그 결과 황룡병 균의 종자 전염성이 없는 것을 확인하였다.

Huanglonbing (HLB, Citrus greening disease) is one of most destructive plant disease in citrus production countries. HLB-associated bacterium, Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas), is phloem-inhabiting and causes phloem collapse and phloem plugging, resulting in impairment of phloem transport of citrus. The production of disease free nursery plant is one of important strateries to control HLB and citrus viruses. Since the nursery plant are produced from root stocks grown by sowing seeds, it is necessary to test whether HLB-associated bacterium, CLas, is transmitted. This study was conducted to confirm whether CLas is seed transmissible In this study, lemon, mandarin and sweet orange fruits and seeds were collected from citrus trees infected with HLB, and after sowing, visual observation and qPCR assay were performed for 1 year. In result of qPCR, the pathogen were not detected in all tissues of seedlings. This result suggests that CLas, HLB-associated baterium, is not seed-transmissible.

제주도에서 가장 많이 재배되고 있는 온주밀감 에 주요 감귤 바이러스병인 Citrus tristeza virus (CTV), Citrus tatter leaf virus (CTLV), Citrus mosaic sadwavirus (CiMV), Satsuma dwarf virus (SDV)의 감염 현황을 조사하였다. 제주도 내 20개 과원의 각 20개 나무에서 총 400개의 시 료를 채취하여 복합 진단키트를 이용하여 검정한 결과, CTV는 95.5%의 감염수율을 보였고 조사한 20개 과원 모두에서 검출되었다. CTLV는 1.5% 의 감염수율을 보였고, 전체 4%의 과원에 바이러 스가 존재하는 것을 확인하였다. 반면 CiMV/SDV가 검출된 과원은 없었다. 1999년 조 사한 결과와 비교하여 CTV의 감염수율은 증가 하였고 CTLV, SDV 그리고 CiMV의 감염수율은 감소하였다.

A survey was carried out to determine the distribution of 4 kinds of citrus viruses, Citrus tristeza virus (CTV), Citrus tatter leaf virus (CTLV), Citrus mosaic sadwavirus (CiMV), Satsuma dwarf virus (SDV) in the Citrus unshiu. The samples were harvested from 20 leaves each groove in the Jeju island and analyzed by multiplex PCR. The result showed that 95.5% and 1.5% of 400 trees in 20 grooves were infected with CTV and CTLV, respectively, and SDV or CiMV was not detected in any of the trees tested. The infection rate of CTV was greatly induced and the infection rates of CTLV, SDV, and CiMV were reduced compared to previous survey report in 1999.

본 연구는 국내 육성 온주밀감 ‘하례조생’의 보 급 확대를 위하여 차별성과 우수성을 탐색하였 다. 서귀포시 남원읍 하례리에서 12월 1일경부터 최저 17℃로 가온하는 비닐하우스에서 ‘하례조생’ 과 ‘궁천조생’을 대상으로 생육 및 과실 특성을 조사하였다. 생육상황은 발아기와 개화기 차이가 없지만, 착색기는 ‘궁천조생’보다 ‘하례조생’이 3일 정도 빠르고 수확 시작일은 7일 정도 빨랐다. 두품종의 당도와 산함량 차이는 없었다. 과피색은 ‘하례조생’이 ‘궁천조생’보다 빨리 착색이 진행되 고 짙은 색을 띠었다. ‘하례조생’에 대한 이러한 과피 착색의 우수성은 조기 수확이나 다음 작기 를 위한 생육 관리에 도움이 될 것으로 판단한다. 국내 육성 온주밀감 ‘하례조생’에 대해서는 이러한 장점을 활용하여 오랫동안 재배해온 가온재배 ‘궁 천조생’이나 ‘흥진조생’을 대체할 수 있는 품종으 로 이용 가능하므로 보급 확대가 기대된다.

This study was conducted to find excellence and differentiation of the domestic breeding variety satsuma mandarin ‘Haryejosaeng’ at the heated plastic greenhouse in Jeju. We compared the growth and fruit characteristics of ‘Haryejosaeng’ and ‘Miyakawa wase’ which were cultivated and keep a minimum of 17℃ from Dec. 1 to June in Harye-ri, Namwon-eup, Seogwipo-si. There was no difference between germination and flowering period in the growing situation, but the coloring period was about 3 days faster in ‘Haryejosaeng’ than ‘Miyakawa wase’, and the start date of harvesting was 7 days earlier. There was no difference in soluble solids content and acidity between the two varieties. Peel color of domestic variety ‘Haryejosaeng’ was colored faster than ‘Miyakawa wase’ and took on a darker color. This superiority of peel coloring is believed to be helpful for early harvesting and growth management for the next cultivation. If these advantages are utilized for expansion and spread of the domestically variety satsuma mandarin ‘Haryejosaeng’, it can be used as a variety that can replace satsuma mandarin ‘Miyakawa wase’ or ‘Okitsu Wase’ that has been cultivated for a long time.

본 연구는 제주지역 YN-26 품종의 생육 특성 과 재배상의 문제점인 부피과 발생 특성을 구명 하고자 추진하였다. 조사 포장인 무가온재배에서의 발아기는 3월 16일, 만개기는 4월 15일, 착색은 9월 1일경 시작 되었고, 부피발생은 YN-26이 무가온재배 기준 9 월 21일경으로 나타났다. YN-26의 품질특성은 완전착색기 (10월 28일) 당도는 12.0°Bx, 산함량 0.81% 정도였고, 비교품종인 유라조생은 당도 11.0°Bx, 산함량이 0.90% 정도로 조사되어 YN-26 품종이 당도는 높으나 산함량이 다소 낮은 수준이었다. YN-26의 과피색 변화 조사 결과, 엽과비 다 처리가 비교적 착색이 빨라 a* (과피색) 값이 일 찍 높아지는 경향이었고, 9월 하순경에는 약 60% 착색이 이루어졌다. 부피발생은 착색이 진행됨에 따라 심해지는 경향이었는데 9월 21일경에는 부 피발생이 거의 없었지만, 9월 29일부터 부피정도 1.0∼2.7 수준으로 발생하였고 10월 하순에는 6.0 이상으로 심하게 발생하였다.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the growth and peel-puffiness characteristics of YN-26 (Citrus unshiu) cultivar grown at non-heated cultivation greenhouses in Jeju province. The bud bursted and full bloomed period of YN-26 was March 1st and April 15th, respectively. Color change of pericarp was began september 1st. The YN-26 was faster in growth and peel puffiness than comparative varity, Yura Wase (C. unshiu). Fruits qualities of non-heated cultivation greenhouse YN-26 was soluble solids content 12.0˚Bx and acidity 0.81%, Yura Wase was soluble solids content 11.0˚Bx and acidity 0.90%. Soluble solids content of YN-26 was higher and acidity was lower than Yura Wase. The fruit colorations faster in the high fruit ratio to the leaf. The fruit coloration was reached to about 60% the end of September. The peel puffing tended to become more severe as the coloration progressing. There was almost no peel puffing around September 21th, but it was started by the level of 1.0 to 2.7 from September 29th, and severely by above 6.0 at the end of October.

스위트 오렌지(Citrus sinensis) ‘Cara Cara’ navel orange, ‘Moro’ blood orange, ‘Tarocco’ blood orange에 포함되어 있는 색소 성분인 anthocyanin, carotenoid, flavonoid를 분석하였다. Anthocyanin은 과육에서 함량이 높았으며 특히 ‘Moro’ 과육(17.179 mg/100 g)에서 가장 높았다. Carotenoid와 flavonoid는 과피에서 함량이 높았 고, carotenoid는 ‘Tarocco’ (17.087 mg/100 g)에서 가장 높았으며, carotenoid 중 β-cryptoxanthin을 439 ug/100 g 함유하고 있었다. Flavonoid는 ‘Cara Cara’(209.2 mg/100 g)에서 높았으며, HPLC를 이용한 플라보노이드 분석에서는 ‘Cara Cara’ (3.32 g/100 g), ‘Moro’ (2.012 g/100 g)와 ‘Tarocco’ (2.06 g/100 g)은 hesperidin의 함량이 가장 높았다. 이러한 성분들은 항산화 활성에 영 향을 미쳐 ABTS radical 소거 활성을 측정하였 을 때 플라보노이드 함량이 가장 높았던 ‘Cara Cara’ 과피에서 가장 높은 항산화 활성을 보여 ‘Cara Cara’ 250 ug/mL로 처리했을 때 70% 이상 의 radical 소거 활성을 확인할 수 있었다.

This paper reports on the composition of pigment compound in three cultivars 'Cara Cara’, 'Moro', and 'Tarocco’ of Citrus sinensis. The present study investigated the variation in anthocyanins, carotenoids, total polyphenol, and flavonoids, and antioxidant activity in peel and flesh of C. sinensis. The flavonoid and carotenoid compositions were campared with HPLC method. TA content were highest in ‘Moro’ flesh (17.179 mg/100 g). TC were highest in Tarocco peel(17.087 mg/100g) and β -cryptoxanthine were highest in ‘Tarocco’ flesh(439 ug/100 g). TF were highest in ‘Cara Cara’ peel (209.2 mg/100 g) and all cultivar materials had high levels of hesperidin(‘Cara Cara’ 3.32 g/100 g; ‘Moro’, 2.012 g/100 g; ‘Taroco’, 2.06 g/100 g). These components had the highest antioxidant activity in the ‘Cara Cara’ peel, which had the highest flavonoid content in ABTS radical scavenging activity, as these components had an effect on antioxidant activity. When ‘Cara Cara’ peel extract was treated with 250 ug/mL, more than 70% of the radical scavenging activity could be measured. Therefore, these results suggest that fruits of ‘Cara Cara’, “Moro’, and ‘Tarocco’ are significant sourcse of antioxidant compounds such as phenolics, flavonoid, and β -cryptoxanthin.

본 연구는 제주시에서 재배되는 ‘스위트골드’ 적정 수확기 판정 기술 설정으로 후숙 후 품질을 예측하여 고품질 과일 생산 유통으로 소비자 이 미지를 제고를 위하여 수행되었다. 과실 비대는 만개 후 44-50일경 전체 80%가 비대 되었으며, 과실 비대가 종료되는 시기는 만 개 후 167일로 조사되었다. 후숙 전 당도는 제주 시는 2019년에는 만개 후 187일에 13.9°Bx, 2020 년에는 만개 후 173일 11.9°Bx까지 증가하였으 며, 서귀포시는 2019년에는 만개 후 190일에 7.1°Bx, 2020년에는 만개 후 181일에 8.9°Bx까지 증가하였다. 후숙 전 과육 착색 정도를 조사한 결과 만개 후 일수가 경과할수록 그 값이 낮았 다. 후숙 전 과실 품질 항목과 후숙 후 당도와 상관관계를 분석한 결과는 당도 및 건물률이 상 관계수가 0.567, 0.598로 높았다. 따라서 제주에서 ‘스위트골드’의 수확은 건물률 을 기준으로 18.0% 이상에서 수확하고, 건물률이 18.0% 이하로 낮은 경우 당도를 기준으로 8.0°Bx 이상에서 수확하는 것이 좋은 것으로 판단된다.

This studies were conducted to improve the brand image of ‘Sweet Gold’ kiwifruit grown in Jeju through the production and distribution of high-quality fruits by predicting the quality after ripening and establishment the technology to investigate optimal harvesting stage in ‘Sweet Gold’ kiwifruit. The whole fruits growth were about 80% after 44-50 days after full bloom and the fruit growth stage ends were investigated to be 167 days after full bloom. The total soluble solids (TSS) of the Jejusi before after ripening, was increased to 13.9°Bx at 187 days after full bloom in 2019, to 11.9°Bx at 173 days after full bloom in 2020 and the Segiposi was increased to 7.1°Bx at 190 days after full bloom in 2019, to 8.9°Bx at 181 days after full bloom in 2020. Results of the investigation of flesh color b(yellow-blue chroma)before after ripening, the values decreased as the number of days increasing after full bloom. The correlation coefficients of the TSS and dry matter rate were high at 0.567 and 0.598, respectively. In conclusion, it is considered good to harvest 'Sweet Gold' in Jeju at 18.0% more than on the dry matter rate, and at 8.0°Bx more than on the sugar content when the dry matter rate is lower than 18.0%.