Earticle

Substantial efforts have been made to manipulate ruminal environment in a hope to enhance ruminal fermentation efficiency for better ruminant productivity. Some of examples are methane inhibitors, antibiotics, proteolysis and/or deamination inhibitors, defaunation agents, microbial enzymes, fatty acids and/or lipid feeding, buffer agents and artificial saliva, propionate enhancement by ionophores, probiotics and non-bacterial direct-fed microbials including yeast cultures and mold fermentation extracts. Of these efforts, the non-ionic surfactant (NIS) has been known for its stimulation to release enzymes from a range of aerobic microbes. A two studies were conducted to determine influence of diluted NIS and other feed additives on the performance of fattening Holstein steers. In First experiment was conducted to examine the influence of NIS feeding on body weight gain and feed efficiency of dairy steers fed concentrates only. Thirty dairy steers were divided in two groups each of fifteen animals. Concentrate based diet of one group was supplemented with 5 g NIS/day and the other group was fed un-supplemented control diet. Body weight gain, DM intake, and feed efficiency in dairy steers were not affected by the supplementation of NIS in their diets. In second experiment, influence of NIS and yeast culture supplementation on body weight gain was studied. One hundred and fifty dairy steers were divided in three groups each of fifty animals. The dairy steers were fed only concentrate diets at ad libitum. The animals in three groups were either received NIS, yeast culture or no supplementation (control). The NIS or yeast supplementation did not affect the weight gain of finishing steer fed concentrate diets. Lack of response of NIS on intake and weight gain may be attributed to the total concentrate feeding. NIS supplementation can be more beneficial to promote intake and performance when ruminants have higher roughage-based diets.

To determine whether FT-IR spectral analysis based on multivariate analysis for whole cell extracts can be used to discriminate major citrus at metabolic level, seven major citrus fruits were subjected to Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). FT-IR spectral data from fruits were analyzed by principal component analysis (PCA), partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA). The hierarchical dendrogram based on PLS-DA separated the seven citrus into seven major groups. The first group consisted of Citrus unshiu Marc. cv. Miyagawa-Wase (under rain shelter), C. unshiu Marc. cv. Miyagawa-Wase (on the field), Fortunella japonica, C. hybrid 'Setoka', C. hybrid 'Kanpei', C. hybrid 'Kiyomi' and C. hybrid 'Shiranuhi' were clustered into a separate group respectively. These results showed that metabolic classification system were in accordance with known phylogenic taxonomy. Thus we suggested that the hierarchical dendrogram based on PLS-DA of FT-IR spectral data from fruits represented the most probable chemotaxonomical relationship between seven citrus. Furthermore these metabolic discrimination systems could be applied for rapid selection and classification of useful citrus cultivars.

본 논문은 한국농업의 노동력 투입에 대해 스 톡(stock)과 플로(flow)를 1962년 이후 최근까지 추계한 것이다. 한국농업의 생산기술변화와 요소 투입에 대해 일반적으로 스톡의 계열을 활용해서 분석하고 있으나 이는 이론적으로는 한계를 지니 고 있다. 그럼에도 불구하고 대부분의 국가가 플로 투입량을 발표하지 못하고 있다. 이는 계측상 의 어려움이 존재하기 때문이다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 한계를 극복하기 위해 한국의 농업노동 투입량 추계를 시도하였다. 추계결과 농업노동투 입의 플로 계열은 1960년대 후반부터 지속적으로 감소하여 스톡의 흐름과는 다른 양상을 나타내고 있고, 플로의 흐름이 한국농업의 노동투입량 흐름 을 더 잘 반영한 결과를 나타내고 있다. 이를 활용하여 계측한 노동생산성 추이에서는 한국경제 의 고성장과 농업노동의 고령화 및 급격한 감소를 더 잘 반영한 차이를 확인할 수 있었다. 결과 적으로 이 논문에서 추계된 한국농업 노동투입의 플로우 계열이 한국농업 생산기술 분석에 더 이 론적으로 부합하는 결과를 획득하였다.

Laetiporus Sulphureus, known as a medicinal plant, inhibited not only syncytium formation, but also trafficking of viral glycoprotein, hemagglutinin-neuramidase (HN) to the cell-surface. Trafficking of viral glycoprotein to the surface of infected-cells results in syncytium formation in Newcastle disease virus (NDV)-infected baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells. Viral glycoprotein in the infected-cell is processed within the endoplasmic reticulum during routing into surface. The processing of viral glycoprotein like a N-linked oligosaccharide trimming by α -glucosidase in cell is necessary for virus infection. Methanol extracts showed inhibitory activities(IC50 10 μg/mL) against α-glucosidase. This suggested that E. sinica extracts inhibited the cell-surface expression of NDV-HN glycoprotein without significantly affecting HN glycoprotein synthesis in NDV-infected BHK cells.

We analysed the characteristics of about 8,700 fruits obtained from about 1,700 mutated branches. The result showed that the average of fruit weight was 117.1±50.9g, which is heavier than the weight of 2013 . The fruit shape index was in 0.8 to 0.9, which occupied 60.71% out of total fruits. The average of sweetness was 7.9±1.6˚Brix, which is lower than the sweetness of 2013. The average of acidity was 0.77±0.3% similar to the acidity of 2013. Sweetness/acidity ratio of most of mutant fruits showed 9 and more. We will further use genetic resources to select new cultivar of Satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc. cv. Miyagawa-Wase) showing high quality.

We have investigated structural characteristics of a spontaneous color mutant showing reddish color than wild type of Miyagawa Wase Satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc.) through microscopic observation at the level of cell or tissue. Whereas the fruit peel showed the similar structure, the leaf structure showed some different patterns. The size of central leaf vein and vascular bundle in the mutant was smaller than one of control. The thickness of mesophyll tissue was thinner than control. The sizes of spongy and palisade parenchyma cell were smaller and shorter than control. Thus these results suggested that the structure of fruit peel was not affected by mutation, but the leaf microscopic structures were affected.