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Purpose：The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of aquatic exercise applied PNF patterns on body composition and balance performance in people who have had a stroke. Methods：Forteen candidates who have all experienced a stroke were participating in a community based rehabilitation program, have been included in this study. The program was conducted three times weekly, 1 hour per session, for 10 consecutive weeks. Subjects were tested with body composition and 5 items of Berg’s balance test at pre-training and post-training. Total balance indexes in 3 conditions were measured by K.A.T. 3000. The aquatic exercise applied PNF patterns was consisted of PNF patterns and various aquatic activities. Results：After ten weekends of aquatic exercise training, there were not significant difference in body composition(p>.05) except of muscular weight of affected lower extremity(p<.05). But edema index increased more than pre-training (p<.05). Subjects showed significant difference in Berg’s balance test results except of 2 items of Berg’s balance test (p<.05). Total balance index score when subjects opened their eyes and didn’t hold the handle was decreased less than pre-training(p<.05). Conclusion：The results of this study showed that intervention of this aquatic exercise program applied PNF patterns could increase edema index and muscular weight of affected lower extremity and improve the balance performance in people who have had a stroke.

Purpose：The purpose of this study was to identify that the effect of hold-relax and active stretching on recoveries of upper trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscle fatigue after computer work. Methods：This study was conducted by 30 volunteer at the age of 23～33(resting group=10, hold-relax group=10, active stretching group=10). The muscle fatigue measured by tracing the median frequency(MDF) decrement from power spectrum analyses of EMG signals and the data were analyzed repeated ANOVA. Result：In case of upper trapezius, there was significant difference in group Ⅰ,Ⅱ and group Ⅱ, Ⅲ. In case of sternocleidomastoid, there was significant difference in group Ⅰ,Ⅱ and group Ⅰ,Ⅲ. Conclusion：The active stretching was effective for sternocleidomastoid and the hold-relax was effective for upper trapezius and sternocleidomastoid. The hold-relax was effective better than active stretching on recoveries of muscle fatigue.

Purpose：This study was performed for find out temporal․spatial parameter of the gait according to age. Method：Four groups of healthy people were allocated randomly in this study : groupⅠ(little child, 15), groupⅡ(child, 18) and groupⅢ(young people, 17), group(elder people, 16). This study was performed from 01 December to 31 December in 2007. Results：The results were as follows : 1. The swing phase was the longest groupⅡ, groupⅣ was the shortest. Each groups, there was significant difference in swing phase(p<.05). 2. The stance phase was the longest groupⅣ, groupⅡ was the shortest. Each groups, there was significant difference in stance phase(p<.05). 3. The single support time was the longest groupⅡ, groupⅣ was the shortest. Each groups, there was significant difference in single support time(p<.05). 4. The double support time was the longest groupⅣ, groupⅡ was the shortest. Each groups, there was significant difference in double support time(p<.05). 5. The gait velocity was the fastest groupⅡ, groupⅠ was the slowest. Each groups, there was significant difference in gait velocity(p<.05). 6. The toe in/out was very increased groupⅣ, groupⅠ was very decreased. Each groups, there was significant difference in toe in/out(p<.05). 7. The cadence was the highest groupⅠ, groupⅣ was the lowest. Each groups, there was significant difference in cadence(p<.05). 8. The step length was the longest groupⅢ, groupⅠ was the shortest. Each groups, there was significant difference in step length(p<.05). 9. The step length asymmetry ratio was the highest groupⅣ, groupⅢ was the lowest. Each groups, there was no significant difference in step length asymmetry ratio(p>.05). 10. The single support time asymmetry ratio was the highest groupⅠ, groupⅣ was the lowest. Each groups, there was no significant difference in single support time asymmetry ratio (p>.05). 11. The FAP was the highest groupⅢ, groupⅠwas the lowest. Each groups, there was significant difference in FAP(p<.05).

Purpose: The purpose of this study were to overview the effect of exercise on neural plasticity and the proteins related to neural plasticity. Results: Exercise increased levels of BDNF(brain-derived neurotrophic factor), Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), Synapsin, Synaptophysin, VEGF(vascular endothelial growth factor) and other growth factors, stimulate neurogenesis, increase resistance to brain insult and improve learning and mental performance. These proteins improved synaptic plasticity by directly affecting synaptic structure and potentiating synaptic strength, and by strengthening the underlying systems that support plasticity including neurogenesis, metabolism and vascular function. Conclusion: Exercise-induced structural and functional change by these proteins can effect on functional movement, cognition in healthy and brain injured people and animals.

Purpose：This article reviewed the advances in the understanding of the effect of motor rehabilitation and brain plasticity on functional recovery after CNS damage. Methods：This is literature study with Pubmed, Medline and Science journal. Results：The inability of CNS neurons to regenerate is largely associated with nonneuronal aspects of the CNS environment. Especially, this neuronal growth inhibition is mediated by myelin associated glycoprotein, olygodendrocyte-myelin glycoprotein, and NOGO. Enriched environment, motor learning, forced limb use have been utilized in scientific studies to promote functional reorganization and brain plasticity. Especially, enriched environment and motor enrichment may prime the brain to respond more adaptively to injury, in part by expressed neurotrophic factors. Conclusions：These reviews suggest that activity-induced neural plasticity occur in damaged brain areas in order to functional reorganization, where it could contribute to motor recovery, and represent a target for stroke rehabilitation.

Purpose：Mechanical stress activates signaling cascades and leading to a specific response of a network of signaling pathways. The purpose of this study is to review the effect of mechanical stress-induced adaptation in skeletal muscle involves a biological mechanisms. Methods：This is literature study with Pubmed, Medline and books. Results：Skeletal muscle tissue demonstrates a malleability and may adjust its metabilic response, vascularization and neuromuscular characteristic makeup in response to alteration in functional demands. The adaptation in skeletal muscle involoves a multitude of signalling mechanisms related with insuline-like growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, neurotrophins. Conclusions：The identification of the basic relationships underlying the malleability of skeletal muscle tissue is likely to be of relevance for our understanding with PNF technique.