Earticle

본 연구는 많은 변화가 있을 것으로 표현되는 정책이 장기간의 시점에서 보았을 때에는 완만한 변화 로 나타나는 현상을 텍스트 분석을 활용하여 신제도주의 시각을 통해 기술하는 데 중점을 둔 것이 다. 이를 위해 본 연구는 지난 25년 간 정부가 발표한 경제정책방향을 대상으로 실증하였다. 분석결 과, 경제정책방향은 정책문서에 포함된 재량적 희소빈도단어에 의해 일시적⋅국지적 변화가 매번 생산되었고, 이를 통해 경제정책방향은 대통령 임기 등 정치적 상황과 정책 환경에 탄력적으로 적응 하는 변화성을 나타냈다. 한편 정책문서의 고빈도 단어는 제도적 제약 아래에서 경제정책방향의 기본적 궤적과 틀을 형성하고 유지하는 역할을 수행하였고, 그러한 변화는 안정적으로 나타났다. 정책문서가 지니는 변화에 대한 지프분포의 이중적 속성으로 인해 변화성과 안정성이 함께 발현된 것이다. 본 연구는 텍스트 분석을 활용하여 제도적 제약과 정책변화를 통합적으로 설명할 수 있는 가능성을 탐색적으로 시도하였다는 점에 의의가 있다.

This study focuses on describing the phenomena in which policies varying over time appear as gentle changes when viewed from a long-term perspective through a new institutional lens using text analysis. This research analyzes the economic policy direction announced by the South Korean government over the past 25 years. Based on infrequently-used discretionary words in the policy documents, temporary and partial changes were found in economic policy direction every year, which indicated that the economic policy direction in South Korea has been adapted flexibly to political situations and policy environment established by each presidency. On the other hand, high-frequency words in policy documents played a role in forming and maintaining the fundamental trajectory and framework of the economic policy directions under institutional constraints, and such changes were found to be stable. With respect to changes in policy documents, the duality of the Zipf distribution expressed both variability and stability at the same time. The main contribution of this study is to explore the possibility of comprehensively explaining both institutional constraints and policy changes using text analysis.

This paper analyzed each other’s recognition of K, a Korean Japanese learner and J, a Japanese Koran learner, namely, perception of others through an interview research. Also, by comparing the analysis results to Kim’s(2016), it intended to examine each other’s change in other’s perception and the factors, and imply each other’s need for Language education. The results showed that K still had a negative image about a Japanese, and his image about a group of Japanese changed from positive to negative. The factors are that a negative image was reinforced due to repeated failure in establishment of relationship with a Japanese, and that the negative image about a person negatively worked on the image about a group of Japanese as well. As for Jane, positive and negative were mixed about both a Korean person and a group of Koreans, but currently, it can be seen that a positive image is reinforced. The factors are J’s efforts and study for understanding the others, and that J views and contacts Koreans with the third values called cultural exchange and world peace. The implications of this examination for the future language education is that first of all, a plan for classes to cause an interior motive to try to resolve conflicts with and understand others is needed. Likewise, a plan for classes to discover a third significant value in common to look at and pursue together as well as understand one another is required.

환계락이 수록된 『현금오음통론』, 『방산한씨금보』, 『학포금보』, 『가곡금보』의 4종 거문고 고악보 및  『서금가곡』,  『역양아운』,  『방산한씨금보』의 3종 양금 고악보 중 대부분의 악보에서 대여음이 나타나지 않거나 다른 고악보의 대여음을 사용한다고 표기되어 있음을 발견하여, 이 고악보들을 현행의 거문고보 및 양금보와 비교하여 현행 환계락의 대여음 선율이 각 고악보에서 어떤 부분에 해당하는지를 확인하고 이를 시대순으로 분석하여 어떠한 변화 양상을 거쳤는지를 확인하였다. 그 결과 거문고 고악보에서 현행 환계락의 대여음은  『학포금보』 환계락 대여음,  『가곡금보』 우락 ‘제갈량’ 대여음, 『방산한씨금보』 얼락 대여음,  『현금오음통론』 편락 대여음과 동일하였다. 또한 양금 고악보에 서  『방산한씨금보』 환계락 대여음은 ‘쇠우락의 대여음과 같다.’고 기록되어 있고,  『역양아운』과  『서금가곡』의 환계락 대여음은 ‘편락의 대여음과 같다.’고 기록되어 있다. 이는 가곡이 본래 가변적인 음악이었기 때문이다.  『가곡원류』에 실려 있는 박효관의 발문과 신경숙, 김우진의 연구를 통해 가곡은 사설, 악조, 장단, 성별, 곡과 사설의 결합, 음악의 해석 등에 권변지도가 있었음을 입증해주는데, 본 연구를 통해 가변 성이 19세기 후반까지 지속되었으며 환계락에서는 유독 대여음에서 두드러짐을 알게 되었다. 또한 다양한 고악보 내의 환계락 대여음 선율은 모두 ‘낙’계열 악곡의 선율이므로, 결국 환계락 연주에 ‘낙’계열의 대여음을 유동적으로 사용했음을 알 수 있다.

This dissertation is based on research conducted on Hwangyerak, which is included in the female gagok. I found that in most of the old scores－including the four types of Geomungo scores such as Hyungeumoeumtongron, Bangsanhanssigeumbo, Hakpogeumbo, Gagokgeumbo as well as the three types of Yanggeum scores such as Seogeumgagok, Yukyangaun, Bangsanhanssigeumbo－those that contained Hwangyerak, the melody of Daeyeoeum (prelude or postlude), did not appear to be consistent. So, I compared these old scores with today's Geomungo and Yanggeum scores to identify which portion of the old scores match today’s melody of Hwangyerak Daeyeoeum, and analyzed these old scores in chronological order to determine changes in Hwangyerak Daeyeoeum. Also, I identified differences between the old scores and the current scores in the melody process. The results of the analysis are as follows. In case of old Geomungo scores, today’s Hwangyerak Daeyeoeum is equal to the Hwangyerak Daeyeoeum of Hakpogeumbo, the Urak ‘Jegalyang’ Daeyeoeum of Gagokgeumbo, the Eolak Daeyeoeum of Bangsanhanssigeumbo and the Pyunlak Daeyeoeum of Hyungeumoeumtongron. Also, in the case of old Yanggeum scores, the Hwangyerak Daeyeoeum of Bangsanhanssigeumbo is recorded as ‘same as the Daeyeoeum of Soeneun-urak’. And the Hwangyerak Daeyeoeum of Yukyangaun and Seogeumgagok are recorded as ‘same as the Pyunlak Daeyeoeum’. This is because the gagok was originally variable music. Through the epilogue of Park Hyo-gwan in Gagokwonryu as well as the preceding studies of Shin Kyung-sook and Kim Woo-jin, it was proven that in gagok there were many ways of changing in terms of editorial, musical composition, rhythm, gender, combination of songs and editorials, and interpretation of music. This study showed that variability lasted until the late 19th century, and that continuation was particularly noticeable in Daeyeoeum of Hwangyerak. In addition, all of the melodies of the Hwangyerak Daeyeoeum in various old scores are the melodies of the 'nak' series, so it was shown that the Daeyeoeum of 'nak' series was used to perform the Hwangyerak with flexibility.

본 연구는 그동안 선행연구에서 거의 다루어지지 않았던 초등학교 저학년 대상의 학교 통계교육 개선 방향을 살펴보기 위해, 현행 2015 개정 수학과 교육과정 중 초 등학교 1~2학년군에서 다루고 있는 자료의 분류 및 표현 활동에 주목하였다. 구체 적으로 통계적 소양 교육의 실천을 위한 핵심 개념으로서 통계적 문제해결과 변이 성을 바탕으로 자료의 분류와 표현 활동이 지니는 의의를 분석하였다. 연구 결과 자료의 분류 및 표현 활동은 통계적 문제해결을 위한 기능 외에, 변이성을 인식하 고 분포를 표현하여 자료 정리 과정에서 자료의 의미를 구성하는 통계적 소양으로 서 의의가 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 이러한 의의는 실용 통계교육을 지향하는 2015 개정 수학과 교육과정 문서 및 교과서에도 반영되어 있었다. 이를 통해, 초등 학교 저학년에서 다루어지는 자료의 분류 및 표현 활동을 통계적 소양 교육으로 구현하기 위한 제언을 도출하였다.

In this study, we focus on the classifying and representing data in the elementary mathematics curriculum for 1st and 2nd grades which have been rarely addressed in the previous studies. We analyze the significance of classifying and representing sata in terms of statistical problem solving and variability as the core of statistical literacy. As a result, the classifying and representing data are important for students to recognize the variability which is ubiquitous in the data and to construct distribution of data, respectively. They are reflected in the 2015 revised mathematics curriculum as the statistical literacy for addressing data. We suggest some implications to teach the classifying and representing data as the practice of statistical literacy education in their statistics classes for 1st and 2nd grades.

본 연구는 자연물로서 달의 조형적 가치를 알고, 이를 패션디자인에 활용하기 위해 진행되었다. 이론적 배경으로서 달에 대한 인식과 관념의 상징적 의미를 문명, 신화 그리고 풍습의 측면에서 고찰하였고, 물리 적 측면에서 달의 기원과 구조, 위치와 상태, 일식과 월식의 현상을 탐구하여 ‘숭배사상에 의한 상징성’, ‘회 전운동에 의한 원형성’, ‘위치상태에 의한 가변성’, ‘상호관계에 의한 중첩성’이라는 4가지 달 위상변화의 조 형성을 도출해냈다. 연구의 결과로서 달 위상변화의 조형성을 패션디자인에 활용하여 여성복 8벌을 제작하 였다. 하나의 형과 절제된 색을 갖춘 달의 고유성을 강조하기 위해 실루엣과, 소재, 색상을 제한하고 통일 감을 주어 범공간적 우주속의 절대적이고 권위적인 달의 존재성을 표현하였다. 구조적 의복구성에 4가지 조형성을 모두 반영하여 진행하였다. 상징성은 도안화하여 입체적 재단으로 표현하였고, 원형성은 슬림 핏 실루엣을 유지하며 각기 다른 위치와 여러 크기로 적용하였다. 중첩성은 칼라나 여밈 부분에서 다양한 구 조와 방식으로 구성하였고, 가변성은 중첩성과 개연성을 가지며, 착장 연출에 따른 변화 요소로 표현하였 다. 또한 의상의 뒷면에는 달의 뒷면을 대입하여 미지 영역의 해석과 탐구 의지를 직접적으로 표현하였다. 본 연구는 달 위상변화의 조형성을 활용한 패션디자인을 통해 우주와 자연의 의미와 가치를 현대적으로 해석할 수 있는 가능성을 보여주었다는 점, 나아가 새로운 디자인 개발방법의 사례를 제시하였다는 점에서 의의가 있다.

For thousands of years, mankind has been observing and studying astronomical phenomena with a fundamental curiosity of the universe. Consequently, people in most cultures have developed an emotional attachment to the moon. The moon changes her shape constantly in clearly observable ways. As a result, the phenomenon of moon phase changes was incorporated into philosophy, myth and customs of many cultures throughout the ages and was also developed into a body of scientific knowledge. The goal of this research is to explore, based on observations of moon phase changes, how the symbolic significance of the moon and its phenomenon can be used as creative materials in fashion design and find a way the characteristics of its formative element, based on both the nature and science, can be incorporated into fashion design in a new form of aesthetic expressions. In this research, conventional notions about the moon are explored from various perspectives based on theoretical observation. The following formativeness were derived from the study above. The first characteristic is symbolism of religious worship. The second characteristic is the circular nature of the moon's rotational movement. Third characteristic is transform-ability produced by its constant changes in position. The fourth characteristic is overlapping caused by interaction. The research attempted to incorporate the characteristics of formative elements derived above into clothes. This research explored the possibility that fashion design that utilizes the formativeness of moon phase changes can be interpreted in modern ways in terms of the meaning and value of the universe and the nature. At the same ime, it responded to the creative demand of society and suggested a way values can be added to design.

이 연구의 목적은 꽃작품 표현에 있어서 기하형태와 아크릴,아크릴 거울,물,물고기 등의 여러 매체와 키네틱 아트 기법의 효과에 의한 가변성과 역동성이 극대화된 환경공 간을 창출하는데 있다. 이 연구에서 가변성과 역동성이 강조된 공간을 표현하기 위하여 아크릴과 아크릴 거울, 물 등의 재료를 선택하였고,형태,질감,공간,색채,운동,변화,감상자 참여 등의 조형효 과를 표현하기 위하여 모터와 물고기,식물재료들을 유의표출하였다. 위와 같은 관점을 기준으로 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 반복된 수직구조로 형성된 형태의 비례에 의한 경쾌성과 성장지향성이 강조되었다. 다양한 질감의 자극에 의하여 시공세계에서의 생동감이 구현되었고,매체의 투과,반사, 반영,굴절,투영 등의 광학적 특성에 의한 공간의 확산효과가 표현되었다. 보색조화에서 오는 화려한 색상효과와 물고기의 예측불허의 실제운동에 의하여 지속성 과 4차원성,가변성이 연출되었다. 요소의 변화와 감상자 참여 등에 의하여 다양성과 가변성이 극대화된 역동적 조형효과 가 창출되었다.

현재에 이루어지고 있는 급격한 공간적 변화의 시대에 부합되게 사람들의 생활환경 역시 과거의 정주적 형태로부터 이동적이고 가변적인 형태로 변화해가고 있다. 이러한 공간적 변화와 더불어 멀티미디어 환경에서 자라나 육체적 지각방식마저 이러한 환경에 적응시켜나가야만 하는 현대의 노마드들이라고 할 수 있는 청소년들에게 감각적이고 직관적인 미래지향적 공간을 마련해 주는 것이 중요하다. 따라서 본 연구는 19세기 중엽부터 일기 시작한 공간개념에 대한 새로운 논의의 맥락을 추적해보면서 현대의 이동공간이 갖는 원칙적 특성들을 도출해보고, 이러한 특성들에 부합되는 이동 공간의 유형화 가능성을 모색해보고자 할 것이다. 또한 이러한 논의을 통해 얻어진 결과들을 유동적인 삶의 형태에 부응하는 거주공간이자 미래지향적 이동공간의 실현을 위한 실험의 장으로서도 활용될 수 있는 유스호스텔에 적용시켜봄으로써, 청소년을 위한 미래지향적 이동공간의 유형화 가능성을 모색해 보고자 한다.

Corresponding to the ultimate spatial change at the present time, also the living environment of the people is shifting from a form of domiciliation into a form of migration. Under this circumstances it must be considered that the juveniles, modern nomads, who were grown up in the multi-media environment and cannot but adapt themselves to this environment need a sensible and intuitive space as well as a future-oriented one. Therefore it is in this study first of all purposed to run after the discursive context of the new understanding of the space since the middle of the 19th century, to draw the spatial characteristics from that, and to grope for the typological types of the mobile space. And then this study examines the typological possibilities of the future-oriented mobile space for the juveniles by applying the results to the designing the youth hostel which is not only the temporary and mobile residence, but also a experimental place for the realization of the future-oriented mobile space.

The purposes of this study were to investigate the effects of variability of training on the acquisition of motor skill of closed loop type tracking task using Rotary Pursuit, and to determine if there was a bilateral transfer effect to the non-dominant hand following practice with the dominant hand. Twelve healthy volunteer students (5 males and 7 females, aged 25 to 37) were randomly divided into a constant practice group and a variable practice group. A photoelectric rotary pursuit apparatus with stop clock and repeat cycle timer by Lafayette Instrumentation Co. was used for this study. Rotary pursuit is a closed loop task in which a subject attempts to keep a photoelectric stylus on a lighted target in motion. Subjects performed the clockwise circular pursuit task while standing. Experimental procedure was divided into three sessions, namely, pre-test, training, and post-test. The constant group practiced all 60 trials at 30 rpm. Variable practice group did a varied practice session with 15 trials at speeds of 20 rpm, 26 rpm, 34 rpm, and 46 rpm. No one in either group practiced with their non-dominant arm. A Mann-Whitney test and a Wilcoxon Signed Ranks test were used for statistical analyses. The results of this study showed no different training effect between groups on the post-test with the dominant hand. However, bilateral transfer effect of rotary pursuit task between hands was demonstrated. Possible mechanisms are discussed.

This study was conducted to measure the seasonal concentrations of particulate matter (PM) and ammonia (NH3) emissions in laying hens performed according to the Verification of Environmental Technologies for Agricultural Production (VERA) Test Protocol and to calculate corresponding emission factors. During the winter and summer, the concentration of emitted PM10 was high at 391.6 μg/m3 and low at 223.7 μg/m3, respectively, whereas that of PM2.5 was high at 50.4 μg/m3 and 62.8 μg/m3 in the winter and spring, respectively. Furthermore, the concentration of emitted NH3 was high at 9.33 and 8.37 ppm during winter and spring, respectively. The annual average emission concentrations for PM10 and PM2.5 were 323.5 and 49.6 5 μg/m3, respectively, whereas that for NH3 was 5.75 ppm. The emission factors of PM10 and PM2.5 were highest in summer and lowest in winter; and those in fall were higher than those in spring. Similarly, the highest and lowest NH3 emission factor values were recorded in the summer and winter, respectively. The annual emission factors of PM10, PM2.5, and NH3 were 0.027, 0.0045, and 0.383 kg/head/year, respectively. Our finding in this study highlight the importance of monitoring for the effective management of PM and NH3 emissions that occur over short time periods and indicate that the ventilation volume should also be considered on a seasonal basis.

Purpose: Reduced heart rate variability significantly increases cardiovascular mortality. Metabolic syndrome increases the cardiac autonomic dysfunction. Recently, increasing cardiovascular mortality has been reported in patients with schizophrenia. This study was done to compare heart rate variability between adults with and without schizophrenia and to compare the relationship of heart rate variability to metabolic syndrome in hospitalized patients with schizophrenia. Methods: This was a descriptive and correlational study in which 719 adults without schizophrenia and 308 adults with schizophrenia took part between May and June 2008. We measured the following: five-minute heart rate variability; high-frequency, low-frequency, the ratio of low-frequency to high-frequency, and the Standard Deviation of all the normal RR intervals. Data was also collected on metabolic syndrome, abdominal obesity, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, blood pressure and fasting glucose. Results: The Standard Deviation of all the normal RR intervals values of heart rate variability indices were $1.53{\pm}0.18$. The low-frequency and high-frequency values of heart rate variability indices were significantly higher in hospitalized patients with schizophrenia ($3.89{\pm}1.36$; $3.80{\pm}1.20$) than those in the healthy participants ($2.20{\pm}0.46$; $2.10{\pm}0.46$). There were no significant differences between the schizophrenic patients with and without metabolic syndrome. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that schizophrenia patients have significantly lower cardiac autonomic control, but they have significantly higher low-frequency and high-frequency values than those of healthy adults. Use of antipsychotic drug may affect the autonomic nervous system in schizophrenic patients. Metabolic syndrome was not associated with cardiac autonomic control in schizophrenia patients.

Objective To find evidence of autonomic imbalance and present the heart rate variability (HRV) parameters that reflect the severity of paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity (PSH) in children with acquired brain injury (ABI).Methods Thirteen children with ABI were enrolled and age- and sex-matched children with cerebral palsy were selected as the control group (n=13). The following HRV parameters were calculated: time-domain indices including the mean heart rate, standard deviation of all average R-R intervals (SDNN), root mean square of the successive differences (RMSSD), physical stress index (PSI), approximate entropy (ApEn); successive R-R interval difference (SRD), and frequency domain indices including total power (TP), high frequency (HF), low frequency (LF), normalized HF, normalized LF, and LF/HF ratio.Results There were significant differences between the ABI and control groups in the mean heart rate, RMSSD, PSI and all indices of the frequency domain analysis. The mean heart rate, PSI, normalized LF, and LF/HF ratio increased in the ABI group. The presence of PSH symptoms in the ABI group demonstrated a statistically significant decline of the SDNN, TP, ln TP.Conclusion The differences in the HRV parameters and presence of PSH symptoms are noted among ABI children compared to an age- and sex-matched control group with cerebral palsy. Within the ABI group, the presence of PSH symptoms influenced the parameters of HRV such as SDNN, TP and ln TP.

Objective To quantify autonomic dysfunction in fibromyalgia patients compared to healthy controls using heart rate variability (HRV).Methods Sixteen patients with fibromyalgia and 16 healthy controls were recruited in this case control study. HRV was measured using the time-domain method incorporating the following parameters: total heartbeats, the mean of intervals between consecutive heartbeats (R-R intervals), the standard deviation of normal to normal R-R intervals (SDNN), the square root of the mean squared differences of successive R-R intervals (RMSSD), ratio of SDNN to RMSSD (SDNN/RMSSD), and difference between the longest and shortest R-R interval under different three conditions including normal quiet breathing, rate controlled breathing, and Valsalva maneuver. The severity of autonomic symptoms in the group of patients with fibromyalgia was measured by Composite Autonomic Symptom Scale 31 (COMPASS 31). Then we analyzed the difference between the fibromyalgia and control groups and the correlation between the COMPASS 31 and aforementioned HRV parameters in the study groups.Results Patients with fibromyalgia had significantly higher SDNN/RMSSD values under both normal quiet breathing and rate controlled breathing compared to controls. Differences between the longest and shortest R-R interval under Valsalva maneuver were also significantly lower in patients with fibromyalgia than in controls. COMPASS 31 score was negatively correlated with SDNN/RMSSD values under rate controlled breathing.Conclusion SDNN/RMSSD is a valuable parameter for autonomic nervous system function and can be used to quantify subjective autonomic symptoms in patients with fibromyalgia.

Heart rate variability (HRV) is a noninvasive measure of sympathovagal balance in the autonomic nervous system (ANS). This review will: (a) consider HRV measurement in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS); (b) discuss the applicability of HRV measurement in IBS by addressing strengths and limitations; and (c) propose future directions in this field of gastrointestinal research and clinical practice. As a strength, analyzing HRV components is a useful method and appears most suitable for detection of changes in ANS sympathovagal balance in both stress and non-stress conditions with good validity and reliability. Also, it is an appropriate measure for ANS in studies with large populations, in both laboratory and clinical settings, and for longitudinal studies because of its noninvasive assets. With regard to limitations of measuring HRV, these are poor standardization, additional human editing, not considering medication or other confounding factors, inconsistent results in gastrointestinal vagal tone study, and different time periods. [Asian Nursing Research 2008;2(1):5?16

Purpose: Gait variability is defined as the intrinsic fluctuations which occur during continuous gait cycles. Increased gait variability is closely associated with increased fall risk in older adults. This study investigated the influence of attention-demanding tasks on gait variability in elderly healthy adults. Methods: We recruited 15 healthy elderly adults in this study. All participants performed two cognitive tasks: a subtraction dual-task (SDT) and working memory dual-task (WMDT) during gait plus one normal gait. Using the $LEGSys^+$ system, we measured the coefficient of variation (CV %=$100{\times}$[standard deviation/mean]) for participants' stride time, stride length, and stride velocity. Results: SDT gait showed significant increment of stride time variability compared with usual gait (p<0.05), however, stride length and velocity variability did not difference between SDT gait and usual gait (p>0.05). WMDT gait showed significant increment of stride time and velocity variability compared with usual gait (p<0.05). In addition, stride time variability during WMDT gait also significantly increased compared with SDT gait (p<0.05). Conclusion: We reported that SDT and WMDT gait can induce the increment of the gait variability in elderly adults. We assume that attention demanding task based on working memory has the most influence on the interference between cognitive and gait function. Understanding the changes during dual task gait in older ages would be helpful for physical intervention strategies and improved risk assessment.

It is known that blood circulation in human body causes the skin tone to change concurrently with heartbeats. A number of apps have been developed to measure the heartbeat using smartphone camera; however, no any further analysis is performed. In this paper we propose an algorithm that detects heartbeats from the phone's camera and further extracts the heart rate variability (HRV). We compare the HRV extracted from the camera with the HRV extracted from the electrocardiogram. We estimated a number of commonly used HRV characteristics and compared them. Our results show that smartphone camera leads to slightly overestimated characteristics although the difference in extracted HRV signals is negligible. As a consequence we suggest that a smartphone camera can be employed in a quick heart diagnosis and diagnosis of autonomic nervous system.

PURPOSE: This study was to investigate examined the differences in the autonomic nervous functions of elite female judo athletes according to their performance by measuring the heart rate variability (HRV). METHODS: Sixteen elite female judo players participated in this study. The participants were divided into a high performance and low performance group according to the results of their competitions. The HRV (mean heart rate, SDNN, RMSSD, TP, LF, HF, LF/HF ratio) was measured in the resting status. A t-test was used to compare the two groups, and bivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the HRV elements that affect performance. The data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics ver. 24.0 (IBM Co., Armonk, NY, USA). RESULTS: The mean heart rate was higher in the high performance group (72.88) than in the low performance group (64.75) (p=.049). The LF/HF ratio was higher in the high performance group (3.43) than in the low performance group (0.83), and the results were significant (p=.038). No HRV elements having a significant effect on the performance were observed. CONCLUSION: This study showed that the activity of the sympathetic nervous system was dominant in the high performance group in the resting status than in the low performance. The high performance group is believed to be in the overtraining status who experience more stress.

Previous research studies have indicated that biofeedback treatment and relaxation techniques are effective in reducing psychological and physical symptoms (Hammond, 2005; Manzoni, G. M., Pagnini, F., Castelnuovo, G., & Molinari, E., 2008). However, dearth of studies has compared heart rate variability (HRV) biofeedback treatment and relaxation training to reduce trait anxiety. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of HRV biofeedback treatment and relaxation training in reducing trait anxiety compared to control group without any treatment using students in a science and engineering university of South Korea. For the present study, a total of 15 graduate students with moderate level of trait anxiety were recruited for 4 individual sessions every two weeks. They were randomly assigned into three groups: biofeedback treatment (n = 5), relaxation training (n = 5), and no treatment control group (n = 5). Our results revealed significant difference in change score of trait anxiety between the HRV biofeedback treatment and the no treatment control group. However, no significant difference was found between the relaxation training group and the no treatment control group. In addition, there was no significant difference between the HRV biofeedback treatment and the relaxation training. Results of the present study indicate that there is potential benefit in utilizing HRV biofeedback treatment for stress management programs and/or anxiety reduction treatment.

Warfarin is a frequently prescribed anticoagulant in rehabilitation patients. Adverse drug reactions of warfarin were reported as bleeding and cutaneous microvascular thrombosis. Major bleeding, such as intracranial hemorrhage and psoas hematoma, in patients receiving anticoagulation therapy is a rare condition, but sometimes very serious complication that can even be fatal. Patient-specific factors (eg, age, body size, race, concurrent diseases, and medications) explain some of the individual variability in warfarin dose, but genetic factors, which influence warfarin response, explain a significantly higher proportion of the variability in the dose. There are two identified genes that are responsible for the main proportion of the genetic effect: CYP2C9, which codes for the enzyme cytochrome P450 2C9 that metabolizes S-warfarin, and VKORC1, which codes for warfarin’s target, vitamin K epoxide reductase. We report a case of intolerance to warfarin dosing, due to impaired drug metabolism in a patient with CYP2C9*1/*3 and VKORC 1173TT. Fortunately, there are no severe complications.

Objectives: There is considerable evidence that polluted ambient air contributes to the risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Heart rate variability (HRV) is defined as the variation in heartbeat intervals and has been reported as a biological marker of cardiovascular disease. This article reviews the existing literature in order to examine the association between air pollution and HRV. Methods: Literature was searched using Web of Science with the key words of "air pollution", "heart rate variability" and other related terms. A total of 156 articles were listed. For review, 21 of those listed publications were chosen after excluding studies regarding chamber studies, occupational environment, secondhand smoke and automobile exhaust. Results: Research methods employed in the publications were classified by type of participants (elderly/adult), air pollution monitoring (ambient/personal) and HRV monitoring (continuous/spot). Among HRV parameters, power in the low frequency range (LF), power in the high frequency range (HF) and standard deviation of all NN intervals (SDNN) were all associated with air pollutants. The chosen studies were mostly based on elderly populations. In studies based on continuous HRV monitoring, LF and SDNN significantly decreased when $PM_{2.5}$ exposure increased. Conclusion: Continuous HRV monitoring combined with personal exposure monitoring has been one of the most common study methods in recent publications. We expect that this review will be useful for the study of the association between air pollution and cardiovascular effects using HRV.

We develop a simulation method that affords very high variability of virtual pedagogical situations involving many independent plans, still achieves authoring (or implementation) scalability. While each individual plan would be coherently drawn up by an agent for its respective goal, those independently-made plans might be coincidentally intertwined in their execution. The inevitable non-determinism involved in this multi-event plan encompassing pre-planned and unforeseen events is resolved by (multi-phase) dynamic planning and articulated sequencing of events in contrast to static planning and monolithic authoring in conventional narrative systems. Connections between events are dictated by their associated rules and their actual connections are dynamically determined in execution time by current conditions of background-world. This unified connection scheme across pre-planned and unforeseen events allows a multi-plan, multi-agent situation to be coherently planned and executed in a global scale. To further the variability of a situation, the inter-event coupling is made in a fine level of action along with a limited episteme of each agent involved. We confirm analytically the viability of our approach with respect to the situation variability and authoring scalability, and demonstrate its practicality with an implementation of a composite situation.