Earticle

This paper analyses the errors due to Korean interference when writing/translating into Spanish. We claim that, when learners once input into memory a Spanish form “α” that most preferentially corresponds to a Korean form “A,” they tend to equate this correspondence as ‘A = α’ and apply it to cases where such correspondence should not be used. To find out how many learners make this type of error we conducted an experiment with 42 students. In the experiment, we divided the sentences into two groups. The sentences that can produce an appropriate result were placed in group A if we use the correspondence ‘A → α’, whereas those that can produce an inappropriate result were placed in group B if we do the same. Our analysis showed that the most common error in group B is to reuse the correspondence used in group A. Therefore, learners need to avoid an “excessive equation” to reduce errors. Finally, for each sentence, we suggested ways to reduce or avoid errors.

Este trabajo analiza los errores debidos a la interferencia coreana al escribir/traducir al español. Sostenemos que, cuando los alumnos ingresan una vez en la memoria una forma española α que corresponde preferentemente a una forma coreana A, tienden a equiparar esta correspondencia como ‘A = α’ y la aplican a los casos en los que dicha correspondencia no debería usarse. Para averiguar cuántos alumnos cometen este tipo de error, realizamos un experimento con 42 alumnos. En el experimento, dividimos las oraciones en dos grupos. Las oraciones que pueden producir un resultado apropiado se colocaron en el grupo A si usamos la correspondencia ‘A → α’, mientras que las que pueden producir un resultado inapropiado se ubicaron en el grupo B si lo hacemos. Nuestro análisis mostró que el error más común del grupo B es reutilizar la correspondencia utilizada en el grupo A. Por lo tanto, los estudiantes necesitan evitar una “ecuación excesiva” para reducir errores. Finalmente, para cada oración, sugerimos formas de reducir o evitar errores.

Conventional split computing approaches for AI models that generate large outputs suffer from long transmission and inference times. Due to the limited resources of the edge server and selfish MDs, some MDs cannot offload their tasks and sacrifice their performance. To address these issues, we formulate an optimization problem to determine one or two split points that minimize inference latency while ensuring fair offloading among MDs. Additionally, we devise a low-complexity heuristic algorithm called fast and fair split computing (F2SC). Evaluation results demonstrate that F2SC reduces inference time by 3.8%~20.1% compared to the conventional approaches while maintaining fairness.

Background Previous studies reported that one-leg squat has various advantages in functional activities, no study has studied the effect of muscle activity on ankle stability. Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the differential effects of squat type on the activity of the tibialis anterior, peroneus longus and tibialis posterior muscle for ankle stability. Study design Cross-sectional study. Methods The participants were 30 healthy adults. During each squat execution, tibialis anterior, peroneus longus and tibialis posterior muscle activities were assessed using surface electromyography under control of each squat posture. Results The muscle activity of the tibialis anterior and peroneus longus applying Bulgarian split squat was significantly higher than lunge squat. However, the activity of the tibialis posterior showed no significance between squat conditions. Conclusions This study demonstrated that Bulgarian squat was more effective at eliciting ankle dorsiflexor and evertor that are known as important role for ankle stability.

본 논문에서는 split-attention 네트워크를 백본으로 특징을 추출하는 차선인식 CNN 네트워 크를 제안한다. split-attention은 CNN의 특징 추출 과정에서 feature map의 각 channel에 가중치 를 부여하는 방법으로, 빠르게 변화하는 자동차의 주행 환경에서 안정적으로 이미지의 특징을 추출할 수 있다. Tusimple 데이터 셋을 활용하여 본 논문에서 제안하는 네트워크를 학습·평가 하였으며, 백본 네트워크의 레이어 수에 따른 성능 변화를 비교·분석 하였다. 평가 결과 최대 96.26%의 정확도로 최신 연구에 준하는 결과를 얻었으며, FP의 경우 0.0234(2.34%)로 비교 연 구 중 가장 좋은 결과를 보여준다. 따라서, 실제 차량의 주행 환경 등에서도 본 연구에서 제안 하는 모델을 사용하여 오인식 없이 안정적인 차선 인식이 가능하다.

This paper proposes a lane recognition CNN network using split-attention network as a backbone to extract feature. Split-attention is a method of assigning weight to each channel of a feature map in the CNN feature extraction process; it can reliably extract the features of an image during the rapidly changing driving environment of a vehicle. The proposed deep neural networks in this paper were trained and evaluated using the Tusimple data set. The change in performance according to the number of layers of the backbone network was compared and analyzed. A result comparable to the latest research was obtained with an accuracy of up to 96.26, and FN showed the best result. Therefore, even in the driving environment of an actual vehicle, stable lane recognition is possible without misrecognition using the model proposed in this study.

Over the past few decades a number of challenges have been made to the nature and distributions of FNQs in Korean and Japanese. Nonetheless, we find that many crucial questions still remain unanswered. In this paper, we lay down some minimalist assumptions and demonstrate that simply by combining these, all the lingering problems germane to the previous approaches can be eliminated. Additionally, a variety of puzzles that arise under the traditional A- or A’-movement all fall out nicely. The assumptions include Takahashi and Hulsey’s(2009) ‘Late Merger,’ Fox’s(2002) ‘LF-interpretability’ and our own proposal of the Split DP Hypothesis, which is an elaboration of Sportiche's(2005) ‘Split DP.’ Insofar as the current analysis is sustained, it will supply empirical evidence in support of the theoretical assumptions that we posithere, while further clarifying some residual problems in the minimalist analysis of movement .

본 논문에서는 메타 인공 물질을 이용한 스플릿 링 공진기를 새롭게 제안하여 2단 필터를 설계 하였다. 제안된 필터는 새로운 공진기의 크기를 자유롭게 조절할 수가 있고, 탭-선로의 위치를 이용하여 대역폭을 쉽게 조절할 수가 있다. 제안된 공진기 및 필터는 군사용 위성통신 대역인 I-밴드의 10 GHz 중심 주파수에서, 공진기의 Qe값은 184이며, 필터의 대역폭은 10 %이고, 삽입손실 및 반사손실은 각각 1.43 dB 와 16.8 dB의 값을 얻었다.

In this paper, a new split ring resonator using left-handed meta-material adapted in a bandpass filter with 2-stages is suggested. In this proposed bandpass filter, the size of the novel resonator can be easily controlled. Also, the bandwidth can be adjusted with the position of the tapped-line. The proposed resonator and filter has the center frequency of 10 GHz for I-band in military-satellite communication system with the Qe value of 184. The experimental results of the filter show that the insertion and return losses are 1.43 dB and 16.8 dB with bandwidth of 10 %, respectively.

Interoperability is possible to Architecture, Engineering and Construction(AEC) industry by building information modeling(BIM), owing to information and communication technologies(ICT). It is very bothering to build the connection details modeled one by one through the detail modeling software. To solve this problems, Vendor provide the system macro for the standardized connections type and that is very friendly to user. But the applicable scope is relatively limited. Therefore, it will be very useful, if user directly builds connections type with parameters. This paper aims to propose the approach to create the user-defined connections type called custom component. The connection macro consisted of system macro and custom component enable its productivity to be effective and great.

English exhibits a peculiar agreement phenomenon in thereconstructions, where T agrees with the first conjunct of conjoined nominals rather than the entire conjoined phrase. Based on Lasnik’s (1995) proposal that the expletive there is an LF affix, Bošković (1997) suggested an account for this phenomenon. While attractive, Bošković’s analysis does not align with the latest syntactic theory. This paper proposes a solution for this phenomenon within Chomsky’s (2013, 2015) labeling algorithm framework, maintaining Bošković’s explanatory point. Specifically, it argues that the expletive there merges externally with the associate, forming {there, associate}, and undergoes obligatory movement due to the labeling algorithm. This reduces the issue to split phi-feature agreement of T. The analysis is further validated by explaining three challenging cases: lack of adjacency between there and its associate, unergatives and ergatives’ unsuitability for there-constructions, and a case difficult to explain without the Merge-over-Move Principle. This paper’s analysis offers a cohesive explanation for variations across different syntactic structures involving there-constructions. If this paper’s discussion is on the right track, it supports the validity of Chomsky’s labeling algorithm framework.

In this talk, we review Chang’s (2017) article on the split VP hypothesis that the VP headed by a transitive verb such as read an ebook splits into at least two layers: VP core and v*P shell. In this article, it is argued that the verb-final account for the VP core such as [read [an ebook <read>]] should be equally valid, compared with the verb-intial standard such as [read [<read> an ebook]], as long as we pursue the fundamental minimalist assumption that merge is an unordered set operation (Chomsky 1995), that is, if there is no ordering of merged elements in a set such as {α, β}. It is also shown that the former approach may outperform the latter, at the very least within the v*P domain, particularly with regard to the syntactic alternation of English phrasal verbs and their gapping in coordinate clauses. In this regard, we touch on the literature which supports the V-final VP core hypothesis, including Chang (2016), Edelstein (2020), van Gelderen (2013) and Sportiche (2005). In this talk, we also look at another idea of Chang’s (2017) that the V-final VP core is derived from what is called a ‘synthetic noun-verb (N-V) compound verb’ (e.g. [ebook read] for ebook reading and ebook reader ). Then, we discuss what kinds of data could support this hypothesis.

This paper aims to provide an analysis of antecedent-contained deletion (ACD) which is compatible both with the copy theory of movement and with the cyclic Spell-Out hypothesis. For this, this paper revises Ding’s (2013) split relative clause account for ACD. The core of the revision is to assume that the relative clause containing the ellipsis site (RCE) is adjoined not to vP but to VP. This assumption is supported by three pieces of empirical evidence presented in Sato (2013). This paper’s proposal can account for the correlation between ACD and NPI, NP-contained ACD. Under this paper’s analysis, the RCE and the normal relative clause are differentiated with respect to the adjunction site. This phenomenon may be interpreted as the consequence of last resort. This paper has no explanation for Tiedeman’s puzzle. But we may find the possibility of its resolution in Chomsky’s (2004) afterthought account. Although this paper’s proposal is not perfect, ACD can be given a better explanation by it.

This paper studies the SAI(Subject Auxiliary Inversion) in English syntax through the analysis of split projections. The SAI is obligatory in the matrix clause of non-subject WH-question, but it doesn't take place in the subject WH-question. Futhermore, the SAI can be found in neither of the indirect WH-questions and the indirect Y/N questions. However, the SAI is found in both the matrix and the embedded clauses of negative inversion sentences. To solve these tricky problems, I introduce Park(1996)'s OSHA based upon split projection. This new approach will become an alternative on the analysis of English subject-auxiliary inversion. If we assume Park(1996)'s OSHA as the available theory, we can have more explanatory power to analyze the SAI constructions consistently.

To investigate the effects of full versus split body resistance exercise on postexercise hypotension and autonomic modulation in trained men. Sixteen resistance recreationally trained males (age, 24.9±5.3 years) performed three randomized trials: upper body (UB), lower body (LB), and full body (FB) conditions. Blood pressure and heart rate variability were collected at rest, immediately postexercise, post-10, and post-30 min during recovery. For systolic blood pressure, delta (30 min minus rest) was lower for the FB condition compared to the UB (-10.1±7.4 mmHg [FB] vs. -3.3±12.6 mmHg [LB] vs. -1.9±8.1 mmHg [UB], P=0.004). For diastolic blood pressure (-8.2±10.9 mmHg [FB] vs. -1.5±9.8 mmHg [LB] vs. -8.7±11.4 mmHg [UB], P=0.038) and mean blood pressure delta during recovery (-11.7±14 mmHg [FB] vs. -2.2±10.6 mmHg [LB] vs. -5.2±6.8 mmHg [UB], P=0.045), there were statistically significant lower values in the FB condition in relation to the LB condition. Regarding heart rate variability, there were no significant differences between conditions, however, the square root of the mean squared difference between adjacent RR intervals presented an increase until post-30 during recovery (P<0.001), and there was a higher values of low fre-quency and lower values of high frequency across time (P<0.001). Postexercise hypotension was influenced by the amount of muscle mass involved in a bout of resistance exercise, with the FB condition in-ducing lower systolic blood pressure in relation to the UB after exer-cise, as well as a great decrease in postexercise diastolic and mean blood pressure compared with the LB. The autonomic modulation re-sponse was similar between conditions during recovery.

The purpose of the current study is to discuss the syntax of English Aspect from a generative framework, proposing“split aspect phrase.”English Perfective (exclusive of Progressives in this study) is so challenging for many learners who speak languages other than English. The speakers of other languages such as Japanese, Turkish, French, Brazilian Portuguese, Malay, and German face the same challenge and produce erroneous patterns in their interlanguage as well (Yoshimura, Nakayama, Fujimori, and Sawasaki 2010, 2014, Rocha 2004, Durich 2005, Payre-Ficout, Brissaud and Chevrot 2009, Lim 2010, Bulut 2011). This paper aims to provide a structural specification via feature system of English Perfectives. Within the Minimalist spirit by Adger(2003) and Adger & Svenonius (2010), it is proposed that English Outer Aspect is a functional Head rather than affix, as Chomsky(1995) has argued, and has a lot more intricate internal structure which is novel from a second language acquisitional perspective. “Split aspect hypothesis”is inspired by MacDonald(2006, 2008) and Mayshark(2010) and the semantics of the Aspect is more meticulously represented at syntax.

The main purpose of this paper is to provide an analysis of the acquisition of split antecedence in L2 English by Korean learners. First, we have argued against the pronominal anaphor analysis. Second, we have maintained that the ability to take split antecedents in Korean unlike English may be viewed as a property of the plural morpheme tul, rather than that of the reflexive itself and that the permitted pronominal split antecedence is consistent with the Principle B effect, just as in English. Third, we have claimed that in the case of both anaphor binding and pronominal binding, the Korean adults show a strong preference toward the long-distance split antecedents. This in turn suggests that the adults do not entertain the hypothesis that anaphors and pronouns are in complementary distribution. In addition, the results of our experiment clearly illustrate the fact that in the case of reflexive binding, learning takes place through positive transfer and negative transfer of native binding. The results of our experiment also indicate that the adults did not completely capture the properties associated with English pronominal binding. This is motivated by the fact that English pronominal sentences pose a problem in applying Binding Principle B by the adults. We have also noted that the Korean learners of English did not judge split antecedence of English pronominals in accordance with their L1, namely transfer. Finally, we have argued that in the case of pronominal binding, the acquisition of long-distance binding in L2 English by the Korean learners may be affected by Universal Grammar, whereas in the case of anaphor binding, the acquisition of long-distance binding in L2 English by the Korean learners may not. Thus it seems reasonable to conclude that Binding Condition B may be part of the innate endowment that children bring to the language acquisition task, but Binding Condition A may not.

The word insanity has been associated with a state of mental derangement or craziness that goes against the will of a rational society, which tends to label a person crazy when he/she acts irrationally and incoherently. I am interested in discussing how the meaning of insanity has been misused and how often people confuse the unconscious with craziness. As we see in The White Hotel, society is usually the one that accuses one of irrationality and incoherence, causing him/her to transform into the stage of insanity. If we take insanity as some kind of reactionary behaviour or state caused by the rational oppression of a society, however, there is really no reason that one should feel insecure about his/her insanity. The White Hotel serves as an allegory that disqualifies the traditionalists－Sigmund Freud, Ernest Jones, and D. H. Lawrence－who constantly highlight what is visible (the symptom), and promotes a new line of psychoanalytic theorists－R. D. Laing and Jacques Lacan－who seem to be much more interested in what is invisible. The first group is mostly interested in deciphering the operation of the unconscious and therefore attempts to treat the symptom, while the new line of psychoanalysts engages in investigating what is invisible and consequently takes madness as something intrinsic.

These studies were conducted to investigate the proper method of nitrogen application for increasing the growth stability and quality in ballon flower (platycodon grandiflorum A. DC.). In growth characteristics by split ratio of nitrogen application, stem diameter, number of branching roots and number of leaves were higher at the split ratio of 50:50 (nitrogen were splitted a half with basal application and the other half in autumn) than at 70:30. Root length root diameter and number of branching root were higher at 50:50 than those of 70:30. The root yield was increased by 30% (230kg/10a) at 50:50 compared with that of the 70:30. The crude saponin contents of root from 50:50 was 4.68%.

A field experiment was conducted to evaluate effect by split-application of slow-release fertilizer on the tea plant. The yield of the 2nd harvested tea leaves was not different to the slow-release fertilizer of two time split manuring had been doing S데. or mar. compared with the traditional manuring had been doing four time split manuring, but that of the slow-release fertilizer to one time split manuring in Sep. had decreased 12.5±1.5%. In case of the nd harvested leave, the contents of chemical components related to quality such as total nitrogen, total amino acid were somewhat higher in the slow-release fertilizer (two time split manuring) than in the traditional manuring, but those of tannin, and carreine were low, and those of chlorophyll, vitamin C, free sugar and theanine were not different to out of treatmnets. In scoring test, appearance and quality of green tea were more excellence in the two time split manuring compared with one time split manufing of slow-release fertilizer and with the traditional manuring (four time split manuring). Therefore, I thought that use of slow-release fertilizer be increased yield and quality of tea leaves, and improved efficiency nature of nitrogen, phosphate and potassium out of soil fertilizer components