Earticle

여성은 오랜 옛날부터 성 평등을 주장하였다. 체육의 장에서 또한 그러하다. 이러한 성 평등을 이룩하기 위해 여성의 스포츠 참여에 대한 연구는 현재까지 이어지고 있다. 많은 학자들은 성의 잠재적 평등에 동의한다. 그러나 체육 분야에서 생리적으로 통계적으로 그들의 차이는 분명하다. 따라서 그들의 주장을 체육 또는 스포츠 분야에 적용하는 것은 불충분해 보인다. 본 연구의 목적은 스포츠 현장에서 일어나는 남녀 불평등 현상이 차별인지 구별인지를 밝히고, 잘못된 관행을 보고함으로써 잘못된 인식의 변화를 초래하고 여성과 남성이 스포츠 인으로서의 평등한 위치에 서게함에 있다. 따라서, 본 연구는 교육환경, 사회체육, 그리고 엘리트체육에서 성차별에 대해 구체적으로 살펴 볼 것이다.

The woman from old days asserted a sex equality. Also is such from the field of physical education and sport. In order to accomplish like this equality, those researches until currently are being joined together about sports participation of the woman. Many researchers have focused on fields in which the sexes are either known or assumed to have equal potentialities. But, in sports, some relevant differences between the sexes, though statistical and physiological, do appear to be permanent. All of the most widely held views on equal opportunity are deficient when applied to this area. The goal of the research is to reveal the situations which is a man and woman unequal, and the fact which is from discrimination or separation. This study examine the problems of equality in such areas as education environment, non-school sports, and elite sports.

본 연구는 1908년부터 1945년까지 관기들의 문화적 변용 과정을 문화심리학적 관점에서 분석하는 데 목적을 둔다. 이를 위해 당시의 신문과 잡지 등 다양한 자료를 활용하여 관기들의 문화 변화 및 적응 양상을 사회문화적·심리적 측면에서 고찰하였다. 연구의 이론적 틀로는 존 베리(John W. Berry)의 문화변용 이론을 적용하였으며, 이를 바탕으로 관기들의 변화를 동화, 분리, 통합, 주변화의 네 가지 범주로 구분하여 분석하였다. 연구 결과 동화, 분리, 통합에서 모델, 배우, 가수, 서화가, 사회운동가, 독립운동가 그리고 기생학교 및 권번에서 전문적인 예술가 양성 교육을 받으며 긍정적인 사회적 정체성을 형성하였다. 반면 주변화에서는 사회적 배제와 소외를 경험하며 불안정한 삶을 영위하는 부정적인 현상이 나타났다. 본 연구는 근대적 변화 속에서 관기들의 정체성이 어떻게 재구성되었는지를 문화심리학적으로 밝힘으로써 전통 예술인의 문화 변용에 대한 이해를 넓히는 데 기여할 것이다.

This study analyzes the cultural transformation process of government gisaengs from 1908 to 1945 through a cultural psychological perspective. To this end, various data such as newspapers and magazines at the time were used to examine the cultural change and adaptation patterns of government gisaengs from the socio-cultural and psychological aspects. John W. Berry's theory of cultural transformation provided the theoretical framework, upon which the changes of government gisaengs were categorized into four categories: assimilation, separation, integration, and marginalization. As a result of the study, in assimilation, separation, and integration, models, actors, singers, calligraphy artists, independence activists, parasitic schools, and gwonbeon trained professional artists to form a positive social identity. On the other hand, in the marginalization, a negative phenomenon of experiencing social exclusion and alienation and leading an unstable life appeared. This study will contribute to expanding the understanding of cultural transformation of traditional artists by revealing how the identity of government gisaengs was reconstructed in a cultural psychological manner amid modern changes.

This paper discusses the exclusive relationship between a mother and a son and the son’s mother fixation. Harold Pinter’s A Night Out seemingly appears to be a story of a widowed mother who is possessive of her impotent son trying to escape from her influence. The conflict between the mother and the son could be seen as the Pinter’s typical power game between male and female characters. Therefore, many critics focus on whether the power has moved to the son or not. However, I argue that we should go further into the background of the text. What lies underneath this mother-son relationship is negative effect of the male-dominated system which systematically locates women in the domestic sphere while men work for society and capitalist production. This perpetually generates sexual and familial division of labor and justifies women’s mothering and absence of the fathers at home. In this sense, the mother and the son turn out to be victims of the patriarchy and their exclusive relationship is the consequence of this women’s mothering causing the preoedipal mother-son relationship and the son’s difficulty to be separated from her to become an independent man. To support the idea that the play is not about the power but the gender problem, Nancy Chodorow’s concept will be used.

생물학 무기에 대한 정보유출을 제한한 북한의 노력에도 불구하고, 북한이 중대한 위협을 가할 수 있는 생물학 무기를 가지고 있다는 것을 알려줄 충분한 정보가 밖으로 유출되어 왔 다. 북한의 생물학 무기 단 한번 공격으로 수십만 인원에게 해를 가할 수 있고, 이러한 생물 학 무기 사용으로 전쟁 전반의 양상이 바뀔 수도 있다. 공격에 노출된 많은 사람들이 병에 걸 리게 될 것이며, 어떤 무기를 사용하느냐에 따라서 일부에게는 치명적일 수도 있다. 또한 그 영향은 신체적 피해 그 이상일 수도 있고, 그로인해 군사 및 경제적인 활동에 중대한 피 해를 주어서 북한의 침략을 방어할 수 없게 만들거나, 정부가 주도한 통일을 할 수 없게 될 것이다. 이러한 생물학 무기 공격에 대응하기 위해 준비와 노력을 했지만, 아직 부족한 면이 많다. 이러한 생물학 무기로부터 방호하는데 있어서 가장 관심 가져야 할 부분은 조기에 공격을 탐지 하고, 어떠한 물질이 사용되었는지 식별하고, 공격에 대한 노출을 막고, 감염을 방지하며, 감염 시에는 그 결과에 대응하는 것이다. 따라서 북한이 사용 가능한 생물 물질에 대한 백신과 치 료법을 개발하여야 하고, 이런 생물 물질을 조기에 탐지하여 식별할 수 있는 방안을 마련하고, 질병확산을 막을 수 있도록 분리, 격리, 제독 및 기타 다른 수단을 준비하여야 한다.

Despite North Korea's efforts to limit the outflow of biological weapons, enough information has been leaked to inform North Korea that it poses a significant threat to North Korea. North Korea's biological weapons could harm tens of thousands of people, and the use of biological weapons could change the whole spectrum of warfare. Many people who are exposed to attacks will get sick and may be deadly to some extent depending on which weapon they are using. Also, the effects could be more than physical, causing serious damage to military / economic activities, thereby preventing the North from defending its aggression, or failing to reunify the country. Despite the preparation and effort to respond to these biological weapons attacks, there are still plenty of shortages. The most important thing in protecting against these biological weapons is to detect attacks early on, identify what substance is used, prevent exposure to attacks, prevent infection, and respond to consequences. Therefore, North Korea should develop vaccines and treatments for viable biological materials, prepare them for early detection and identification, and prepare isolation, isolation, decontamination and other measures to prevent the spread of disease.

This study focuses on how Japanese women immigrants understand the text of Korean newspapers, especially in terms of critical reading. For this purpose, 12 Japanese women immigrants were collected and interviewed with snowball sampling method from August 1th through October, 30st, 2014. The results showed that there was the definite difference between assimilation group and separation group in terms of critical reading and media usages. In terms of Koean media usages, separation group rarely used newspaper, online, TV etc, while integration and assimilation group frequently used Korean media. Furthermore, separation group did have a difficulty in a critical reading, and even in simple reading.

本研究では、韓国在住の日本人移民女性の文化への適応タイプと批判的読解力の 関係を明らかにするために、メディアの利用様態を調査した。調査のために、2014年 8月1日から10月31日までスノウボールサンプリングにもとづいて、仁川に在住してい る12人の日本人結婚移民女性を調査対象として選び、インタビューを行った。 その結 果、同化型と分離型の間に、明確な違いが現れた。 まず、分離型の移民女性はメディアの利用に非常に消極的であり、韓国語の読解 の効率性と批判的な読解の能力もまた一般的に低くなっている。これに比べ、同化型 と統合型は高い読解の効率性を示し、 また同化型は高度な批判的読解能力と積極的な メディア利用が目立った。 特に、同化型では批判的読解力が顕著に高く、一方分離型では読解を難しく感じ ているという結果が現れた。

중국공산당중앙으로 부터 전면적인 개혁을 추진하고 법률에 의해 국가를 다스리는 중대한 문제에 관한 결정>에서 전면적인 개혁 및 법률를 통한 나라를 다스리는 중대 결정을 제시하였다. 해당 결정은 중화인민국화국 민법전을 편찬하기 위한 좋은 기회를 제공하였으며, 이러한 배경하에 민사의무 및 민사책임 간에 관계를 정리하고 더불어 양쪽의 합리적인 위치를 규정하는 선결 문제가 제기되었다. 민법원칙 및 민법규칙 간에 복잡하고 빈번히 변화하는 관계속에서 민사의무 및 민사책임 간의 분할 또는 융합 과정이 존재하고 있다. 민사의무 및 민사책임을 발생하는 근원 어디에 있는지, 민사의무가 강제적 또는 제재적 성질을 가지고 있는지, 합법과 위법 간의 경계를 어디에 두어야 하는지, 의무와 책임능력 기초 등을 포함하여 분석하려고 한다. 민사의무 및 민사책임을 구분하는 것은 중요한 가치를 가지고 있다.

In the Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Some Major Issues Concerning Comprehensively Promoting the Rule of Law, comprehensively deepening the reform and promoting the rule of law were put forward. The decision also provides a good opportunity to compile Civil Code. In the context, it is very imperative to clarify the relationship between civil obligations and civil liability, and properly position them. In the complicated and varied relationships between civil code principle and rules of civil code, there are two cognitive modes between civil obligations and civil liability, and the cognitive modes are separation and integration respectively. This paper will distinguish civil obligations and civil liability which is of great value. I will basically analyze it from four perspectives which are the root causes of civil obligations and civil liability, whether civil obligation is mandatory and punitive, the boundaries between legality and illegality as well as the competencies base between them.

中共中央关于全面推进依法治国若干重大问题的决定》中提出全面深化改革和全面推 进依法治国的重大决定，该决定为中华人民共和国民法典的编纂提供了良好契机。在此 背景下，厘清民事义务与民事责任之关系，并对其进行合理定位，成为亟待解决的理论 问题。在民法原则与民法规则复杂多变的关系中，民事义务与民事责任之间存在分离抑 或融合这两种认知模式。通过对民事义务与民事责任产生的根源；民事义务是否具有强 制性与制裁性；合法与违法之界线；义务与责任之能力基础等四个视角作出初步分析， 区分民事义务与民事责任，具有重要价值。

This study offers a corpus-based analysis of the polysemy of the motion verbs go and come in English and kata ‘go’ and ota ‘come’ in Korean. Both motion verbs in English and Korean are intrinsically deictic indicating directionality in their nature. In this study, using corpus-data, we first discuss the prototypical meaning of go/come in English and kata/ota in Korean, focusing on their cross-linguistic differences existing in the use of these motion verbs. Furthermore, we examine the metaphorical meaning extension of the motion verbs, and compare their uses. In this corpus-based analysis of the motion verbs, we point out that the semantic extension of the motion verbs in both languages occur from the spatial domain to the non-spatial domains, and it generally involves time, perspective and change of state. Nevertheless, the metaphorical uses of the motion verbs in English differ from those of Korean. Finally, we point out some limitations in the previous analyses of the semantic extensions of motion verbs, and propose the concept of merge and separation as a new way of analyzing the phenomena

우리가 그의 타자철학과 타자성의 관념으로부터 특화시켜 주시할 수 있는 가치는 에로스에 관한 것이다. 시간, 공간, 그리고 타자의 이미지들 속에서 그런 가치는 생성과 자기정체성의 문제에 관해 나름대로의 해답을 제시해 준다. 레비나스에 있어 타자로 현시하는 무한의 이념은, 그에 따르면, 사유에 의한 재현의 대상이 아니라 활동성 자체를 지닌다. 그리고 그는 형이상학은 타자로 향한다고 말한다. 그 타자에게로 나가는 인간의 에로스는 생명의 원천지로 되돌아가고자 하는 회귀본성과 같이 삶을 지배한다. 우리는 레비나스의 타자철학이 세계와 실존 그리고 삶에 대한 이해라는 것에 착안해서 그런 철학적 주제들에 대한 이미지의 표현, 즉 예술적 사유의 길을 시도해 봄으로써 삶의 철학으로서 타자철학의 지평을 확대할 수 있다고 생각한다. 그래서 우리는 타자철학의 문제와 의미를 시간과 공간 그리고 타자의 이미지의 관점에서 이해함으로써 그 철학에서 암시하는 존재의 정체성과 실천적 가치를 좀 더 명확하게 찾을 수 있는 방법을 모색하고자 했다.

In this article, we could meet a difficult concept of the other in Levinas’ philosophy that would not be simply explained from a perspective of the ethical problem. I think so that a theme of the other-images in this paper is very interesting to understand the philosophy of the other. Of course, we can question about the notion of eros in the relation with the artistic thought. For example, I can show a picture of Marc Chagall, titled <My village>, in which we can see two characters, donkey and peasant. Donkey is the other metaphorically. The meeting with the other is the meeting of the revelation or the infinity of God. In this case the other is not a door or the escape, but an ontological exit to realize the self. I think that the other-images in painting could be a philosophical imagination which represent the thought of the other in Levinas.

여헌 장현광은 조선시대 여타의 유학자에 비해 철저하게 성리학의 본질을 충실하게 탐구하고, 심도 있게 학설을 확장시킨 학자이다. 여헌은 성리학적 교육의 기본 체계인 󰡔대학󰡕과 󰡔중용󰡕에 의거하여 자신의 학설을 강화한다. 이러한 사유의 전개에 근거하여 여헌의 교육사상은 세 측면에서 조명해 볼 수 있다. 첫째, 여헌은 교육의 기준으로서 성인군주론(聖人君主論)을 심화한다. 그것은 본질적으로 존천리알인욕(存天理遏人欲)을 추구하며, 도덕적 각성과 덕치주의를 강조한다. 둘째, 여헌은 교육의 양식으로서 성경(誠敬)의 공부론을 강조한다. 여헌은 마음에 성(誠)과 경(敬)을 세울 것을 강조하고, 두 가지의 차별성을 인정하면서도 동일한 맥락에서 이해한다. 셋째, 여헌은 교육의 방법으로서 분합(分合)의 조화를 주창한다. 여헌은 그의 독특한 리기경위설(理氣經緯說)을 통해, 역(易)의 논리에 따라 어느 한쪽으로 치우치거나 지나치지 않는 중용의 관점을 유지한다. 이러한 여헌의 교육적 사유는 현대 교육적 의미에서 볼 때, 교육의 표준을 도덕의 확립에 두고, 교육의 양식과 방법에서 중용적 통찰을 고려하는 아이디어를 제공한다. 요컨대, 여헌의 교육사상은 일관성을 지닌 전통 성리학의 교육적 지혜를 담고 있는데, 현대 교육의 기준 혼란, 내용의 비체계화, 방법적 치우침에 대한 균형 감각의 중요성을 재검토하는 데 주요한 시사점을 준다.

Jang Hyeon-gwang(張顯光, 1554-1637), whose pseudonym or courtesy name is ‘Yeoheon(旅軒)’, had made a thorough study on the intrinsic nature of Neo-Confucianism in a more sincere fashion, when comparing him with other Neo-Confucianists in Joseon period. Also he was a renowned scholar who expanded its philosophical system in-depth. Yeoheon thereby had strengthened his philosophical system accordant with the Great Learning(大學) and Doctrine of the Mean(中庸), which are the fundamental systems of Neo-Confucianistic education. Based on such considerations, Yeoheon’s thought on education can be illuminated from three different perspectives. First, Yeoheon deepened his a theory of good governance by a virtuous ruler(聖人君主論, pronounced, ‘Seongingunjuron’) as the standard of education. Essentially, his theory pursues Refraining from desire, and preserving the laws of nature(存天理遏人欲, pronounced, ‘Joncheolliarinnyok’), and put emphasis on ethical awakening, and the governance through a virtue of moral excellence. Second, Yeoheon stressed the learning theories related to ‘sincerity’ or true heart(誠) and ‘piety’ or ‘respect’(敬)) as the form of education(誠敬, pronounced, ‘Seonggyeong’). Also he expounded that people needs “to establish a ground of Respect and Sincerity in their mind.” He recognized the differences between the two virtues, meanwhile, however, he understood it as in an identical context. Third, Yeoheon advocated harmony between separation and integration(分合, pronounced, ‘Bunhap’) as a method for education. Through his unique ‘Discourse on Longitude and Latitude’, dubbed, ‘Li-Gi Gyeongwiseol (理氣經緯說) in which the principle(Li, 理) is equal to the intrinsic energy or material force(Gi, 氣), he maintained his view on the Doctrine of the Mean, in that he was not inclined to either sides according to the logic of Change(易, pronounced ‘Yeok’). When reviewing Yeoheon’s contemplation in education in the meaning of modern education, he laid the standards for education on the establishment of morality, and he also provides us with an idea which induces us to look through the form and method for education from the perspective of Doctrine of the Mean. In short, Yeoheon’s view on education embodies wisdom of traditional Neo-Confucianistic Education having consistency, and it provides for an implication of the review of the importance of the balance in relation to methodological bias toward confusion in the standards for modern education, and unsystematic contents therein.

This study is concerned with the relation between steelbelt width and belt edge separation of a tire. Belt edge separation causes tire burst and threatens passenger's safety. For the reason, it is important to predict durability caused by belt edge separation in the early stage of the tire structure design. Usually, passenger car tires have two layers of steelbelts having opposite steel cord's angles, which makes a shear behaviour between each belt layer. Shear behaviour is one of reason to cause belt edge separation. In this study, to predict belt edge separation, we suggested the prediction method of belt edge separation and evaluated the effect of steelbelt width on the belt edge separation using FEM. We also studied on main parameters to affect shear behaviour at the belt edge area.

Numerical simulation of separation control using a synthetic jet was performed on NACA23012 airfoil. The computed results showed that stall characteristics and control surface performance could be improved substantially by resizing the separation vortices. It was observed that actual flow control mechanism was fundamentally different depending on the range of synthetic jet frequency. For low frequency range, small vortices due to synthetic jet penetrated to the large leading edge separation vortex flow, and as a result, the size of the leading edge separation vortex remarkably decreased. For high frequency range, however, the small vortex did not grow enough to penetrate into the large separation vortex, but the synthetic jet changed airfoil circulation directly. The synthetic jet conditions for effective lift increase are as follows: the non-dimensional frequency of the synthetic jet is 1; the location of the synthetic jet slot is the same as the separation point; and the jet velocity is large enough to perturb the separated flow. By exploiting these conditions, it was observed that the combination of the synthetic jet with a simple high lift device could be as good as a conventional fowler flap system.

The separation of Ag and Zn from the nitrate leachate of spent silver oxide batteries using Cyanex272 as an extractant was investigated. The extraction of Ag and Zn was affected by the concentrations of nitric acid and the extractant. Cyanex-272 selectively extracted Zn over Ag when the HNO3 concentration was lower than 0.1 mol/L. The co-extracted Ag was removed by stripping with 1 mol/L thiourea. Stripping of Zn from the loaded Cyanex-272 was accomplished using 0.5 mol/L HNO3 after the removal of Ag. The McCabe?Thiele diagrams for the extraction of Zn with Cyanex-272, the scrubbing tripping of Ag with thiourea, and the stripping of Zn with HNO3 were constructed. The results were verified by simulated counter-current extraction and stripping experiments. Finally, a process for the separation of Ag and Zn from silver oxide batteries was proposed.

The importance of uranium metal is growing day by day in light of its increasing global demand for fulfilling societal needs through atomic power programs. Considering the high demand for uranium, it is necessary to find innovative hydrometallurgical techniques to separate uranium from other associated elements, especially vanadium. This study deals with the separation of uranium(VI) and vanadium(V) from sulfuric acid solutions using commercial amine-based extractants diluted in kerosene. The concentrations of the sulfuric acid solutions ranged from 0.005 to 5.0 mol/L. The effect of extractant concentration ranging from 0.005 to 0.2 mol/L was studied. The temperature was maintained at 25°C and the experiment was performed for 30 min at an aqueous: organic phase ratio of 1 (A:O = 1:1). The calculated separation factors (SFs) are presented and comparisons are made among all the experiments.

With rapid increasing production and installation, recycling of photovoltaic modules has become the main issue. According to the research, the accumulation of waste modules will reach to 8600 tons in 2030. Moreover, Crystalline-silicon (c-Si) Photovoltaic modules account for more than 90% of the waste. C-Si PV modules contain 1.3% of weight of photovoltaic ribbon inside which contains the most of lead, tin and copper in the PV modules, which would cause environmental and humility problem. This study provided a valuable metal separation process for PV ribbons. Ribbons content 82.1% of Cu, 8.9% of Sn, 5.2% of Pb, and 3.1% of Ag. All of them were leached by 3M of hydrochloric acid in the optimal condition. Ag was halogenated to AgCl and precipitated. Cu ion was extracted and separated from Pb and Sn by Lix984N then stripped by 3M H2SO4. The effect of the optimal parameters of extraction was also studied in this essay. The maximum extraction efficiency of Cu ion was 99.64%. The separation condition of Pb and Sn were obtained by adjusting the pH value to 4 thought ammonia to precipitate and separate Pb and Sn. The recovery of Pb and Sn can reach 99%.

Solvent extraction is an important process to recover pure gold and silver from various leaching solutions. The present work reviews the aqueous chemistry and solvent extraction separation of gold (I, III) and silver (I) from several leaching systems such as cyanide, thiocyanate, thiosulfate, thiourea and chloride medium. The extraction and separation behavior of gold (I, III) and silver (I) by various single and mixtures was compared on the basis of extraction reaction and the selectivity from these mediums. The chloride medium is recommended for the separation of gold and silver by solvent extraction in terms of extraction and stripping efficiency.

This study was conducted in order to remove Poly vinyl chloride(PVC) from the waste plastic film mixture. The fittings of Air Table was modified to increase the separation efficiency of PVC and PE(poly ethylene). PE and PVC was successfully separated from PVC-PE film mixture with the yield of PE 90% or more and with his grade of 99% or more, using the improved Air Table. The details of the separation condition and results will be discussed in this paper.

Maximum likelihood (ML) is the best estimator asymptotically as the number of training samples approaches infinity. This paper deduces an adaptive algorithm for blind signal processing problem based on gradient optimization criterion. A parametric density model is introduced through a parameterized generalized distribution family in ML framework. After specifying a limited number of parameters, the density of specific original signal can be approximated automatically by the constructed density function. Consequently, signal separation can be conducted without any prior information about the probability density of the desired original signal. Simulations on classical biomedical signals confirm the performance of the deduced technique.

A Micrococcus sp. producing catalase was isolated from soil, and a commercial-scathe cultivation and purification of catalase were conducted. The maximum catalase activity was about 103 BU/mL obtained after 46 hr of cultivation in a 30 L fermenter containing 2% glucose, 2% peptone, 4% yeast extract, and 0.5% NaCl. Soybean sauce, CSL (corn steep liquor), and yeast extract were also studied as media substitutes in the media 30 L fermenter. The optimum medium components for the production catalase were found to be 2% glucose, 4% soybean sauce, and 16% CSL. In a 18 kL fermenter, the stationary phase in the cell growth and maximum catalase activity (112 BU/mL) were reached after 46 hr of cultivation, which was the same result as in the 30 L fermenter. The catalase activity was purified with over 17 folds in four steps with a 33.6% yield. From 104,250 mg of protein after cell lysis, 1,966 mg of the purified enzyme with a specific activity of 192.7 kBU/mg was obtained. The residual activity with the addition of 10% NaCl exhibited more than 100%. The use of just NaCl produced a higher residual activity than combination of bencol (benzyldimethyl ammoniumchloride) and PG (propyleneglycol).

An important variable in the oil-water separation process is the size and dispersion diagram of the bubbles formed in the induced gas flotation(IGF). In this study, the influence of the behavior and characteristics of the fine bubbles generated in the IGF device on the oil-water separation performance was evaluated by a numerical analysis method. For this reason, it constitutes Grid system suitable for bubble characteristic analysis. By applying Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations, a continuous abnormal flow analysis model of water and air was established. For the numerical flow analysis model, we applied the Eulerian-Eulerian approach that can be used for the reaction model in which bubbles are formed at one point of the Euler method applied when the base is liquid. As a result, it was confirmed that the bubbles in the IGF device were evenly dispersed as the flow velocity of bubbles increased and the particle size decreased. Such a phenomenon was caused by changes in Reynolds number and drag related to the flow characteristics, and could be explained by Stokes' law of viscosity.