Earticle

The core area of the computational system designed in a recent version of Minimalist Program consists only of lexicon and Merge. All other notions are attributed to conditions on interfaces, which are restricted by performance. Among them is phase, a syntactic domain, which bars syntactic relations from outside. From the psycholinguistic view, phase can be regarded as a parsing domain, such that it is required to be as small as possible to minimize computational loads. In this paper, we explore the possibility that processing of language can be characterized in a way that the 'mental' derivation converges. Based on the psychological and neurobiological evidence that the language system continues to change as it progresses toward older age, the mental derivation is constrained by cognitive factors in the life span, such as age-based memory span and capacity.

The main goal of this paper is to illustrate the explanatory power of parametric approaches on the verbal orders between V and T in Early Middle English such as ‘spoke not’, ‘not spoke’, ‘did not speak’ and ‘did speak’ and choose which approach might be not only described but explained in the optimal way in terms of the Minimalist program frameworks. In GB and early minimalism language variation can be accounted for by language specific and language-independent parametric approaches. Thus it is revealed through GB and Minimalism that a number of language specific parametric approaches such as Overt/Covert parameter(Chomsky 1993, 1995), AGR-1 parameter(Pollock 1989, Roberts 1993), Spell-out parameter (Groat and O‘Neil 1996), Strong/weak T-parameter(Chomsky 2014) and Category-Specified parameter(Kim 2019) are introduced to explain the verbal orders between V and T. However according to the central tenet of recent minimalism(after Chomsky 2005) these parameters coupled with UG(Universal Grammar) must be simple and no-redundant to reduce the size and options of UG. Therefore specific parametric approaches should be driven to be decomposable into a unified one which can account for every aspects of verbal orders between T and V. In this presentation I will discuss how each parametric approach can deal with the Early Middle English verbal orders in conformity with the tenet of Minimalism and it is concluded that Category-Specified parametric approach in which T and V of UG are under-specified to Category is shown to be the best one to deal with the Early Middle English verbal orders, allowing grammar to account for language variation without appeal to language specific parameters of UG.

In this paper, we will consider how Labeling Algorithm in Chomsky(2013, 2015) can explain the syntax of there- constructions. To capture this, we will consider the previous analyses of there-constructions and their problems. Especially, we will show Goto’s (2016) analysis of there-constructions under Labeling Algorithm in Chomsky(2013, 2015) and point out his problems. Given this, we will propose the novel analysis of there-constructions under the theory of Labeling Algorithm in Chomsky(2015), suggesting the following assumptions. First, the expletive there is inserted to [Spec, T] to fill the subject position in conformity with the Extended Projection Principle. Second, since the Root(R) in there-constructions is unaccusative verb, the associate DP can not be raised to [Spec, R] but is directly merged with R. Third, since T in there-constructions is too weak to serve as a label, the expletive there can strengthen T. Thus, T in there-constructions can label TP after there-insertion. Given this, we can explain the anti that-trace effect in there-constructions.

논문은 William Croft의 유생성등급확대(扩展生命度层级)이론에 근거하여 공시와 언어변화에 따른 통시의 언 어자료 분석을 통하여 유생성이 복수표기에 미치는 영향을 알아보았다. 중국어는 일인칭과 이인칭 그리고 삼인칭은 수의 대립이 있고 인칭재귀대명사는 수의 대립이없는 반면에 한 국어는 이인칭과 삼인칭 및 재귀인칭대명사는 수의 대립이 있고 일인칭은 수의 대립이 없다는 것을 제시하였 다. 그리고 명사와 대명사의 제약을 참조하여 유형론적인 조사를 바탕으로 제시한 William Croft의 네 개 언어 유형 중에 중국어는 세3유형에 속하고 한국어는 이 네 가지 유형에 속하지 않는 다른 유형이라는 것을 밝혔다. 마지막으로 인칭대명사는 사회적 범주에 속하므로 인칭은 신분, 직위, 연령, 성별 등에 따라 같지 않은 인칭복 수표기가 사용된다는 것과 중국어와 한국어는 일인칭복수표기에 존대기능이 있고 삼인칭은 일반적으로 현장 에 없기 때문에 경어를 사용하지 않는다는 것을 제기하였다.

Based on Croft’s hierarchical theory of the extension of animacy, with ananalysis of the synchronic corpus and diachronic one relevant to the evolutionof language, this thesis probes into the issue of the reflection of animacy onplural markers. It comes to the conclusion that in Chinese, first, second andthird personal pronouns have correspondence and pronominal anaphora doesn’thave, while in Korean, second and third personal pronouns as well aspronominal anaphora have correspondence and first personal pronoun doesn’thave. In addition, on the basis of the four types of Croft’s typology regardinglimits on the number of pronouns and nouns, this thesis points out that Chinesebelongs to the third type. Differences exist in Chinese concerning the numberof pronouns and nouns relevant to human beings while common nouns aboutinanimate objects don’t have. Korean belongs to another type beside the four. Finally, as explanatory personal pronouns belong to the social category, insome languages, personal pronouns should use different plural markers fordifferent identities, ranks, ages, genders, etc. However, in both Chinese andKorean, only first-person plurals possess expressive function. The third personof Chinese and Korean is usually not at present, so the third personal pronounsdon’t need to abide by the general principles of honorific expressions.

본 연구에서는 강우-유출모델인 HEC-HMS(Hydrologic Engineering Center-Hydrologic Modeling System)를 사용하여 소양천 유역에 적합한 매개변수 및 단위유량도를 선정하였다. 각 단위유량도의 초기 매개변수는 국내 적용사례가 많은 경험식을 이용하였으며 유출곡선번호는 선행함수조건 AMC-Ⅲ에 따라 84로 추정하였다. 소양천 삼중일교 지점 유역의 면적강우량은 티센다각형법을 이용하여 산정하였다. 2011년의 호우사상을 선정하여 단위도별 매개변수를 보정한 후 2012년 호우사상으로 매개변수 검정을 실시하였다. 보정과 검정을 통해 모의한 유출량은 통계적 변량인 상대평균제곱오차와 상대절대오차를 이용하여 각 단위유량도를 평가하였다. 그 결과 Clark 단위유량도의 오차가 타 단위유량도에 비해 상대적으로 작게 나타났다. 가장 적절한 단위유량도를 선정하기 위하여 분산분석을 실시하였으며 일원산분산분석의 결과 유의수준 5%에서 단위유량도의 유의적 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 향우 실측유량자료와 적절한 매개변수를 통하여 분석을 실시한다면 신뢰도 높은 단위유량도를 선택할 수 있으리라 사료된다.

In this study, parameters and unit hydrograph appropriate for the watershed of Soyang stream were selected using the HEC-HMS (Hydrologic Engineering Center-Hydrologic Modeling System), which is a rainfall-runoff model. The initial parameters of each unit hydrograph were estimated using an empirical formula commonly applied to domestic cases. The curve number was estimated at 84 in accordance with the antecedent moisture condition -Ⅲ (AMC-Ⅲ). The areal rainfall on the watershed at the point of Samjungilgyo around Soyang stream was estimated using the Thiessen polygon method. The parameters by unit hydrograph were calibrated by selecting flood events in 2011, and these were verified using flood events in 2012. For the runoff volume simulated through calibration and verification, each unit hydrograph was evaluated using the Relative Root Mean Square Error (RRMSE) and the Relative Absolute Error (RAE). Based on the results, errors of Clark unit hydrograph turned out to be generally smaller compared to those of other unit hydrographs. In order to select the most appropriate unit hydrograph, an analysis of variance was carried out, and the results of one-way ANOVA showed that there was no significant difference at a 5% significance level. It is expected that if an analysis is conducted using measured flow data and appropriate parameters in the future, a highly reliable unit hydrograph is to be selected.

본 연구에서는 강우-유출모델인 HEC-HMS를 사용하여 홍수기 강우-유출의 체계적이고 합리적인 매개변수를 추정하고 신흥천 유역에 적합한 단위유량도를 선정하였다. 각 단위유량도의 초기 매개변수는 국내 적용사례가 많은 경험식을 이용하여 추정하였고 유출곡선번호는 선행함수조건 AMC-Ⅲ에 따라 81로 추정하였다. 2011년 호우사상을 대상으로 단위도별 매개변수를 보정하여 최적의 매개변수를 산정하고, 2012년 호우사상을 사용하여 매개변수 검정을 실시하였다. 보정과 검정을 통해 모의한 유출량은 통계적 변량인 상대평균제곱오차와 상대절대오차를 이용하여 각 단위유량도를 평가하였다. 그 결과 Snyder 단위유량도의 오차가 타 단위유량도에 비해 대체적으로 작게 나타났다. 또한 각 단위유량도의 유의수준을 알아보기 위하여 일원분산분석을 실시하였다. 일원분산분석의 결과 유의수준 5%에서 각 단위유량도는 유의적 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 향후 양질의 실측 유량자료와 선정된 최적매개변수 및 단위유량도를 사용한다면 보다 신뢰도 높은 유출량을 모의 할 수 있으리라 사료된다.

In this study, a systematic and rational parameter of rainfall-runoff during the flood season was estimated using HEC-HMS (Hydrologic Engineering Center - Hydrologic Modeling System), a rainfall-runoff model, and unit hydrographs appropriate for the Sinheungcheon basin were selected. The initial parameter of Clark, SCS and Snyder hydrograph was estimated using an empirical formula commonly applied to domestic cases, and the curve number was estimated to be 81 in accordance with antecedent moisture condition-Ⅲ (AMC-Ⅲ). The optimized parameters were estimated by calibrating the parameters using the unit hydrograph on 2011 flood events, and the parameters were verified using flood events in 2012. For the runoff volume simulated through calibration and verification, each unit hydrograph was evaluated using the relative root mean square error (RRMSE) and the relative absolute error (RAE), the statistical variance. From its results, errors of Snyder unit hydrograph were found to be generally smaller compared to those of other unit hydrographs. In addition, one-way ANOVA was conducted to determine the significance level of each unit hydrograph. According to the one-way (Analysis of Variance, ANOVA) results, each unit hydrograph showed no significant difference at a 5% significance level. It is expected that if measured flow rate data of high quality as well as optimized parameter and unit hydrograph selected is used, more reliable runoff volume can be simulated.

The objective of this paper is to give strong support to the idea of overt movements in non-finite clause based on the linearization pattern of clitics. This paper will be rather descriptive, spiraling around the placement pattern, with a basic orientation towards surface-level order of words given the corpus of Medieval Spanish. In addition, the debate is going on with regard to the same hierarchical structure of Medieval Spanish shown in non-finite clause as is shown in finite clause. As suggested for Medieval Spanish examined in this paper, overt movement in non-finite clause is to be entirely accounted for in the hierarchical structure of sentence. Within the theoretical framework of Principles and Parameters, in particular, the placement effect of clitics to their infinitive are optionally subject to the parameters of variation, which the paper place among the functional features of the category Tense, and depends on the projection of a discourse-related category TopP superior to TP in non-finite clause of Medieval Spanish.

본 연구는 HEC-HMS 모형을 사용하여 남강댐, 합천댐 및 보령댐 유역을 대상으로 남강댐 11개, 합천댐 5개, 보령댐 6개 호우사상에 대한 단기유출분석을 통해 최적의 매개변수 추정 공식을 선정하였다. 선정된 단기유출분석 중 일부 호우사상을 추출하고 이를 미계측 유역의 호우사상으로 가정하여 그 적용성을 파악하였다. 수문곡선의 대표적인 매개변수 중 민감하게 반응할 것으로 판단되는 매개변수인 도달시간과 저류상수를 대상으로 민감도 분석을 실시하였다. 각 유역별로 선정된 호우사상을 대상으로 매개변수 산정식을 총 20개의 조합 코드화하여 HEC-HMS 모형에 의해 최적화를 실시하여 모의 유출량을 산정하였다. 본 연구에서 선정된 규모별 3개의 대상유역뿐만 아니라 이들 유역과 유사한 유역특성을 갖는 미계측 유역의 단위도 산정 시, Clark 단위도의 매개변수인 도달시간은 Kraven(II) 공식, 저류상수는 Sabol 공식을 사용할 것을 추천한다.

Using the HEC–HMS model, this study selected the optimum parameter estimation equation through short-term runoff analysis of 11, 5 and 6 storm events for the basins of Namgang dam, Hapcheon dam and Boryeong dam. During short-term runoff analysis, some storm events were selected, then these are supposed as storm events of non-measured basin. Sensitivity analysis was performed regarding to time of concentration and storage constant which were judged as the most sensitive reaction parameter of the representative parameters of hydrography. Regarding to the selected storm events by each basin, making 20 combination codes of parameter calculation formula, then optimization was performed using the HEC–HMS model in order to calculate the runoff simulation. This study recommends the Kraven (II) equation to time of concentration as the parameter of Clark Unit Hydrography and Sabol equation to storage constant when unit hydrography is calculated in the three selected basins as well as in the non-measured basin whose characteristics were similar to these basins.

Most carcass and meat quality traits are moderate to highly heritable, indicating that they can be improved through selection. Genetic evaluation for these types of traits is performed using performance data obtained from commercial and progeny testing evaluation. The performance data from commercial farms are available in large volume, however, some drawbacks have been observed. The drawback of the commercial data is mainly due to sorting of animals based on live weight prior to slaughter, and this could lead to bias in the genetic evaluation of later measured traits such as carcass traits. The current study has two components to address the drawback of the commercial data. The first component of the study aimed to estimate genetic parameters for carcass and meat quality traits in Korean Hanwoo cattle using a large sample size of industry-based carcass performance records (n = 469,002). The second component of the study aimed to describe the impact of sorting animals into different contemporary groups based on an early measured trait and then examine the effect on the genetic evaluation of subsequently measured traits. To demonstrate our objectives, we used real performance data to estimate genetic parameters and simulated data was used to assess the bias in genetic evaluation. The results of our first study showed that commercial data obtained from slaughterhouses is a potential source of carcass performance data and useful for genetic evaluation of carcass traits to improve beef cattle performance. However, we observed some harvesting effect which leads to bias in genetic evaluation of carcass traits. This is mainly due to the selection of animal based on their body weight before arrival to slaughterhouse. Overall, the non-random allocation of animals into a contemporary group leads to a biased estimated breeding value in genetic evaluation, the severity of which increases when the evaluation traits are highly correlated.

기존의 고정모수를 이용한 가산모형은 관측되지 않은 이질성을 고려할 수 없으며, 계수값의 표준오차가 과소추정됨에 따라 과도한 t-값이 도출되어 모형의 신뢰성이 감소하게 된다. 또한 무신호교차로의 경우 자료 수집의 어려움과 정확한 분석과정의 통계적 한계로 신호교차로에 비해 연구가 미비한 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 Random Parameter를 이용한 가산모형을 구축하여 교통사고에 영향을 미치는 요인들을 분석하고자 하였으며, 지방부 무신호교차로를 대상으로 하여 기존 연구들과의 차별성을 두고자 하였다. 분석 결과, 총 7개의 변수가 유의한 변수로 나타났고, 이 중 2개의 변수(횡단보도 유무, 제한 속도)가 확률적 변수로 나타났다.

Previous count models using fixed parameter can not consider the unobserved heterogeneity, as the standard error of the count value is underestimated, excessive t-values are derived thereby reducing the reliability of the model. Also, the study of unsignalized intersections are inadequate because of the difficulty of collecting data and statistical limits for accurate analytical processes compared to the signalized intersections. The purpose of this study is to analyze the factors affecting traffic accidents by constructing the count model using random parameters, and it aimed to distinguish between existing studies based on the rural unsignalized intersections. As a result of the analysis, 7 variables were presented as significant variables, and 2 variables(presence of crosswalk, speed limit) were presented as random parameter.

본 논문에서는 타겟의 RCS Calibration의 정확도를 향상시키기 위해 Time-Gating 조건에 대한 최적화 기법을 제안하였다. Matlab 기반의 코드를 이용하여 RCS Calibration의 최적화 코드를 개발하였으며, 그 조건을 찾기 위해 S-Parameter 신호 처리 알고리즘을 제시하였다. 안테나와 Far-field 조건을 만족한 거리에 있는 타겟 을 두고 측정실험을 진행하였다. 제안하는 신호 최적화 방법의 핵심은 실험에서 측정된 시간 도메인 S-Parameter 값을 확인하여 폭과 레퍼런스 포인트를 조절하는 것이다. 그 방법의 적용 과정을 본 논문에서 서술하였으며, 시간 축에서의 S21의 신호를 확인하여 타겟의 위치를 기준으로 한 Time-Gating 최적화를 진행하였다. 결과적으로 게 이팅 최적화 코드를 적용하였을 때 최적화가 진행되지 않았을 경우와 비교하여 약 12배만큼 정의된 에러 값이 감 소함을 확인할 수 있었다.

In this paper, an optimization technique for time-gating conditions is proposed to improve the accuracy of target RCS calibration. An RCS calibration optimization code was developed using Matlab-based code, and an S-Parameter signal processing algorithm was presented to find the condition. The measurement experiment was conducted with the antenna and the target at a distance that satisfies the far-field condition. The signal optimization method is to check time domain S-parameter value measured in the experiment and adjust the width and reference point. The process of applying the method was described in this paper, and time-gating optimization was performed based on the position of the target by checking the signal of S21 on the time axis. As a result, when the gating optimization code was applied, it was confirmed that the defined error value was reduced by about 12 times compared to the case where optimization was not performed.

본 연구에서는 2003년 1월부터 2020년 7월까지, 아시아 5개국(한국, 중국, 일본, 인도, 싱가포르)의 경제정책 불확실성 지수와 주가 지수를 이용해서, 한 국가의 주식시장에 대한 다른 4개 국가들의 불확실성 집중도 및 미국 경제정책 불확실성의 영향도를 분석하였다. 집중도를 계산하기 위한 두 지표 간의 교차계수는 Bayesian Time-Varying Parameter VAR 모형을 이용해 추정하였고, 동시에 충격 반응함수를 통해서 주식시장에 대한 경제정책 불확실성의 충격도 파악하였다. 본 연구에서 제시하는 표본기간동안의 실증분석 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째 한국과 일본, 싱가포르 주식시장에서는 아시아 지역의 경 제정책 불확실성의 영향도가 증가하고, 중국과 인도에서는 하락하는 것으로 나타났으며, 가장 높은 수준의 영향을 받는 주식시장은 중 국이었다. 둘째 미국의 경제정책 불확실성에 대해서 한국과 싱가포르의 주식시장에 반영되는 영향력은 상승하고, 중국, 일본, 인도에 서는 하락하였다. 셋째 충격반응함수에서 충격의 효과는 단기적으로 유효한 가운데, 한국, 중국, 일본의 경우 주식시장에 대한 충격은 양(+)이지만, 인도와 싱가포르에서는 음(-)의 충격이 나타났다. 하지만 미국의 경제정책 불확실성의 충격에 대해서는 한국을 제외한 4 개 국가에서 음(-)의 효과가 확인되었다. 이러한 결과는 아시아 주식시장에서 경제정책의 불확실성이 투자정보로서 가치가 있지만, 주 식시장에 대한 충격의 효과는 단기적으로 고려할 것으로 제시하고 있다.

In this study, the economic policy uncertainty indexes and stock indexes of five Asian countries (Korea, China, Japan, India and Singapore) were used from January 2003 to July 2020 to analyze the uncertainty concentration of four other countries on one country's stock market and the impact of US economic policy uncertainty. The cross coefficients between the two indicators for calculating concentrations were estimated using the Time-Varying Parameter VAR model, and the impact of economic policy uncertainty on the stock market was also identified through the impulse response function. The results of the empirical analysis during the sample period presented in this study are as follows. First, the impact of economic policy uncertainty in Korea, Japan and Singapore stock markets was increasing, and the fall in China and India was shown, and the highest-level affected stock market was China. Second, the influence of uncertainties in U.S. economic policies reflected in the stock markets in Korea and Singapore has increased, while those in China, Japan and India have fallen. Third, the impact of the shock in the impluse response function is valid in the short term, while in Korea, China and Japan, the shock on the stock market is positive, but in India and Singapore, negative shocks have emerged. However, the impact of the U.S. economic policy uncertainty has been negative in four countries except Korea. These results suggest that while economic policy uncertainty is valuable investment information, the impact of the stock market shock will be considered in the short term.

This study analyzes the three different estimation algorithms for recovering item parameters for the compensatory multidimensional IRT (MIRT) models. In particular, two- and four-dimensional models were investigated with different degrees of correlation between latent traits. The standards such as bias, standard error, and root mean square error were used to evaluate the recovery of item parameters for each program. The results indicated that in most conditions, Metropolis-Hasting Robbins-Monro (MH-RM) outperformed full information item factor analysis (FIIFA) and bivariate information item factor analysis (BIIFA) for a-parameters except for the independent and very low inter-trait correlation conditions where BIIFA outperformed the other algorithms. However, the MH-RM algorithm consistently produced the highest empirical standard errors compared to the other two methods for all conditions. FIIFA performed at a higher standard than BIIFA for a-parameters with moderately correlated latent traits. BIIFA is more suitable for a-parameters, especially when the levels of latent traits' independence or correlation are very low, and it is more suitable for d-parameters regardless of inter-trait correlations in the four-dimensional models. Overall, three estimation methods provided more accurate a- and d-parameter as the number of examinees increased, and less accurate a-parameter occurred as the inter-trait correlation increased. The inter-trait correlation condition did not have a dramatic impact on the recovery of d-parameter across all three algorithms.

In this study is a study to measure the section by voltage through the high integration of the circuit of the inspection equipment for the power supply circuit of semiconductor equipment. The experiment was conducted by increasing the -1.5∼4 voltage section by 0.5V. At this time, the tolerance was applied to ±0.1%+5mA. Although the voltage increased through the experiment, the accuracy of the measurement data did not change, and it was confirmed through this experiment that the null hypothesis(H0) was adopted in each section through the hypothesis test.