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In this paper, we will consider that the parallel operation of the Edge probe from C and the Agree probe from T by inheritance renders the A-movement effects (i.e., binding, scope, weak crossover, etc.) and permits the goal of the Edge probe, that is, the singleton A-chain in base position to act as an intervener for long distance agreement. The main purpose of this paper is to suggest that the parallel movement application that Chomsky(2005) develops permits an explanation of interesting phenomena, such as long distance agreement in Icelandic raising construction, dual property (i.e., A- and A'-properties) of locative inversion constructions in English, and scrambling in Japanese. Given this, we will conclude that the suggestion that the probing by C and the probing by T derivatively takes place in parallel is made on both empirical and conceptual grounds

This study aims at analysing the syntactic characteristics of perception verb constructions in Old French(OF) based on two texts “La Chanson de Roland(1090; CDR)” and “Le Chevalier de la Charrete(1179-1181; Ch)”, and observing the evolution and change of their V2-structure. We will sort out and analyse the structural distribution of these constructions from the modern syntactic perspective while comparing them with those of Modern French(MF). According to the results of comparative analysis between the two texts, we will verify which text complies with MF syntactic structure in a more precise manner. Finally, apart from the occurrences of null subjects in OF constructions, we will confirm that they are undergoing the development from V2 structure in order to form MF fundamental syntactic structures. We will also suggest the possibility that OF perception verb constructions can be accounted for by concepts of feature inheritance and parallel movement introduced in Chomsky(2008).

This paper explores the dual property of the inverted locative PP in English locative inversion constructions. In general, the inverted PPs are assumed to be topicalized to the Spec of CP from the Spec of TP, or base-generated in the Spec of CP. However, previous approaches have some conceptual problems in some respects, such as Chain Uniformity Condition, vacuous topic movement, etc. In this paper, we propose the inverted locative PPs do not undergo topicalization to the Spec of CP, via the Spec of TP. Instead, we assume that both C and T attract locative PP in VP simultaneously. We also show that the dual property of the inverted locative PPs is captured through the parallel movement of PP to the Spec of TP and to the Spec of CP, respectively.

In this article, I analysed the syntactic properties of clausal subjects from the structural perspective between English and French. In fact, whether the finite clauses are DP or CP is a very vague question which doesn't denote, in a sufficiently clear manner, the function between the structure of a category and its syntactic function. I observed that finite clauses might have not only syntactic properties of DP but also those of CP. In the course of this comparative analysis, I also verified that French clausal-subjects have more properties of CP than those of DP. Based on these syntactic distributions, I proposed that clausal subjects be moved on the left of a sentence. In consequence, I adopted the parallel movement of Chomsky(2008) and introduced this system in the clausal subject movement. I concluded that the parallel movement could account for the double properties of clausal subjects in these languages which represents not only argumental characters (A-movement) but also non-argumental characters(A'-movement).

This study aims to analyze the inversion constructions in Medieval French, and compare their parametric variations from a syntactic perspective. We will verify their various syntactic properties after observing the V2 phenomena in Modern French inversion constructions, which will be based on the analysis of Medieval French counterparts. In particular, we will adopt a generalized speculation that the Modern French inversion structure complies with the v-T-C rising system, differently from the Modern English structure. After analyzing the inversion constructions in the two Medieval French texts; Histoire de Saint Louis(14c) and Quinze Joies du Mariage(15c), we will shed light on the following parametric variations: First, which syntactic characteristics are shared or maintained in their inversion constructions despite a long gap of one century? Second, which syntactic properties are evolved or inherited to the Modern French counterparts? Finally, from which syntactic rules or principles are the Medieval French inversion constructions generated? The other materials adopted in this study are the following Old French texts: La Chanson de Roland(12c), La Quest del Saint Graal(13c).

This study aims at analyzing the quotative inversion constructions(QIC) in Old/Medieval/Modern French, and verifying their parametric variations from the syntactic, semantic and pragmatical point of view. Although the QICs in Old French are somewhat rare in their frequency, we will compare them with the Medieval French counterparts. Following the analytical results derived from the rules and constraints in Modern French QICs, we will apply them to those in Old/Medieval French. Consequently, we will observe and deal with the following parametric variations: First, why does the finite verb raise to C, and what is its trigger? Second, what are the syntactic factors that move the quotes(direct speech complements) to SPEC-CP? Third, how can the syntactic properties of subject DP(of main clause) and quotes be explained in Old/Medieval QICs? and what is different from those in ModF? Fourth, are the quotes controlled by V2 as an element of main clause, or do they constitute an independent clause? Finally, are the QICs in Old/Medieval excluded from the parallel movement applied in ModF? The texts adopted in this study are La Chanson de Roland(11-12c, OF), Le Chevalier de la Charette(12-13c, OF), and La Vie de Saint Louis(14c, MF), Les Quinze Joies du Mariage(15c, MF)

The goal of this paper is to come up with a new phase-based analysis of English reflexive pronouns, without any reliance on such GB concepts as government, reconstruction, levels of representation, and indices, which are taken to be conceptually and empirically unnecessary in the framework of the Minimalist Program (MP). To achieve this aim, a new analytical model is formed, based on assumptions revolving around the phase theory. As it turns out, the new phase-based analytical model can account for the derivations of problematic examples containing picture NP reflexives as well as those of the canonical and ECM-related sentences containing reflexives, by distinguishing two kinds of reflexives. This paper reveals that the clausemate principle can be reduced to the phasemate principle in the framework of the phase theory, and that the grammaticality of the sentences containing non-picture NP reflexives can be determined even before the whole derivations of them have been completed whereas that of the constructions containing picture NP reflexives can not

The goal of this paper is to examine several problems regarding tough-constructions (TC) which have been considerably controversial since the very beginning of the Generative Grammar and to present possible solutions to them within the theoretical framework of the Phase-Based Minimalism. It is argued that those problems concerning TC have stemmed from the so-called A-movement approach in which TC can be derived from expletive-TC, referred to as non-tough-constructions (NTC) in this paper, by a kind of transformational rule. It is also argued that the approach has relied too heavily on the GB concepts, such as the levels of representation, taken to be conceptually and empirically unnecessary in Minimalism. Therefore, this paper proposes that, in the analyses of TC, we adopt an A'-movement approach instead of the A-movement one and the phase-based minimalist approach instead of the GB-style representational one. By doing so, we present relatively successful solutions to such controversial TC-related problems as the θ-role assignment problem, the Case-checking/assignment problem, the locality problem, the movement motivation problem, and the scope problem

In this paper, we will investigate properties and various analyses of copy raising (CR) constructions in English, and suggest the parallel movement analysis. We will propose that CR subject is raised to [Spec, T] of the matrix clause from [Spec, T] of the embedded clause. Simultaneously, the edge-feature (EF) of C in the matrix clause forces CR-subject to be moved to [Spec, C] of the matrix clause from [Spec, T] of the embedded clause. Copy raising constructions are ambiguous between a thematic and a nonthematic reading for the subject. To capture the duality of CR subject, we suggest that the non-thematic use of CR subjects is possible in case that the copy in [Spec, T] of the matrix clause is pronounced at PF component among three copies of CR subject, based on the parallel movement analysis. In contrast, the thematic use of CR subjects is available in case that the copy in [Spec, C] of the matrix clause is pronounced at PF component among three copies of CR subject. Given these proposals, we will conclude that the parallel movement analysis can explain properties of CR subject in English

The goal of this paper is to examine the nature of extraction from subjects under Chomsky's (2005) probe-goal system. Chomsky (2005) introduces a new notion of parallel movement as a theoretical consequence of the feature-inheritance theory. That is, A-movement and A'-movement take place at the same stage during the course of the derivation. Huang's (1982) CED contains the Subject Island Condition which has the effect of blocking the extraction out of subject. Chomsky (2005) presents a set of examples that apparently runs counter to the Subject Island Condition. Even these examples may be well accommodated by Chomsky's probe-goal system in concert with parallel movement. In the mean time, Rizzi (2004) proposes the Criterial Freezing as part of theory of syntactic freezing: a phase meeting a criterion is frozen in place. A freezing effect makes all criterial positions opaque including [Spec, T] or [Spec, Subj] in Rizzi's terms. However, it is not true that all subjects are opaque to further operations as Subject Criterion predicts.

Parallel movement of a building is moving an existing building from a specific location to a new location, and refers to the displacement of a building along a straight line or curve in the horizontal direction. Unlike foreign countries where parallel movement of buildings is actively carried out, there is a lack of construction and research on parallel movement of buildings in Korea. Therefore, in this study, we classify domestic and foreign building parallel building movement construction methods by type, and investigate and present construction cases according to the construction methods. In addition, we propose a construction method for parallel movement of buildings using jack piles and steel bars, and present examples of on-site application of parallel movement.

Regarding across-the-board wh-questions, two kinds of interesting approaches have been made in recent years: Parallel Merge approach (Citko 2005) and Sideward Movement approach (Nunes 2002, Hornstein & Nunes 2002, Cho 2005 and others). According to Citko (2005), the construction is derived through Parallel Merge, which creates multi-dominant, symmetric structures that become antisymmetric in the course of the derivation. By contrast, Nunes (2001), Hornstein & Nunes (2002), Nunes (2004) and Cho (2005) propose that the constructions are derived through Sideward Movement. Under the assumption that Move is output of interaction of the independent operations, Copy, Merge, and Delete, sideward movement refers to merge the copy of α with a syntactic object K, which has been independently assembled and is unconnected to K. The parallel merge approach and sideward movement approach are different in at least one crucial respect. The former approach involves a single copy of the wh-pronouns. By contrast, the latter approach involves are two copies. This difference has implications for symmetric or asymmetric reconstruction effects. This paper shows that the sideward movement approach assuming two copies of wh-phrases is on the right track in explaining both symmetric and asymmetric reconstruction effects.

This paper proposes the parallel design of a shot change detection algorithm using frame segmentation and moving blocks. In the proposed approach, the high parallel processing components, such as frame histogram calculation, block histogram calculation, Otsu threshold setting function, frame moving operation, and block histogram comparison, are designed in parallel for NVIDIA GPU. In order to minimize memory access delay time and guarantee fast computation, the output of a GPU kernel becomes the input data of another kernel in a pipeline way using the shared memory of GPU. In addition, the optimal sizes of CUDA processing blocks and threads are estimated through the prior experiments. In the experimental test of the proposed shot change detection algorithm, the detection rate of the GPU based parallel algorithm is the same as that of the CPU based algorithm, but the average of processing time speeds up about 6~8 times.

This study is aimed at re-analyzing English Quotative Inversion Constructions(QIC) from the viewpoint of parallel movement operation proposed in Chomsky(2005). To begin with, we examined and argued in favor of the v-to-T movement and the Spec-v*P subject position in QIC suggested in Collins(1997) and C & B(1997), but with several problems unsolved. In the syntactic distribution of Quote in QIC, we observed that it behaves not only as an argument but also as a non-argument like wh-phrases. We proposed, on this ground, that copies of the Quote rise to Spec-TP and Spec-CP respectively, which Chomsky(2005) called parallel A/A’-movement. In conclusion, we verified that this type of movement is the best way to account for the position of Quote in QIC in English which has been discussed for a long time.

최근 사면 및 흙막이 벽체의 붕괴에 따른 안전사고가 빈번하게 발생함에 따라 보강토 옹벽 공법의 안정성이 사회적인 문제로 대두되고 있다. 본 연구는 모형벽체 시험기를 제작하여 지오그리드 길이와 보강 층수에 따른 주동파괴 시 흙막이 벽체와 지반의 거동특성을 분석하였다. 벽체 시험에 사용된 지오그리드는 각각 $30cm{\times}60cm$, $30cm{\times}70cm$, $30cm{\times}80cm$ (폭 ${\times}$ 길이)의 크기를 가지며, 일정한 깊이로 설치되었다. 모형벽체 시험은 2장의 동일한 길이의 지오그리드, 2장의 서로 다른 길이의 지오그리드, 4장의 동일한 길이의 지오그리드, 4장의 서로 다른 길이의 지오그리드 총 4가지 case로 나누어 모형시험을 진행하였다. 또한 유한요소 수치해석을 통해 보강방법에 따른 지반의 거동을 예측하였다.

Recently, there has been a string of negligent accidents for the retaining wall and slope. In order to measure the ground deformation for the MSE wall, the authors carried out the model test to assess behavioral characteristics of geogrid MSE walls in active failure state with different conditions of geogrid reinforcement. The models are built in the soil container box having dimension, 100 cm long, 90 cm height, and 10 cm wide. The reinforcement used in the model test is geogrid (polyvinyl chloride, PVC). Three geogrids are sized by $30cm{\times}60cm$, $30cm{\times}70cm$, $30cm{\times}80cm$ (width ${\times}$ length) respectively. In this study, the laboratory model tests represented for several conditions of the MSE wall, and then its results were compared to 2D FE analysis.

본 논문은 해방 직후 38선으로 인한 한민족의 충격과 여기에 대한 우익 민족주의자들의 대응을 살펴보았다. 38선은 미군과 소련군이 일본군 무장해제를 위해서 만든 작전선이었으나 소련은 이것을 경계선으로 만들어서 남북의 교류를 중단시켜 버렸다. 많은 북한인들이 자유를 찾아서 월남하였고, 많은 한국민들은 38선을 보면서 민족의 분단을 예감하였다. 안재홍의 국민당은 처음으로 38선 철폐를 본격적으로 제기하였다. 국민당은 소련의 북한 점령은 초계급적 통합민족국가 형성에 장애가 될 수 있다고 보고 있으며, 이것을 해결하기 위해서 통일군정을 실시해야 한다고 주장하였다. 38선 철폐문제를 보다 구체적이며, 국제적으로 제기한 사람은 이승만이다. 한반도가 국제정치의 희생이 되는 것을 염려했던 이승만은 왜 38선이 만들어졌는가를 밝혀내서 그 책임을 물어야 한다고 주장하면서, 독립촉성중앙회의를 만들어 전 민족의 이름으로 이 문제를 극동자문위원회와 모스크바 3상회의에제기하고자 하였다. 김구 역시 38선 철폐가 해방 후 가장 중요한 문제임을 인식하고 있었지만 그는 임시정부를 수립하여 이 문제를 해결하려고 한다는 것외에는 특별한 대책을 내 놓고 있지 못 했다. 조선공산당의 박헌영은 이 문제에 대해서 어떻게 생각했을까? 공산당은 소련군이 북한에 진주하여 친일세력을 청산하고, 무산자의 해방을 가져왔다고주장하며 진정한 통일은 38 이북의 인민정부가 남한에서도 이루어지는 것이라고 주장한다. 결론적으로 해방 직후, 우익은 38선 철폐를 통한 남북 교류에 많은 관심이 있었다면, 좌익은 각종 혁명의 수행을 통한 인민공화국 건설에 집중하였다고 본다.

This paper examined Korean people’s shock at the 38th parallel that immediately followed the Liberation and the right wing nationalists’ corresponding response. The 38th parallel was a operation line created by the US and Soviet forces to disarm the Japanese army, but the Soviet Union turned it into a borderline, which stopped the exchange between the North and the South. Many North Koreans sought freedom fled South, and many Koreans felt the 38th parallel presaged the division of a nation. An Jaehong’s National Party was the first to seriously raise objections against 38th parallel and proposed its abolishment. The National Party saw the Soviet Union’s occupation of North Korea as a hindrance to an integrated nation-state that transcends class hierarchy, so the National Party argued for the establishment of a Unified Military Government. The individual that raised more concrete objections against the 38th parallel and its abolishment, making it into an international issue was Syngman Rhee. Rhee, who worried that the Korean Peninsula would be sacrificed in the international politics, argued the need to uncover why the 38th parallel was created and to demand accountability; so, he made the Society for Rapid Realization of Independence (SRRI), that, on behalf of the people, would raise the issue of the 38th parallel with the Far East Advisory Committee and Moscow’s foreign ministers conference. Kim Koo was also recognized that the elimination of the 38th parallel was an important issue following Liberation, however he did not propose specific measures to address this other than the proposal to establish Chungching’s Provisional Government to deal with the problem. What did Park Hon-yong of the Communist Party of Korea think about this problem? The Communist Party claimed that the Soviet forces entered North Korea to expunge the pro- Japanese faction and liberated the proletariat. The Communist party argued that the real unification would come through People’s Government North of the 38th Parallel being also established in the South. In conclusion, if the rightist position was “Abolition of the 38th parallel first and Government Establishment after”, the leftist’s position was “Government Establishment first and Abolition of the 38th parallel after.”

It is well established that multiple words with phonetic similarities are activated in the monolingual processing of spoken words. Yet relatively less is known about cross-language activation of phonetically similar words in the bilingual minds. The present study explored cross-language activation of mental lexicon in the spoken word processing of Korean learners of English (i.e., Korean L1-English L2 group). The data from Korean learners of English group were compared with those from native speakers of English (i.e.,English L1 only group). In the experimental task, they were asked to listen to spoken words in English while looking at a display with a target picture, a competitor picture whose Korean translation was phonetically overlapped with the target object, and two pictures of unrelated distractors. Their eye movements were analyzed. The Korean L1-English L2 group looked more often at the pictures of cross-language competitor than English L1 only group did. This finding strongly suggests the presence of non-selective access to both lexicons among the Korean learners of English during the spoken word processing in English. Namely, both L1 and L2 lexicons are spontaneously activated even when they were asked to process the spoken words in L2.