Earticle

Category-based hedges pose considerable interpretive difficulty, not only for language learners but even for some experts. To better understand how such expressions are processed, this study investigates Chinese EFL learners’ comprehension of six hedges (strictly speaking, loosely speaking, in that, sort of, typical, and technically) in semantic-pragmatic tasks. 125 university students with high-level English proficiency completed a judgment task with a supplementary revision task. The Rasch analysis revealed great variability in item difficulty, with items involving in that and loosely speaking emerging as the most challenging, and suggested that many learners with high-level English proficiency failed to notice the semantic-pragmatic constraints of hedges. The generalized linear mixed modeling (GLMM) results showed that frequency of exposure was the only significant predictor of judgment accuracy, supporting usage-based accounts that emphasize repeated input. In contrast, English majors displayed higher revision accuracy in the supplementary revision task, suggesting that output-based tasks need greater metalinguistic awareness. The study contributes new item-level and learner-level insights into hedge processing and suggests pedagogical directions for enhancing learners’ sensitivity to category-based hedges.

정부의 학교폭력 행위에 대해 엄정한 대처를 하기 위해 학교생활기록부 기재를 추진하면서 학 교폭력 조치에 대한 불복절차 시행이 증가하고 있다. 가해 학생의 학교폭력 조치 처분 청구 소송이 본격화되면서 처분 취소가 인용되어 피해 학생의 2차 피해 등의 인권 보장이 어려운 사례들이 나 타나고 있다. 그래서 본 연구는 불복절차 중 행정소송에 주목하여 대한민국 법원 홈페이지에 있는 전국 법원의 주요 판결 목록에서 학교폭력으로 검색되는 35건을 수집하였고 학교폭력과 관계없는 판결문 7개를 제외한 28건의 판결문 중 학교폭력예방법이 개정된 2020년부터 2023년까지의 판 결문 6개를 선정하였다. 선정된 6개의 판결문에 나타난 원고인 가해 학생과 피고인 학교/교육청이 학교폭력 사안에 대한 첨예한 쟁점 사안과 사안을 결론내리는 법원의 판단 근거를 분석하였다. 판 결문 분석 결과로 다음과 같은 결론을 내릴 수 있다. 첫째, 원고인 가해 학생은 학교폭력 처분 취 소, 학교생활기록부 삭제를 목적으로 행정소송을 제기하고 피고인 학교와 교육청은 처분 취소에 대한 정당성을 근거로 원고의 청구에 대비한다. 둘째, 법원은 학교폭력을 판단하는 관계법령으로 학교폭력예방법, 행정절차법, 학교폭력예방법 시행령, 학교폭력 가해학생 조치별 적용 세부기준 고 시 등을 적용한다. 셋째, 가해 학생과 학교/교육청이 대립하는 학교폭력 사건의 주요 쟁점은 학교 폭력 성립 쟁점, 학교폭력 처분 재량권 일탈 및 남용 쟁점, 절차적 정당성 쟁점에 해당된다. 넷째, 법원은 학교폭력 사건을 판단하는 근거로 사건 발생 정황과 경위, 학교폭력 확대해석 경계, 교육적 재량 존중, 징계사유 및 조치에 대한 사회통념상 적절한 균형, 학교폭력 관련 위원회의 정당한 선 출 및 회의 진행 절차 등을 고려하고 있다.

In order to strictly cope with the government’s school violence behavior, the implementation of procedures for dissatisfaction with school violence measures is increasing. As the lawsuit for requesting the disposition of the perpetrator’s school violence measures began in earnest, the cancellation of the disposition was cited, and there are cases in which it is difficult to guarantee human rights such as secondary damage to the victim. Therefore, this study focused on administrative litigation during the objection procedure, collected 35 cases searched for school violence from the list of major judgments of courts nationwide on the Korean court website, and selected 6 rulings from 2020 to 2023 when the School Violence Prevention Act was revised, excluding 7 rulings not related to school violence. The court’s judgment was analyzed in which the plaintiffs, the perpetrator and the defendant, the school/educational office, concluded sharp issues and issues on the school violence issue. As a result of the analysis of the judgment, the following conclusions can be drawn. First, the perpetrator, the plaintiff, files an administrative lawsuit for the purpose of canceling the disposition of school violence and deleting the school life record, and the defendant’s school and the Office of Education prepare for the plaintiff’s claim based on the legitimacy of the cancellation of the disposition. Second, as related laws that judge school violence, the court applies the School Violence Prevention Act, the Administrative Procedure Act, the Enforcement Decree of the School Violence Prevention Act, and the notification of detailed standards for each measure of school violence perpetrators. Third, the main issues in school violence cases where the perpetrator and the school/educational office are at odds are the issue of school violence establishment, the issue of deviation and abuse of discretionary power to dispose of school violence, and the issue of procedural legitimacy. Fourth, the court considers the circumstances and circumstances of the incident, the boundaries of the expanded interpretation of school violence, the respect for educational discretion, the grounds for regulation, and the proper balance of social conventional wisdom on measures, and the legitimate election and meeting procedures of the school violence-related committee.

본 연구의 목적은 레스트와 나바에츠의 도덕성 4-구성요소모형의 발전적 모형을 활용하여 인권교육 프로그램을 개발하고 인권 도덕성을 평가하려는 것이다. 대학생을 대상으로 한 인권교육을 시도해 보고 이를 레스트의 도덕성의 4-구성요소 모형의 발전적 모형에 근거하여 인권의식 및 연구행동의 심리적 과정을 분석해보고자 하였다. 이를 위해 본 연구자는 나바에츠의 모형을 부분적으로 수용하고 변형하면서 콜버그, 블라지, 반두라의 이론을 수용하였다. 이를 통해 대안적인 인권교육 프로그램을 제시하되 이를 적용하면서 검증해보고자 하였다. 기존의 인권교육 프로그램에 비해 인권 감수성, 인권 동기화, 인권 행동실천력을 보다 발전시키는데, 효과성을 가진 프로그램을 제시한 본 연구는 하지만 인권판단력을 향상시키기 위한 프로그램에서 나바에츠의 이론 등의 검증을 통해 인권교육의 내실화를 위한 추가적인 연구를 필요로 한다.

The purpose of this study is the application and evaluation of human rights education. For this, we will take advantage of Rest's four component models and Narvaez’s intergrative ethical education theory. The psychological assessmnet of human rights education is utilized through Mun, Mi-Suk. And the four component model of human rights education is described involving the influences of key factors including sensitivity, judgment, motivation, and action about human rights. By the way, I modified Narvaez’s intergrative ethical education theory about human rights education program. Instead, I utilized Kohlberg, Blasi and Bandura's theory. For sensitivity, I utilized Narvaez’s IEE theory. And Kohlberg's theory was utilized for man rights judgment. For motivation, I utilized Blasi moral self theory and Bandura's moral disengagement theory. And Narvaez’s theory was utilized for human rights action. I advocated that the program and teaching strategies for human rights was well represented in the curriculum of program dealing with human rights. And the program and strategies were demonstrated by using statistical techniques. Using the four component model as a framework, I made empirical proofs and suggestions for learning experiences that can enhance the development of each process with the domain of human rights education.

본 연구의 목적은 레스트의 4-구성요소모형을 활용하여 연구윤리 도덕성을 평가하려는 것이다. 대학생을 대상으로 한 연구윤리교육을 시도해 보고 이를 레스트의 도덕성의 4-구성요소 모형에 근거하여 연구윤리의식 및 연구윤리행동의 심리적 과정을 분석해보고자 하였다. 도덕성에 관한 가정에서 레스트의 중요한 이론의 발전을 보여준 4-구성요소모형을 활용한 이유는 레스트의 4-구성요소모형이 도덕성에 대한 다른 연구전통들을 하나의 그림으로 통합시키고자 하는 노력으로 만들어진 것이라고 판단했기 때문이다. 본 연구자는 레스트의 도덕성의 4-구성요소 모형에 입각하여 연구윤리 감수성, 연구윤리 추론능력, 연구윤리 동기화, 연구윤리 행동실천력이라는 네 구성요소를 제시하였다. 또한 이러한 네 가지 요소들을 발달시키는 것이 연구윤리교육의 교육목표라고 보았다. 이러한 연구윤리교육의 교육목표를 기준으로 하여 대학생을 대상으로 하는 현재의 연구윤리교육의 효과성까지 측정하고자 하였다. 또한 연구윤리교육의 내실화를 위한 추가적인 연구를 제안하였다.

The purpose of this study is the application and evaluation of research ethics education. For this, we will take advantage of Rest's four component models. The morality of research ethics is revealed by Rest's 4-component model of morality. So, the four component model of research ethics is described involving the influences of key factors including sensitivity, judgment, motivation, and action about research ethics. I analyzed the psychological process about research ethics education program. These components are not personality traits or virtues; rather they are major units of analysis used to trace how a person responds in the situation of research ethics. I advocated that the program and teaching strategies for research ethics was well represented in the curriculum of program dealing with research ethics. And the program and strategies were demonstrated by using statistical techniques. Using the four component model as a framework, I made empirical proofs and suggestions for learning experiences that can enhance the development of each process with the domain of research ethics education.

In this paper, we propose an intelligent research fund management system that applies artificial intelligence technology to an integrated research fund management system. By defining research fund management rules as work rules, a detection model learned using deep learning is designed, through which the disapproval status is presented for each research fund usage history. The disapproval detection system of the RCMS implemented in this study predicts whether the newly registered usage details are recognized or disapproved using an artificial intelligence model designed based on the use of an 8.87 million research fund registered in the RCMS. In addition, the item-detail recommendation system described herein presents the usage details according to the usage history item newly registered by the artificial intelligence model through a correlation between the research cost usage details and the item itself. The accuracy of the recommendation was shown to be 97.21%.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of debriefing using Lasater's Clinical Judgment Rubric to study nursing students' academic self-efficacy, clinical performance, and clinical judgment. The experiment group was subjected to debriefing by applying the Clinical Judgment Rubric, while general debriefing was applied to the control group. The results of the study are as follows: Clinical judgment scores were improved after debriefing for both groups, significantly higher for students in the experimental group compared to the control group. However, there was no significant difference between the two groups in academic self-efficacy or clinical performance. In conclusion, the debriefing based on the Clinical Judgment Rubric used in this study proved to be effective in improving the clinical judgment of nursing students.

Appreciation of art involves both cognitive and affective processes. However, the two processes and the neural underpinnings of them have not been differentiated clearly in the previous studies of neuroaesthetics. Moreover, aesthetic experience has often been confounded by positive emotional contents in artworks or positive emotion appraisal. Aesthetic appreciation and accompanying neural activity regarding artworks evoking negative emotion have not been studied extensively. In the current work using fMRI, we investigated whether brain areas involved in aesthetic judgment can be distinguished from those involved in emotion appraisal. We also explored neural correlates of artworks judged as beautiful yet inducing sad emotion. Our results identified brain regions differentially involved in aesthetic judgment and emotion appraisal, despite the widely shared network. Specifically, the medial prefrontal lobe showed greater activation for aesthetic judgment, while areas including the middle frontal gyrus, putamen, middle temporal gyrus, caudate nucleus, and precuneus showed greater activation for emotion appraisal. We also found increased neural activity in areas including the insula, anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), pre-, and post-central gyri in association with perceiving and judging “sad but beautiful” artworks. These results suggest that the two core processes in experiencing art are closely related to each other, but not identical, and that beauty and positive emotion do not always go hand in hand.

This study aimed to determine the effects of simulation learning program using SBAR (Situation, Background, Assessment, Recommendation) techniques on undergraduate nursing students' clinical judgment and communication skills. A quasi-experimental research design (one-group pretest-posttest design) was used in this study. The participants included 88 students from a nursing college. There were statistically significant differences in clinical judgment, communication clarity, and communication confidence between pre-simulation learning using SBAR and post (t=10.32, p<.0001; t=6.05, p=<.0001; t=7.42, p=<.0001). The simulation learning program using SBAR was found to improve nursing students' clinical judgment as well as clarity and confidence in interprofessional communication.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the nursing students' clinical judgment skills in simulation using Tanner's Clinical Judgment Model. Method: Forty-five teams of a total 93 nursing students participated in a post-operative patient care scenario using human patient simulator. Data were collected from students' responses in scenario and guided reflective journaling according to the framework of Tanner's model which comprised noticing, interpreting, responding, and reflecting on response. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: The students' responses of the situation were in accordance with the goals of scenario, i.e. relieving patient' pain and preventing pulmonary complications. However, most of students needed clinical cues and focused on a given clue to solve the issues. They were lack of ability to collect additional information as well as connect the relevant clues in simulated clinical situation. Conclusion: The nursing students have difficulty in what they notice, how they interpret finding, and respond appropriately to the situation. The simulation training using Tanner's model could provide faculty and nursing students with an effective teaching and learning strategy to develop the clinical judgment skills.

본 연구는 금전적 보상과 선택적 주의가 사회정서적 판단에 미치는 영향을 알아보았다. 반응/반응억제 과제를 통해 선택적 주의를 조작하였고 참가자들은 낯선 얼굴이나 자연 풍경 사진 위에 반투명하게 나타나는 단서의 종류에 따라 반응을 하거나 억제하였다. 반응/반응억제 과제에 이어서 얼굴의 신뢰도 혹은 자연 풍경의 아름다움을 평가하는 과제로 사회정서적 판단변화를 측정했다. 금전적 보상이 주어지지 않은 반응억제 시행에서 참가자들은 반응억제 단서가 나오지 않은 얼굴을 더 신뢰할 수 있어 보인다고 평가하는 경향을 보인 반면 반응 시행에서는 어떠한 편향도 보이지 않았다. 그러나 금전적 보상이 주어진 경우 반응과 반응 억제 시행 모두 사회정서적 판단의 편향이 나타났다. 참가자들은 반응 시행에서 반응 단서가 나오지 않은 얼굴과 풍경 사진이 각각 더 신뢰할 수 없고 더 아름답지 않아 보인다고 답하는 경향을 보였으며 반응억제 시행에서는 금전적 보상이 없을 때와 마찬가지로 반응억제 단서가 나오지 않은 얼굴이 더 신뢰할 수 있어 보인다고 평가하였다. 후속 실험에서는 이러한 결과가 금전적 보상에 의한 선택적 주의 강화 때문이라는 추가적인 증거를 제시하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 금전적 보상이 사회정서적 판단에 영향을 미치는 선택적 주의 효과를 강화할 수 있음을 시사한다.

The present study investigated how attentional selection and monetary incentives influence social and emotional judgment on unfamiliar faces and scenes. Attentional selection was modulated with a Go/No-Go task. A transparent color cue was superimposed on the face or scene stimuli. The participants responded when the Go cue appeared and inhibited their responses when the No-Go cue appeared. In the following evaluation task, the participants evaluated the trustworthiness of faces and the beauty of scenes. When monetary incentives were absent, no evaluation bias was observed on the Go trials. Only on the No-Go trials, the participants evaluated the uncued face more trustworthy than the cued one. When monetary incentives were given, however, evaluation bias was observed on both the Go and No-Go trials. On the Go trials, the uncued faces were evaluated less trustworthy and the uncued scenes were evaluated less beautiful. In addition, the participants evaluated the uncued face more trustworthy on the No-Go trials. An additional experiment confirmed that these results were due to attentional enhancement by monetary incentives. These results suggest that evaluation of stimuli can be biased by attention and that monetary incentives can strengthen attentional effects on social and emotional judgment.

This paper is aimed to offer a comprehensive overview of research on children’s source monitoring (SM), exploring significant factors known to impact children’s SM focused on the context of children’s testimony. The discussion was mainly presented the results of applied and experimental studies of children’s SM. The ultimate goal of this review is to build a beneficial synthesis of currently available and relevant information concerning children’s SM process and ability, thereby producing a reliable and concise interpretation that classifies important areas for potential future research of children’s testimony. Various factors may influence children’s SM; however, this overview was concentrated on, in particular, critical characteristics of the sources, the source judgment processes, and the individual differences within the context of children’s testimony. The experimental research and implied conclusions criticized herein proposed a groundwork and theoretical perspective for potential state-of-the-art empirical studies in this research field. It is hopeful that these imperative and extensive knowledge can be incorporated into practical legal settings in children’s lives and well-being.

Recognition memory theories have focused on the distinction between single- and dual-process models that characterize episodic retrieval decisions. Dual-process models suggest that episodic decision is contingent on two independent processes: familiarity and recollection. One outstanding question is whether the recollection reflects a distinct categorical mnemonic decision variable or a stricter criterion operation on the graded strength-of-evidence decision axis. The present study examined whether the decision variable of recollective judgment (i.e., “Remember” response) is qualitatively different from familiarity-based response by employing an adaptive biased feedback procedure that was previously used to investigate the lability of decision criterion on the continuous memory trace. The data demonstrated prominent and gradual criterion shifts for Remember response suggesting a continuous characteristics of recollective decision variable but the pattern shows a qualitative difference compared to familiarity-based recognition decisions. A potential model is also discussed.

일반인에게 난해한 법률분야를 이해하기 쉽고 예측 가능 할 수 있도록 인공지능을 적용한 법률 서비스에 대한 연구의 중요성이 대두되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 조세심판원의 결정정보를 수집하고 데이터 처리와 자체 학습을 통한 모델을 구축하여 사용자의 질의에 맞는 답변을 예측하기 위한 시스템을 제안한다. 제안 모델은 웹크롤링을 통해서 조세 결정문의 정보 수집 및 자연어 처리과정을 통하여 유용한 데이터를 추출하고, 최적화된 산출물을 Word2Vec의 Fast Text 알고리즘을 적용하여 단어의 벡터를 생성하였다. 2017년부터 2019년까지 총 11,103건의 정보를 수집하고 분류 하였으며 RNN 기술의 BiLSTM을 적용하여 자체학습을 통한 결과 예측 프로그램을 구축하여 70%정확도로 실증하였 다. 향후 다양한 법률시스템으로 활용성을 기대할 수 있으며 보다 효율적인 적용을 위한 연구와 정확도 향상을 위한 연구가 계속되어야 한다.

Research and importance of legal services applied with AI so that it can be easily understood and predictable in difficult legal fields is increasing. In this study, based on the decision of the Tax Tribunal in the field of tax law, a model was built through self-learning through information collection and data processing, and the prediction results were answered to the user's query and the accuracy was verified. The proposed model collects information on tax decisions and extracts useful data through web crawling, and generates word vectors by applying Word2Vec's Fast Text algorithm to the optimized output through NLP. 11,103 cases of information were collected and classified from 2017 to 2019, and verified with 70% accuracy. It can be useful in various legal systems and prior research to be more efficient application.

Although extensively used, concerns have been expressed about the reliability and generalizability of grammaticality judgment tasks (GJTs; Alanazi, 2015). It has been argued that learners might guess grammaticality based on feel (Bialystock, 1979) and that the GJT-based results ignore grammatical complexity (Ellis, 1991). While several studies have attempted to validate the results of a GJT against other tasks, the tasks used in these studies required language production (e.g., Leow, 1996; Mandell, 1999), which is different from error identification and correction. The current study used an editing task (ET) to validate learners’ performance on a GJT. An editing task, like a GJT, requires identification of grammatical inaccuracies. Besides, it situates errors in a meaningful context and offers opportunities for multiple corrections of the same error. Overall, 311 participants took part in the study. A paired sample t-test showed a significant difference (t = 24.10, p = .00, d = 1.91) between the two tasks. Fifteen percent of the data (45 participants) was further inspected to have a better understanding of learners’ error correction-pattern on the editing task. The results revealed that about 20% of the errors identified were wrongly corrected, which exposes limitations of the GJTs that only require judging the well-formedness of a construction. Moreover, performance on the editing task revealed a greater level of diversity in learners’ responses. On average, eight of the total twelve grammatical features were corrected in 5.87 (SD = 2.47) different ways. The variety of responses on the ET reveals the dynamic nature of learners’ interlanguage that allows for multiple ways for correction. The ET, as compared to the GJT, provides an ecologically more valid way to assess L2 learners’ grammatical proficiency.

본 연구는 위기유형 및 조직의 위기대응과 관련하여 공중이 어떻게 도덕적 판단을 하는가에 관한 연구이다. 공중의 위기평가에 있어서 도덕적 판단은 조직에 대한 비난에 주요한 요인으로 작용될 수 있다. 이를 검증하기 위해서 본 연구는 요인설계 2 (통제 가능한 위기유형 vs. 통제 불가능 위기유형) × 2 (변명 vs. 사과)를 통한 실험을 실시하였다. 그 결과 공중은 위기유형과 위기대응에 따라 도덕적 판단을 달리하며, 도덕적 판단은 조직비난에 유의미한 변인임이 밝혀졌다.

This study investigated how people make moral judgments toward an organization involved in a crisis based on crisis types and crisis response types. To test it, the study employed 2 (control vs. uncontrolled) crisis types x 2 (excuse vs. apology) crisis response types between-subject design. The findings indicated that crisis types and crisis responses influenced participants’ moral judgment, and excuse in both crises type was judged much immoral than using apology. In addition, moral judgment significantly predicted blame.

재무, 회계 및 감사 분야의 디지털 특성으로 인해 현재 재무 감사 분야에서 인공 지능이 빠르게 발전하고 있습니다. 회계법인은 감사 과정에서 피감기관과 가치 평가 분쟁이 발생하고 피감기관이 조정을 하도록 요구하는 경우가 많습니다. 기업의 디지털 전환에 따라 가치 평가를 위한 인공 지능의 도입은 다른 영향을 미칠 수 있으므로 분석하고 연구할 가치가 있습니다. 이 연구는 인공 지능이 재무 담당자의 회계 가치 평가에 미치는 영향을 살펴보고 개인이 비인공 정보 출처를 어떻게 바라보는지에 대한 연구를 강화하고자 합니다. 인공 지능과 친숙도가 재무 담당자의 회계 가치 평가 에 미치는 상호 작용적 영향도 테스트하여 개인의 인공 지능에 대한 친숙도를 높일 수 있기를 희망합니다.

Due to the digital characteristics of the fields of finance, accounting, and audit, artificial intelligence is currently rapidly developing in the field of financial audit. Accounting firms often have valuation disputes with the audited entity during the audit process and require the audited entity to make adjustments. With the digital transformation of a company, the introduction of artificial intelligence for valuation can have different effects, so it is worth analyzing and researching. This study aims to examine the effect of artificial intelligence on the accounting valuation of financial officers and to strengthen research on how individuals view non-artificial information sources. It is hoped that the　interactive effect of artificial intelligence and familiarity on the accounting valuation of financial officers can also be tested to increase the individual's familiarity with artificial intelligence.

본 연구는 유권자의 후보자에 대한 감성 혹은 이성적 가치인식과 지지에 관한 연구 이다. 이를 위해 유권자가 정치후보자 또는 정치인에 대한 이성적 혹은 감성적인 인식 이 정책신뢰, 소통 기대감, 그리고 정치인에 대한 선택과 지속적인 지지에 영향을 주는 가를 확인하였다. 또한 연구자는 감성적 인식과 지지에 관한 연구모형을 제시하고, 유 권자의 진보, 보수 정치적 성향에 따른 차이가 있는지도 확인하였다. 이를 위해 연구자 는 2012년과 2013년 사이에 온라인 샘플 271명으로 조사하였다. 연구결과 유권자들의 정치인에 대한 감성적 가치인식은 이성적 가치 인식에 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났으며, 정책에 대한 신뢰도에도 영향을 주는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 정책 신뢰는 소통에 대한 기대와 정치인에 대한 계속 지지에 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 유권자 의 정치인에 대한 감성적 가치인식이 종속변수인 계속 지지에 영향을 미치는 경로와 모 형을 확인할 수 있었다. 유권자의 정치적 성향에 따른 조절변수의 확인의 경우, 보수 성 향 유권자의 정치인에 대한 감성적 인식이 이성적 인식에 더 많은 영향을 미쳤으며, 정 책 신뢰도 지지에 더욱 영향을 미친 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 반면 진보 성향 유권자는 소통에 대한 기대감이 지지에 더욱 큰 영향을 미친 것을 확인할 수 있었으나 통계적으 로 유의미하진 않았다. 상기 연구결과는 유권자의 감성적 인식이 지지에 영향을 준다는 통합적 연구모형을 검증하였다는데 의미가 있으며, 특히 진보와 보수 유권자 그룹간의 정치적 선택경로의 차이를 확인하였다는 점에서 이론적, 실무적 공헌점이 있는 연구라 고 할 수 있다.

This paper presents and tests an integrated model for how voters develop and maintain support for politicians. We argue that voters' "emotional value perceptions" of a politician influence their "rational value perceptions;" that both types of cognitive perceptions influence their trust in a politician and his/her policy pledges; and that this trust influences voters' ongoing support for the politician, both directly and indirectly through their expectations for how the politician will communicate with them. Further, we argue that the relative importance of these variables in this cognitive process will vary depending on the ideological persuasion of citizens. We test this model using an online questionnaire administered to a sample of 271 voters for the period between December 2012 and May 2013, which followed the presidential election in South Korea. Results provide support for our overall model, and suggest that emotional value perception strongly affects conservative voters' rational perception and trust in politicians and their policy pledges, while communication expectations may be a factor in garnering the political support of progressive voters. Taken as a whole this paper provides new insights into the psychology of voters' decision making in the age of digital communication.

The present study addresses whether and how the design of presenting the pairwise sentences to the participants affects the result of acceptability judgment testing. Because a single choice in experimental design can occasionally lead to a dramatic change at the end, empirical science requires the latent impacts of the parameters in experimental settings to be examined in advance. The present study conducts three designs of acceptability judgment testing, such as the between-group, the within-group, and the Latin Square designs with the same test items. The experiments were administrated on a large scale with two different experimental tasks, such as the Likert scale task and the binary Yes/No task. The comparison across the designs and the tasks demonstrates that the different designs do not necessarily yield different results This indicates that there is no ground for us to regard the Latin Square design as an indispensable process in language experiments.