Earticle

Artificial neural network based machine translations have become common since 2016 and the advancements in quality of said translations call for a change in the translation and interpretation education sector. It is true that some machine translations are comprehensible to a certain degree, but they also tend to translate texts into something that is very different from the original. Therefore, they cannot be said to have reached a reliable level. However, considering the speed at which the quality of machine translation is being improved, there is a need to learn about it in translation classes. Machine translations require human post-editing. Therefore, it is necessary to train students to become familiar with the task of post-editing and to offer them some guidelines with which to manage said task with speed. This study attempts to draw such guidelines using Korean press articles as data. Press articles cover various current topics related to politics, economics, social issues, cultural issues and others. They also contain reports, columns and editorials on different subjects and genres in various different forms of texts, such as headline texts and main texts, which are very useful in practicing translation in class. The practice of translation using press articles can help students set a strong foundation for developing the capacity to manage diverse forms of text. This study uses Google Translation, and Naver search engine's PAPAGO. The study uses as reference the results of a preceding research(Park, 2018) on post-editing class training and student reaction. According to said case study, students felt heavily burdened when they had to post-edit machine translations. There were also students that wondered about the range and extent in which they could modify the translations. In this study, time was limited, as real life post-editing requests from clients tend to be time-pressing. Also, limited to news article texts, a corpus was created according to article content and errors were analyzed applying the machine translation editing code(Lee, 2018) to develop post-editing guidelines. News article translations were divided into three groups for the purpose of comparing results and quality: human translations, post-edited machine translations that were done without any guideline, and post-edited machine translations that followed the developed guidelines. Afterwards, translators of each group were interviewed in-depth to assess the suitability of implementing said guidelines. There are no post-editing guidelines for machine translations as of yet as machine translation is still in its early, developing stages. However, this study is significant in that it proposes a set of guidelines for post-editing Korean-Japanese and Japanese- Korean machine translations under the assumption that the role of human translators will extend to co-working with machine translations as the use of these translations becomes more and more common. The guidelines should be implemented in translation teaching courses. These will need to be modified along with advancements and changes in machine translation. They need to be continuously evaluated and adjusted for the purpose of training effective, fast working post-editing professionals.

LID 시설의 성능, 유지관리 빈도 및 수명에 가장 큰 영향을 미치는 1차적인 인자는 여재의 형태 및 구성(깊이 및 profile)일 것이 다. 여재 스펙에 관련된 규정 및 정보를 제공하는 지침이 있으며 여재의 효과를 입증하려는 수많은 연구가 진행되고 있다. 일부의 연구결과는 서로 유사하거나 일관성이 있으나 일부는 전혀 다른 결론에 도달하고 있으며 매우 적은 연구가 여재의 형태 및 조성이 성능에 미치는 영향에 초점을 맞추고 있는 실정이다. 이와 같은 상황은 오히려 여재의 선정이나 설계하는데 불확실성과 혼란을 유 발하고 있다. 이와 같은 관점에서 본 논문에서는 다양한 문헌과 실험실 및 현장 경험을 토대로 여재 스펙 및 구성을 종합적으로 분석하여 제시하였다. 먼저 LID 시스템을 침투 및 비침투 구조, 그리고 식생형 및 비식생형으로 분류하였다. 분류에 따르면 일반 적인 여재 Profile을 여재층의 구성, 재료 및 깊이에 따라 고찰하였다. 또한 여재특성이 수리 및 수문학적 기능뿐 만 아니라 오염물 질의 저감에 미치는 영향을 비교 분석하여 제시하였다. 유기물질의 침출로 인한 막힘, 여제 세척, 시공 중의 취급 등 기타 고려 사항에 대해 간략하게 서술하였다. 본 고찰의 목표는 LID 시설을 설계할 때 적절한 여재를 선정하는데 일조하기 위함이며 또는 장래에 필요한 여재연구방향을 제시하는데 있다.

A primary aspect of low impact development (LID) design that affects performance efficiency, maintenance frequency, and lifespan of the facility is the type of filter media as well as the arrangement or media profile. Several LID guidelines providing media specifications are currently available and numerous studies have been published presenting the effectiveness of these systems. While some results are similar and consistent, some of them still varies and only a few focuses on the effect of filter media type and arrangement on system performance. This creates a certain level of uncertainty when it comes to filter media selection and design. In this review, a synthesis of filter media specifications from several LID design guidelines are presented and relevant results from different laboratory and field studies are highlighted. The LID systems are first classified as infiltration or non-infiltration structures, and vegetated or non-vegetated structures. Typical profiles of the media according to classification are shown including the different layers, materials, and depth. In addition, results from previous studies regarding the effect of filter media characteristics on hydraulic and hydrologic functions as well as pollutant removal are compared. Other considerations such as organic media leaching, clogging, media washing, and handling during construction were also briefly discussed. This review aims to provide a general guideline that can contribute to proper media selection and design for structural LIDs. In addition, it also identifies opportunities for future research.

본 연구의 목적은 기업이 지속가능경영보고서를 작성할 때 준용하는 가이드라인과 기업가치의 관계를 규명하는 것이다. 기업이 지속가능경영보고서를 작성하 여 보고하는 이유는 기업의 이해관계자들에게 기업의 비재무활동인 지속가능경영과 관련된 활동에 대한 정보를 제공하기 위해서이다. 기업이 지속가능경영 활동 과 관련된 보고서를 작성할 때 지속가능경영 활동을 잘 나타낼 수 있는 가이드라인을 선택할 것이다. 본 연구는 이러한 기업의 행동이 기업가치에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 그동안 지속가능경영 활동과 기업가치에 관한 연구들은 많았으나 기업이 이해관계자들에게 차별적으로 제공하는 정보의 형태인 지속가능경영보고서 의 가이드라인이 기업가치에 미치는 영향을 분석한 논문은 없다. 기업이 작성하는 지속가능경영보고서의 정보효과를 파악하기 위해서는 기업이 준용하는 가이드 라인의 정보를 자본시장에서 식별할 수 있는지에 관한 연구가 필요하다. 이에 관한 연구를 위해 2012년부터 2023년까지 지속가능경영보고서를 한국거래소 ESG 포털에 공시한 KOSPI 상장기업 중 자본잠식기업과 금융업을 제외한 기업-연도별로 573개의 표본을 대상으로 기업가치와 기업이 준용하는 가이드라인 간의 관계 를 분석하였다. 분석결과, 지속가능경영보고서를 작성할 때 준용하는 가이드라인의 종류와 기업가치와는 유의적인 통계값을 보이지 않았다. 이는 기업을 둘러싸고 있는 자본시장에서 가이드라인의 특성에서 오는 차별적인 정보를 식별하지 못하거나 가이드라인별 차별적인 특성이 없기 때문으로 여겨진다. 본 연구는 그동안 이 루어지지 않았던 지속가능경영보고서의 가이드라인이 기업가치에 미치는 영향을 분석한 점에서 의의가 있다. 이는 지속가능경영보고서의 가이드라인에 대한 정책 수립과 기업의 이해관계자가 지속가능경영보고서를 활용하여 의사결정을 할 때 도움이 될 것으로 기대된다.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between the guidelines used by companies when preparing sustainability reports and firm value. The reason companies prepare sustainability reports is to provide their stakeholders with information about their non-financial activities related to sustainable management. When a company prepares a report related to its sustainable management activities, it will select guidelines that can best represent its sustainable management activities. This study analyzed the impact of these corporate actions on their value. Although there have been numerous studies on sustainable management activities and firm value, but no paper has analyzed the impact of guidelines for sustainability reports, which are a form of information that companies provide to stakeholders in a differentiated manner, on firm value. To understand the information effectiveness of sustainability reports, research is needed on whether the information contained in the guidelines applied by companies can be identified in the capital market. To conduct this study, we analyzed the relationship between firm value and the guidelines applied by companies among 573 KOSPI-listed companies that disclosed their sustainability reports on the Korea Exchange ESG Portal from 2012 to 2023, excluding companies with capital impairment and those in the financial sector. The analysis results showed no significant statistical relationship between the type of guidelines used when preparing a sustainability report and firm value. This is believed to be because the capital market surrounding the company is unable to identify differential information arising from the characteristics of the guidelines or because there are no differential characteristics for each guideline. This study is significant in that it analyzes the impact of the guidelines for sustainability reports, which have not been implemented before, on firm value. This is expected to be helpful in establishing policies for guidelines on sustainability reports and in helping corporate stakeholders utilize sustainability reports in decision-making.

일본의 일반사단법인 전국은행협회가 사무국이 되어 가이드라인 책 정을 위해 검토를 시작하였고 2022년 3월 4일, 중소기업의 사업재생등 에 관한 가이드라인 이 공표되어, 4월 15일부터 시행되었다. 또, 같은 달 1일에는 중소기업의 사업재생등에 관한 가이드라인 Q&A 가 공표되었 다. 연구회에서는 포스트 코로나를 생각할 때 중소기업의 생산성을 높 이기 위해서도 사업재생지원은 중요하므로 이 기회에 중소기업과 금융 기관 양쪽의 입장을 근거로 한 사회적 합의로서의 지침을 책정하는 것 은 큰 의미를 가진다고 보았으며, 가이드라인 자체는 법적 구속력은 없 으나 채무자인 중소기업자, 채권자인 금융기관 등 및 기타 이해관계인 에 의해 자발적으로 준수될 것으로 기대하고 있다. 이와 같은 가이드라인 책정의 의의로서 첫 번째는 채무자인 중소기업 자와 채권자인 금융기관이 서로의 입장을 잘 이해하고 공통인식 하에 지속적이고 양호한 신뢰관계를 구축함에 의해 중소기업금융의 원활화 와 중소기업자의 라이프스테이지에 맞춘 경영개선 등의 대처가 가능해 지고 중소기업자의 지속적 성장이 실현된다는 것을 확인한 점과 코로나 등에 의해 과잉채무를 안고 곤경에 처한 중소기업자가 신속하고 유연하 게 사업재생 등에 임할 수 있도록 중소기업자의 특성이나 실태를 감안 하여 중립적이고 공정·공평한 제3자지원전문가가 사업재생계획 및 변 제계획의 상당성과 경제합리성을 검증하는 새로운 준칙형 중소기업판 사적정리절차 를 정한 것이라고 할 수 있겠다. 우리 정부도 예전에 IMF로부터의 요구에 따라 도산법 개정 요구를 받아들여 도산 3법 통합 및 개정작업 시에 일본과 유사한 중소기업의 원활한 회생을 위한 논의가 있었으며 당시 개정의견의 개진을 위해 연 구보고서가 제출되어 검토되었다. 현재 중소기업의 회생과 관련하여 중 소벤처기업부와 중소벤처기업진흥공단의 중소기업 회생컨설팅 사업인 ‘재도전 주요 지원사업’과 중소기업중압회의 중소기업공제기금 등을 들 수 있는데 이와 같은 선택적인 지원사업과 공제기금 등으로 지원해주는 것도 중요하지만 어려움에 직면한 중소기업자에게 직접적인 솔루션을 제시할 수 있는 채권금융기관과의 논의를 통한 방안도 도움이 될 것으 로 보인다. 우리나라도 2019년 이후 코로나로 인하여 수많은 중소기업 자들이 비즈니스를 영위하는데 있어 어려움을 겪었으며 그 과정에서 회 생이나 폐업을 고려했을 것으로 판단된다. 중소기업자들의 회생과 폐업 등의 고려 시에 채권금융기관과의 논의의 기준이 될 수 있는 가이드라 인이 금융당국을 통해 마련된다면 우리 경제에도 기여할 수 있을 것이 라 생각되어 본고에서는 최근 공표된 일본의 중소기업의 사업재생 등에 관한 가이드라인을 소개하고자 한다.

The Japanese Bankers Association, a general corporation in Japan, began a review to set guidelines as a secretariat, and on March 4, 2022, the Guidelines for Business Regeneration of Small and Medium Businesses(SMEs) were announced and took effect on April 15. In addition, on the 1st of the same month, the Guidelines for Business Regeneration of SMEs Q&A were announced. Considering the post-COVID-19 pandemic, the research group judged that it is important to support SMEs' business regeneration in order to increase SMEs' productivity. The research group also saw that it was very meaningful to set guidelines as a social consensus based on both SMEs and financial institutions. Although the Guidelines themselves are not legally binding, they are expected to be voluntarily complied with by SMEs as debtors, financial institutions as creditors, and other interested parties. As the significance of such guidelines, the first was to confirm that the debtor SME and the creditor financial institution understood each other's position well and established a continuous and good relationship of trust based on common awareness, thereby facilitating SME financing and improving SMEs' business management tailored to their lifestage, and realizing SMEs' sustainable growth. The second significance is that a neutral, fair, and equitable third-party support expert, who is in trouble due to excessive debt owed by COVID-19, established a new rule-based "Private Reorganization Procedure for SMEs" that verifies the reasonableness and economic rationality of the business regeneration plan and repayment plan, taking into account the characteristics and actual conditions of the SMEs owners. In the past, the Korean government accepted the request to revise the bankruptcy law at the request of the IMF, and there were discussions for the smooth rehabilitation of small and medium-sized enterprises similar to Japan during the integration and revision of the three bankruptcy laws, and a research report was submitted and reviewed to express the opinion on the revision at the time. Currently, regarding the rehabilitation of small and medium-sized enterprises, "major support projects for re-challenge," a small and medium-sized business rehabilitation consulting project by the Ministry of SMEs and Startups and the Korea SMEs and Startups Agency, and the Small and Medium Business Mutual Aid Fund of the Korea Federation of Small and Medium Business are cited. It is also important to provide such selective support projects and deduction funds, but it is also expected to be helpful to discuss with creditor financial institutions that can directly present solutions to small and medium-sized enterprises facing difficulties. In Korea, since 2019, COVID-19 has made it difficult for many small and medium-sized companies to run their businesses, and in the process, it is believed that they have considered revival or closure. Considering the rehabilitation and closure of small and medium-sized enterprises, if a guideline that can serve as a basis for discussions with creditor financial institutions is prepared through the financial authorities, it will contribute to the Korean economy as well. Therefore, this paper introduces the guidelines on the rehabilitation of small and medium-sized enterprises in Japan, which was recently announced.

본 연구는 Chat GPT 활용 학습을 통한 지각된 가치와 혁신성이 학습성과에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 진행되었다. 연구대상자는 K여자대학교 치위생학과, 미 용과학과, 보건행정학과에 재학 중인 학생으로서 전공수업에 Chat GPT를 활용하고 있는 대학생들을 대상으로 2024년 3월 8일부터 2024년 6월 20일까지 설문조 사를 실시하여 설문에 참여한 160명을 최종 대상자로 선정하였다. 통계분석은 SPSS 26과 Process macro 4.2를 이용하였고, 유의수준 .05를 기준으로 유의성 여 부를 판단하였다. 연구 결과는 지각된 가치가 높을수록 학습성과가 높은 것으로 판단되고, 지각된 가치는 혁신성이 높을수록 학습성과가 높은 것으로 판단되며, 지 각된 가치가 높은 경우 이용 용이성이 높을수록 학습효과가 높은 것으로 나타났다. 결론적으로 Chat GPT 활용 학습의 지각된 가치가 높을수록 학습성과가 높은 것 으로 판단할 수 있었다. Chat GPT를 사용하여 학생들이 자신의 과업을 수행할 때 활용할 수 있도록 Chat GPT 활용 가이드라인을 제공하는 방안을 마련한다면 그 활용도는 더욱 커질 것으로 보여진다. 또한 Chat GPT를 사용하는 사람의 역할과 역량이 중요한 만큼 이를 다루는 사람에게 오류, 정보 유출, 저작권 침해 등과 같 은 문제점을 인지시켜 올바른 사용을 유도함으로서 안전한 사용으로 그 활용도를 더욱 강화하는 방안에 대한 연구가 활발하게 이루어질 필요가 있다.

This study was conducted to investigate the impact of perceived value and innovation through learning using Chat GPT on learning outcomes. The subjects of the study were undergraduate students enrolled in the Departments of Dental Hygiene, Beauty Science, and Health Administration at K Women's University, and conducted a survey on students who utilized ChatGPT for their major courses. The survey was conducted from March 8, 2024 to June 20, 2024, and a total of 160 respondents were selected. This study used SPSS 26 and Process Macro 4.2 for statistical analysis, and determined the statistical significance with a significance level of 0.05. According to the analysis results, higher perceived value was correlated with better learning outcomes. In addition, higher innovativeness in perceived value was associated with better learning outcomes. Furthermore, higher perceived value and higher ease of use were linked to higher learning effects. These results can serve as Higher perceived value was correlated with better learning outcomes. The findings suggest that providing students with guidelines on how to utilize ChatGPT in their learning assignments will further enhance the usability of ChatGPT. Moreover, considering the importance of the role and competence of ChatGPT users, it is necessary to conduct further studies to raise awareness of the potential issues, such as errors, information leakage, and copyright infringement, and encourage proper and safe use to strengthen the utilization of ChatGPT.

구강악안면고정용판은 일반적으로 교통사고, 산업재해 등으로 인한 구강/악안면 부위의 골절 또는 파손 시 뼈 를 고정시키기 위해 사용하는 의료기기이며, 최근에는 안면부의 성형 또는 교정에도 사용되는 등 적용범위가 점점 넓 어지고 있다. 이러한 다양한 사용목적에 따라 그에 맞는 다양한 형태의 구강악안면고정용판이 개발되어 시장에 출시 되고 있으며, 이를 반영하여 국내 품목고시 및 관련 국제규격도 새로이 개정된 바 있다. 이러한 추세에 발맞추어 국 제 조화된 ‘구강악안면고정용판의 성능 시험방법 가이드라인’을 개정하여 발간하고자, 본 연구를 통해 1) 국제규격 등 관련 현황 조사, 2) 구강악안면고정용판에 적합한 시험항목 및 시험방법 도출, 3) 타당성 검증을 위한 시험을 수행하 였다. 본 연구결과를 통해 개정된 가이드라인은 허가심사의 일관성 강화 및 의료기기 품질 향상에 기여할 것으로 기대된다.

Bone plates in oral and maxillofacial surgery are used for fixation of fractured bone fragments after traffic or industrial accidents. Recently, they have also been used for plastic and cosmetic surgery in the facial region. Many forms of oral & maxillofacial fixation plate have been developed and marketed according to their specific applications. In response to this, domestic medical device notification and related international standards have been newly revised. According to this trend, we are revising and publishing the international harmonized ‘Performance evaluation guideline for bone plates in maxillofacial surgery’. In this work, the following items are researched: 1) the present status of releated international standards and guidelines, 2) identification of test methods suitable for bone plates in oral and maxillofacial fixation, and 3) research for feasibility study. There revised guidelines will contribute to enhancing the consistency of permission and the quality of medical devices.

In response to the popularity of subjects integrating reading and writing, many universities are offering and operating such courses. Because of lack of materials for guiding such classes, however, there should be active relevant research and discussions. Thus, this study purposed to examine the operation of Classic Reading and Writing offered as a reading-writing integrated course at Ewha Womans’ University and to survey the students and their actual writings, expecting outcomes useful to set guidelines for reading-writing integrated classes. According to the results of the questionnaire survey, students wanted to expand their thoughts through reading classics, but the methods of reading texts and developing their writings were passive, focusing on the theme consciousness of the original texts. This suggests the need of the teacher’s guidance in interpreting classics, raising issues for expanding thoughts, etc. With regard to how to quote original texts and to add their interpretations, moreover, students were still poor as evidenced by the limited use of a few specific predicatives or failure to introduce various expressions different from their writing of academic essays, but it was encouraging that they seemed to be familiar with the conventional rules of academic essays as suggested by the adequate use of self-quoted phrases.

본 연구는 초등교사들이 교육이론을 현장에 적용해본 경험을 바탕으로 교육이론의 현장 유 용성에 대해 어떻게 인식하고 있는지를 알아본 연구이다. 연구문제는 첫째, 초등교사들은 교육이론을 무엇이라고 생각하는가? 둘째, 초등교사들은 교 육이론의 현장 유용성에 대해 어떻게 인식하는가? 이다. 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 초등교사들은 교육이론을 교육현장에서 아동을 지도하는데 알아야하는 기본적인 지식과 지침으로 생각하였다. 둘째, 교사의 배경변인에 따른 교육이론의 현장 유용성에 대한 인식차이에서는 교직경력과 학력 변인이 p＜.05수준에서 유의미한 결과 를 보였으며, 초등교사의 51.8%가 교육이론이 현장에 유용하다고 긍정적으로 인식하였다. 이와 같은 연구결과를 통해 다음과 같은 결론에 도달하였다. 첫째, 초등교사들은 교육이론을 교육행위를 위한 기본 지식과 지침으로 이해하며, 어떤 문 제에 직면했을 때 교육이론이 실제적 지침으로서 그 상황에 최선의 선택을 하도록 도움을 주 기를 바란다. 둘째, 반성적 실천을 동반한 교사의 다양한 경험은 교육이론의 유용성 인식에 중요한 영향을 미치며, 실천적 지식으로서의 교육이론의 토대가 된다.

This study is on elementary school teachers' awareness for the usefulness of educational theories based on the experience of applying the educational theory to the field. To achieve the purpose of the study, the following questions are made as below. First, what do elementary school teachers think about the educational theory? Secondly, what are elementary school teachers aware of the usefulness of educational theories? The result are same as follows. First, teachers think the educational theories are the basic and essential knowledges in order to teach children in the educational field. Secondly, for the difference of awareness according to background variable of teacher, the significant level of p<. 05 were shown in the educational career experience and academic degree variables. Based on these findings, the conclusions are as follows. First, elementary school teachers understand the educational theory as basic knowledge and guidelines for educational act. The educational theories are expected to be helpful for teachers to make the best decision for the situation, as practical guidelines of how to act. Secondly, elementary school teachers with longer educational career experience rates highly on usefulness of educational theory. It means that educational career experiences affect awareness for the usefulness of educational theories.

9. 11테러 이후 건축 설계에는 테러예방을 위한 안전요소가 필수적으로 고려되고 있지만 이 때문에 건물의 본래의 용도와 미적 측면, 비용, 기능, 견고성을 해쳐서는 안 되는 것도 사실이다. 또한 건물의 고유한 특성을 염두에 두지 않고 모든 건물에 대해 단일한 보호대책을 제시하는 것도 바람직하지는 않다. 따라서 현대 건물의 다양성과 복합성을 고려해 볼 때, 테러예방은 건축계가 풀어야 할 가장 중요한 과제이 다. 이 연구는 건물주․건축가․기술자 등이 건물의 안전을 위한 최선의 테러예방 대책을 마련하는데 도움을 주기 위한 것이다. 따라서 제시된 각각의 가이드라인들은 법적 강제사항이 아닌 자율적 선택사항으로, 건물들이 직면한 테러위협에 대한 아주 작은 해결책에 불과하다. 게다가 모든 건물에 적용 가능한 획일적인 테러예방 대책은 이 세상에 없다는 점에서 볼 때 가장 효과적인 테러 예방대책은 특정 건물이 직면한 테러위협을 정확하게 평가하고 취약요소를 보완하는 것이다. 다만 각국의 테러예방을 위한 환경설계의 가이드라인을 참고하여 우리나라 실정에 맞는 기준과 설계를 통하여 향후 발생할지도 모르는 테러위협에 대하여 효과적으로 대응할 수 있는 기본 자료로 활용되고자 하는 것이 이 연구의 목적이다.

After the 9/11 terrorist attacks, during building designing, safety is considered as an essential requirement to protect against terrors. However, it is also true that such the consideration shall not interfere with the intended use of a building, its aesthetic aspects, construction costs, functions and strengths. And it is not desirable to take uniform protective measures against terrors for all buildings while giving no consideration to proper characteristics of them. Anyhow, in the light of the diversity and complexity of modern buildings, the most important issue to be tackled by the construction industry is preventing terrors. This research aims to help building owners, architects and/or construction engineers to map out the best anti-terror measures to keep buildings safe and secure from any terrorist attacks. Therefore, each of the guidelines suggested here is not to be legally enforced but voluntarily followed and is no more than a tiny solution to the terrorist threats some buildings are faced with. Moreover, seeing that there is no standardized anti-terror measure applicable to all buildings, it is assured that the most effective measure is to correctly evaluate the terrorist threats a specific building encounters and wisely complement vulnerable elements. It is expected that the results of this research will be utilized as a basic material to cope effectively with possible terrorist threats which are likely to happen in the future, in the manner of referring to the guidelines for environmental design set up by other countries to prevent terrors and formulating criteria and designs suitable to actual conditions of South Korea.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the recognition and performance rates about the safety rules on hazardous drugs among the selected pharmacists. The 160 pharmacists working in 4 general hospitals and in the other 4 institutions specialized in the oncology division were surveyed through mail. Among the 137 respondents to the survey (response rate 85.6%), 111 pharmacists (81%) had recognized the terms of ‘azardous drugs’ In categories of vaccines and hormones, the degrees of the recognition rate were much lower than the cytotoxic medications. It was surveyed that the degree of recognition and performance of safety rules on injectable drugs were higher than the disposal and noninjectable medications. The higher recognition rate of the safety rules made the higher degree of performance. These results were expected to provide the incentive for guidelines on handling hazardous drugs based on Korean healthcare system.

Purpose: This analysis aims to propose guidelines for artificial intelligence (AI) research ethics in scientific publications, intending to inform publishers and academic institutional policies in order to guide them toward a coherent and consistent approach to AI research ethics. Methods: A literature-based thematic analysis was conducted. The study reviewed the publication policies of the top 10 journal publishers addressing the use of AI in scholarly publications as of October 2024. Thematic analysis using ATLAS.ti identified themes and subthemes across the documents, which were consolidated into proposed research ethics guidelines for using generative AI and AI-assisted tools in scholarly publications. Results: The analysis revealed inconsistencies among publishers’ policies on AI use in research and publications. AI-assisted tools for grammar and formatting are generally accepted, but positions vary regarding generative AI tools used in pre-writing and research methods. Key themes identified include author accountability, human oversight, recognized and unrecognized uses of AI tools, and the necessity for transparency in disclosing AI usage. All publishers agree that AI tools cannot be listed as authors. Concerns involve biases, quality and reliability issues, compliance with intellectual property rights, and limitations of AI detection tools. Conclusion: The article highlights the significant knowledge gap and inconsistencies in guidelines for AI use in scientific research. There is an urgent need for unified ethical standards, and guidelines are proposed for distinguishing between the accepted use of AI-assisted tools and the cautious use of generative AI tools.

Objective: Primary frozen shoulder causes significant pain and progressively restricts shoulder movements. Diagnosis is primarily clinically based on patient history and physical examination. Management is mainly non-invasive owing to its self-limiting clinical course. However, clinical practice guidelines for frozen shoulder have not yet been developed in Korea. The developed guidelines aim to provide evidence-based recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of frozen shoulder.Methods: A guideline development committee reviewed the literature from four databases (PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and KMbase). Using the PICO (Population, Intervention, Comparator, and Outcome) framework, the committee formulated two backgrounds and 16 key questions to address common clinical concerns. Recommendations were made using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation framework.Results: Diabetes, thyroid disease, and dyslipidemia significantly increase the risk of developing a frozen shoulder. Although frozen shoulder is often self-limiting, some patients may experience long-term disabilities. Ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging should be used as adjunctive tools alongside clinical diagnosis, and not as independent diagnostic methods. Noninvasive approaches, such as medications, physical modalities, exercises, electrical stimulation, and manual therapy, may reduce pain and improve shoulder function. Other noninvasive interventions have limited evidence, and their application should be based on clinical judgment. Intra-articular steroid injections are recommended for treatment, and physiotherapy or hydrodilatation with steroid injections can also be beneficial.Conclusion: These guidelines provide evidence-based recommendations for diagnosing and treating primary frozen shoulder.

The Paris Agreement signatories have committed to limit global average temperature increase above pre-industrial levels to below 2℃. Reporting of the greenhouse gas (GHG) inventory is regulated by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Currently, countries are transitioning from the Measurement, Reporting, and Verification reporting system to the Enhanced Transparency Framework (ETF) reporting system. Under the ETF, countries are required to use the 2006 guidelines (GL). This study explored how replacing the 1996 GL with the 2006 GL or the 2019 Refinement impacts the overall GHG inventory from the livestock sector, with Korea as a case study. The result affirmed that changes in guideline led to changes in total estimated emissions. Moving from the 1996 GL to the 2019 Refinement resulted in more significant differences in estimated emissions than moving to the 2006 GL in terms of source-based emissions, annual inventory, or trend. Notably, guidelines’ changes also impacted the proportion of each source’s contribution to total estimated emissions. While applying the most recent guidelines is expected to produce more accurate estimations, consistency with the previous inventory calculated with previously used guidelines should be maintained. Additionally, the changes in the contribution of each source clarifies that although enteric fermentation is the largest contributor of GHGs, relevant mitigations are likely less feasible compared to those related to manure management. This is because of naturally occurring biological processes. Thus, mitigations in manure management are suggested.

Objective: Dysphagia is a common clinical condition characterized by difficulty in swallowing. It is sub-classified into oropharyngeal dysphagia, which refers to problems in the mouth and pharynx, and esophageal dysphagia, which refers to problems in the esophageal body and esophagogastric junction. Dysphagia can have a significant negative impact one’s physical health and quality of life as its severity increases. Therefore, proper assessment and management of dysphagia are critical for improving swallowing function and preventing complications. Thus a guideline was developed to provide evidence-based recommendations for assessment and management in patients with dysphagia. Methods: Nineteen key questions on dysphagia were developed. These questions dealt with various aspects of problems related to dysphagia, including assessment, management, and complications. A literature search for relevant articles was conducted using Pubmed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and one domestic database of KoreaMed, until April 2021. The level of evidence and recommendation grade were established according to the Grading of Recommendation Assessment, Development and Evaluation methodology. Results: Early screening and assessment of videofluoroscopic swallowing were recommended for assessing the presence of dysphagia. Therapeutic methods, such as tongue and pharyngeal muscle strengthening exercises and neuromuscular electrical stimulation with swallowing therapy, were effective in improving swallowing function and quality of life in patients with dysphagia. Nutritional intervention and an oral care program were also recommended. Conclusion: This guideline presents recommendations for the assessment and management of patients with oropharyngeal dysphagia, including rehabilitative strategies.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop evidence-based guidelines on postoperative pain management via the web and to examine the effects in terms of pain level of patients undergoing abdominal surgery and nurses' knowledge of postoperative pain management. Methods: First, evidence-based pain guidelines were developed via the web in a tertiary hospital. Second, a special educational program on evidence-based pain guidelines for nurses was developed after validation of content by experts. Third, diverse strategies were adopted in order to facilitate incorporation of evidence-based pain guidelines in practice. Fourth, nurses in the study units were educated on evidence-based guidelines using the developed educational program for 3 weeks before their implementation of evidence-based pain guidelines to patients. Patients were assigned to the control group (from July 29 to August 20, 2011) and the experimental group (from September 24 to October 25, 2011) according to interrupted time interval. The data were analyzed using chi-square test, analysis of variance test with Scheffe’s test as a post hoc and repeated measure of analysis of variance. Results: Patients in the experimental group showed a significantly lower level of pain. Nurses' knowledge of management of postoperative pain showed a significant increase after installation of evidence-based guidelines. Conclusion: Evidence-based pain guidelines were effective in reducing the pain level of patients as well as improving nurses' knowledge of pain management.

A reporting guideline can be defined as “a checklist, flow diagram, or structured text to guide authors in reporting a specific type of research, developed using explicit methodology.” A reporting guideline outlines the bare minimum of information that must be presented in a research report in order to provide a transparent and understandable explanation of what was done and what was discovered. Many reporting guidelines have been developed, and it has become important to select the most appropriate reporting guideline for a manuscript. Herein, I propose an algorithm for the selection of reporting guidelines. This algorithm was developed based on the research design classification system and the content presented for major reporting guidelines through the EQUATOR (Enhancing the Quality and Transparency of Health Research) network. This algorithm asks 10 questions:“is it a protocol,” “is it secondary research,” “is it an in vivo animal study,” “is it qualitative research,” “is it economic evaluation research,” “is it a diagnostic accuracy study or prognostic research,” “is it quality improvement research,” “is it a non-comparative study,” “is it a comparative study between groups,” and “is it an experimental study?” According to the responses, 16 appropriate reporting guidelines are suggested. Using this algorithm will make it possible to select reporting guidelines rationally and transparently.

Purpose: Data papers are a promising genre of scholarly communication, in which research data are described, shared, and published. Rich documentation of data, including adequate contextual information, enhances the potential of data reuse. This study investigated the extent to which the components of data papers specified by journals represented the types of contextual information necessary for data reuse. Methods: A content analysis of 15 data paper templates/guidelines from 24 data journals indexed by the Web of Science was performed. A coding scheme was developed based on previous studies, consisting of four categories: general data set properties, data production information, repository information, and reuse information. Results: Only a few types of contextual information were commonly requested by the journals. Except data format information and file names, general data set properties were specified less often than other categories of contextual information. Researchers were frequently asked to provide data production information, such as information on the data collection, data producer, and related project. Repository information focused on data identifiers, while information about repository reputation and curation practices was rarely requested. Reuse information mostly involved advice on the reuse of data and terms of use. Conclusion: These findings imply that data journals should provide a more standardized set of data paper components to inform reusers of relevant contextual information in a consistent manner. Information about repository reputation and curation could also be provided by data journals to complement the repository information provided by the authors of data papers and to help researchers evaluate the reusability of data.

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the perceived importance and performance of evidence-basedclinical practice guidelines (EBCPG) for venous thromboembolism (VTE) prevention among nurses inorthopedic hospitals. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted among 188 nurses in three orthopedichospitals in South Korea. Participants rated the importance and performance of 110 EBCPG for VTEprevention items across 10 domains using a 5-point Likert scale. Importance-performance analysis wasutilized to identify gaps and prioritize areas for improvement. Results: The mean importance and performance scores for EBCPG for VTE prevention were 4.02 and 3.67,respectively, revealing a statistically significant gap (t ¼ 10.67, p < .001). Differences were observedacross domains, with “General interventions for VTE prevention” showing the highest scores for bothimportance and performance, while “VTE prevention for cancer patients” and “VTE prevention for surgicalpatients” exhibited the largest gaps. Conclusion: The findings highlight the need for targeted strategies to bridge the gap between theperceived importance and performance of EBCPG for VTE prevention, particularly in domains withsignificant performance deficiencies. Tailored education and institutional support are recommended toenhance guideline utilization and improve patient outcomes in orthopedic hospitals.

Purpose: Authors of scholarly writing are underrepresented in discussions about improving the academic publishing system. The objective of this study was to assess the possibility of harmonizing manuscript preparation and the submission guidelines of journals by assessing the opinions of dental faculty members who worked in the state of Andhra Pradesh, India. Methods: A cross-sectional survey of 1,286 participants from 16 dental schools in Andhra Pradesh was conducted from March 15, 2021 to April 15, 2021. The questionnaire addressed the participants’ demographic details and perspectives on the guidelines for manuscript preparation and the need to harmonize those guidelines with the publication process. The online questionnaire was generated using Google Forms and consisted of six dichotomous, one multiple-choice, and seven Likert scale items. Descriptive statistics were obtained. Results: Of the 894 (69.5%) dental faculty members who responded, 448 (50.1%) were not aware of the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors’ guidelines for manuscript preparation and submission. During the manuscript revision process, 792 (95.5%) had experienced difficulty with the variation in author guidelines for each journal, especially the guidelines for formatting tables, reference style, and citation of references in-text. The idea of a standardized template for manuscript preparation and submission was supported by 800 respondents (86.7%). Conclusion: Dental faculty members in India experienced difficulty in manuscript preparation for medical journals due to the differing editorial policies among journals. Therefore, a standardized template providing uniformity in style and format is needed.