Earticle

영화에서 기본이 되는 쇼트의 화면구성은 인물의 배치와 동선 및 공간의 깊이로 의미와 서사의 흐름을 창출할 수 있다. 편집을 하지 않고 제한 된 화면영역 안에서 의미를 압축적으로 담아내기 위해서는 소품을 이용해 공간의 확장을 시도하거나 화면 안의 배치를 통해 마치 몽타주처럼 여러 장면이 연결되는 효과를 내기도 한다. 영화 <헤어질 결심>은 형사와 용의 자라는 위치에서 만난 두 주인공이 각자의 욕망을 감추고 틈틈이 노출하 는 내적 갈등 속에서 외부 세계의 규범과도 부딪히는 이중적 갈등을 다룬 다. 그들 사이 심리적 상황이 서사의 중심을 이루는 이 영화는 대사만으 로 그 내용을 풀어내지 않고, 시각적인 장면으로 압축시켜 구체화한다. 본 논문은 <헤어질 결심>에서 주요 인물들의 내면성 표출을 위해 활용된 장면 연출의 전략 중 두 가지에 주목했다. 거울 이미지의 의미와 내적 몽 타주 기법이다. 거울 이미지는 거울의 반영적 특성과 라캉의 거울 단계 이론을 바탕으로 주체와 자아의 분열과 타자와의 상상적 관계로 이해해 보고, 내적 몽타주 장치는 하나의 장면 안에서 관계의 긴장감과 공간적 거리를 보여주는 역할에 주목한다.

The composition of a short, which is fundamental to cinema, can create meaning and narrative flow through the placement and movement of characters and the depth of space. In order to compress the meaning within a limited screen area without editing, the director tries to expand the space by using props or create the effect of connecting multiple scenes like a montage through the placement on the screen. <Decision to Leave> is a film about the dual conflicts of two protagonists who meet in the position of detective and suspect, each hiding their desires and exposing them at intervals, while clashing with the rules of the outside world. The psychological situation between them is at the centre of the narrative, and the film does not resolve its content through dialogue alone, but compresses it into visual scenes. This paper focuses on two of the strategies in the film that are used to show the interiority of the main characters: the meaning of mirror image and the technique of inner montage. Based on the reflective nature of mirrors and Lacan's theory of the mirror stage, the mirror image is understood as the split between the subject and the self and the imagined relationship with the other, while the inner montage device is used to show the tension and spatial distance of relationships within a single scene.

This paper looked at speech level shifts which appear at sentence-ends in discourse from the Japanese dubbed version of Winter Sonata, a South Korean television drama series as well as how the use of shifts differ between Korean and Japanese versions depending on drama characters’ gender. Speech levels at sentence-ends, which alter in the development of discourse, reflect speakers’ politeness. Previous studies have shown the difference in basic speech levels and the ways they shift between Korean and Japanese conversations. This study tried to examine how gender is engaged in speech level shifts depending on characters’ emotional distance based on previous studies. This study found that speech levels, characters’ emotional distance, and their age are all interconnected in both Korean and Japanese conversations. In both situations, characters of the same age in close relationship used non-polite form as their basic speech level while they used polite form when their relationship is not intimate. Even though basic speech levels were the same between Korean and Japanese versions, speech levels were changed more frequently in the Japanese dubbed version. In the Japanese version, both male and female characters were found to be shifting their speech levels more freely when changes in their emotional distance were observed. Specifically, male characters altered their speech levels more frequently when they felt detached from their counterparts while female characters did so in intimate relationships.

本稿では、韓国ドラマ『冬のソナタ』の日本語ダビング版を分析対象に、主人公ら(ジュンサンとユジン)の会話の文末におけるスピーチレベルシフト(speech level shift)と韓-日翻訳の様相を性差の観点から考察した。スピーチレベルシフトとは、文末において待遇の役割を担う文体、つまり、スピーチレベルが発話の展開中にシフトされることを意味する。しかし、日韓の会話では話者の基本スピーチレベルとスピーチレベルシフトの運用に差が見られることが指摘されてきた。本稿では、これまでの先行研究の結果を踏まえ、とりわけ、人物の性差がスピーチレベルシフトの運用にどのように介入しているのかをドラマの展開における人物間の心的距離の伸び縮みとの関連から考察した。分析結果、韓日の会話両方で年齢差のない対等な関係で親密度の高い人物間だという設定下では普通体(常体)が、そして、心的距離が伸び新密度がゼロから再スタートするという区間では、丁寧体(敬体)が基本スピーチレベルし設定され、スピーチレベルと人物の心的距離、年齢などの条件が連動していることが窺える。つまり、韓国語と日本語の基本スピーチレベルに差はなかったが、日本語版でスピーチレベルシフトがより活発に発生していることに違いがある。相手への心的距離に変化が見られる場面で男女話者両方の日本語の会話でスピーチレベルシフトがより頻繁に発生していた。性差による運用の違いとしては、男性話者は心的距離が伸びている場面でのシフトの運用に積極的だった一方、女性話者は高い親密感が前提された状況でよりシフトをダイナミックに運用していることを指摘できる。

본고는 친구간의 LINE에서의 일본어모어화자, 특히 간사이 방언 화자의 스피치 레벨 시프트의 기능을 폴라이트니스의 관점으로 고찰하였다. 분석 방법은 발화의 문 말을 P(Politeness form), -P(-Polite formⅠ), -PⅡ(-Polite formⅡ), N(Non politeness form), NM(No maker)의 5가지로 분류하였다. 분석 자료에서 추출된 업 시프트 발화 를 장면 별로 분류한 결과, 의뢰, 자청･약속, 이해, 감사, 질문, 인사, 보고, 사과, 권 유의 9가지 장면이 관찰되었고, 그 중에서도 의뢰, 자청･약속, 이해 장면 등이 특히 많았다. 의뢰 장면에서 관찰된 업 시프트 발화에서는 주로 3가지의 특징을 확인할 수 있었다. 첫 번째는 의뢰의 부담도에 따라 발화의 정중도를 조절한다는 점이다. 두 번째는 점원과 손님을 연기하는 것 같은 표현이 사용된다는 점, 세 번째는 경어 에 종조사를 부가함으로써 발화의 정중도를 조절한다는 점이다. 자청･약속 장면에서 는 네거티브 폴라이트니스 스트래티지와 포지티브 폴라이트니스 스트래티지 모두가 관찰되었다. 이는 상대방의 발화를 예측하며 먼저 자청함으로써 상대방의 부담을 줄 이는 기능으로 사용되고 있었다. 또한 연락에 관한 발화가 세 건 관찰되었고, 그 발 화에서 변형경어가 사용되고 있었다. 이 외에도 대화를 끝내고 싶을 때에 업 시프트 를 사용하여 상대방의 네거티브 페이스 침해를 경감하고 있었다. 이해 장면에서는 “はい”를 포함하는 발화와 “わかりました”를 포함하는 발화가 많이 관찰되었고, 장음 이나 종조사를 부가함으로써 상대방에게 냉정한 인상을 주는 것을 피하고 있었다.

This article analyzes the shift in the speech level of native Japanese speakers, and especially speakers of the Kansai dialect, when using LINE, a free chatting application. Upshift utterances were classified in 9 different scenes, despite noting that several upshift utterances did not fit any of those scenes. More specifically, particular attention is paid to request, offer/promise, and understanding scenes in which upshift utterances were abundantly found. A request scene consists of 3 distinct features. First, speakers controlled the speech level, which subsequently influenced the burden on hearers. Second, the speakers and the hearers participated in a customer/clerklike situation. Lastly, the speakers tended to add sentence final particles to honorifics in order to control the speech level. An offer/promise scene presents both negative and positive politeness strategies. The speakers assumed the hearers' utterances and offered the hearers' expected utterances before the hearers' response in order to reduce their burden. Furthermore, there were 3 utterances that included the word “contact,” in which one of them employed a transformational honorific. Additionally, the speakers used upshift utterances to protect themselves against hearers' negative facial expressions when they intended terminating their chat. An understanding scene consisted of many utterances that included “Yes” and “Understand.” Moreover, the speakers added long sounds or sentencefinal particles to honorifics in order to avoid being indifferent toward the hearers.

어휘는 형태, 음성, 의미의 세 가지 요소로 구성된다. 이 중 시대의 변화와 언어 환경에 가장 민감하게 반응하고 변화되는 것이 의미이다. 어휘의 의미는 다시 ‘사전적 의미’, ‘구조적 의미’, ‘감정적 의미’ 세 가지로 나눌 수 있다. 본고에서는 중국어 어휘를 ‘감정적 의미’의 관점에서 ‘포의사(褒义词)’, ‘폄의사(贬义词)’, ‘중성사(中性詞)’로 나누고 폄의사의 포의화 현상을중심으로 이들의 사전적 기본 의미가 왜 감정적 의미로 변이되어 새로운 뜻 갈래가 생성되었는지 그 변이 현상의 유형과 특징을 분석하였다. 폄의사의 포의화란 어떤 사람과 사물에 대하여 폄하, 비난, 비웃음, 혐오, 무시 등의 부정적 느낌을 내포한 어휘가 칭찬, 긍정, 사랑스러움, 부러움, 존경스러움 등을 표현하는 의미로 변하는 것을 일컫는다. 이에 그 유형을 최근 들어그 의미 변이 현상이 두드러진 ‘妖怪’류, ‘사람 및 행위’류, ‘동물’류, ‘집단’류 네 가지로 로 나누어 살펴보았다. 다양한 예를 통하여 살펴본 결과 그 변이 현상의 배경과 원인은 바로 사회의 변화와 사람들의 가치관과 심미관이 변하였고 사물을 바라보는 관념이 다양해졌기 때문임을 알 수 있었다. 언어는 사회의 변화에 따라 변한다. 과학이 발전하고 경제 수준이 증가하면서 생활 습관도 달라진다. 이에 동일한 사물이라도 사회가 다양해짐에 따라 사물의 특징을 나타내는 의미 역시 다양해진다. 이에 중국어 어휘의 의미 변이 현상에 대한 연구는 급변하는중국 사회와 문화를 읽는 중요한 코드라고 할 수 있다. 그러므로 국내에서도 기존의 단편적인한·중 한자어의 의미 대조 연구를 넘어 사회·문화언어학적 관점에서 통시적, 공시적인 연구가활발해져야 할 것이다.

Vocabulary is composed of three factors, i.e. form, voice, and meaning. Among them, meaning responds and changes according to the change of the period and language environment the most sensitively. Meaning of vocabulary again can be divided into three, ‘lexical meaning’, ‘structural meaning’, and ‘emotional meaning’. This research analyzed the type of the transformation phenomenon and characteristic that why the lexical basic meaning were transformed to emotional meaning and generated new meaning section mainly with the phenomenon that pejorative terms were used as commendatory terms by dividing Chinese vocabulary into ‘commendatory terms’, ‘pejorative terms’, and ‘neuter terms’ from the ‘emotional meaning’ viewpoint. Transformation of pejorative terms to commendatory terms means that the vocabulary of negative sense such as derogation, criticism, ridicule, hatred, disregard, etc. on a certain person or object are transformed to the meaning that expresses compliment, affirmation, loveliness, enviousness, respectableness, etc. Here, this research investigated the type by dividing into four types, i.e. ‘妖怪’ type, which recently shows the semantic transformation phenomenon remarkably, ‘human and behavior’ type, ‘animal’ type, and ‘group’ type. As the result of investigating through various examples, the background and cause of that transformation phenomenon was because society and human values and view of aesthetics have changed and concept to view the objects has diversified. Language changes along with the change of society. As science develops and economic level increases, life habit also changes. Here, even the same object diversifies the meaning of expressing the characteristic of object along with the diversification of society. Therefore, research on semantic transformation phenomenon of Chinese vocabulary can be said to be an important code to read rapidly changing Chinese society and culture. Therefore, in domestic also, it is necessary to activate diachronic and synchronic research from the social·culture linguistic viewpoint beyond the existing fragmentary research on lexical contrastive research on Chinese character in Korea·China.

In the last 10 years, Korean literature has drawn substantial attention from the global book publishing industry, with “K-Literature” and the “Korean Wave in Literature” entering the lexicon. Since Please Look After Mom by Shin Kyung-sook won the Man Asian Literary Prize in 2011, many Korean novels have won internationally renowned literary awards one after another, with an unprecedented amount of publishing rights sales to markets across the world. This indicates that Korean literature has shown potential as a new type of content for the Korean wave, and has entered the arena of international literature, shedding the tag of local literature. This study examines the Spanish translations of Korean literary works that have led the shift and the characteristics of their publishing in order to understand the changes in the translation of Korean literature into Spanish. Based on the analysis of the data from Overseas Translation Support Program (2001-2021) of the Literature Translation Institute of Korea, a government-funded program for promoting translation and publishing of Korean literary works, this study identifies three major characteristics in the translation of K-Novels in Spanish-speaking countries: a) change in the role and status of English as an intermediary language for literature, b) change in translators, and tentatively, c) the potential for a system in which the works of a specific writer are translated by the same translator.

본 연구의 목적은 신자유주의로 비롯된 한국의 규제정책이 경찰규제에 미친 영향을 비판적 시각에서 검토하고 그에 따른 개선방안을 모색하는 것에 있다. 경찰청과 규제개혁위원회 통계자료 등을 연구자료로 활용하여 다음과 같은 대안을 제시하였다. 첫째, 정부규제정책 대상영역에서 경찰규제의 사회적 항목들은 제외시킬 필요가 있다. 사회적 성격의 경찰규제들이 형사사무와 중복되어 있기 때문이다. 행정규제기본법상 형사사무의 문제는 규제의 예외로 정하고 있다. 이중적 제한규정의 방치는 규제의 명확성을 약화시킬 수 있다. 행정규제기본법 제3조 제2항의 규제의 예외사항에 ‘치안 안전을 위한 필수적 조치에 관한 사항’의 조항신설이 필요하다. 둘째, 통합을 통해 표면적으로만 완화된 경찰규제들에 대해 재검토해야 한다. 행정규제를 입안하는 경우 규제순응의 실효성을 검토해야 한다. 단일 규제명에 다양한 조항을 결합하는 것은 이행 당사자들로 하여금 혼란을 초래할 수 있다. 또한 사회 환경의 변화에 대처하기 위해 규제는 유연할수록 유리하다. 그런데 다양한 법령을 통합한 형태의 규제는 경직성을 갖게 된다. 규제개혁위원회에서 정하고 있는 규제등록 지침에서도 규제등록은 법령 등의 조항별로 단위를 구분하도록 명시하고 있다. 경찰규제의 통합적 형태의 개별화 작업은 시급히 개선될 사항이라 할 수 있다. 셋째, 경찰규제의 품질향상을 위해 규제평가 항목을 이용한 점검이 필요하다. 이를 위해 경찰규제의 투명성, 책임성, 전문성 등과 같은 기준과 그에 따른 하위 항목을 구체적으로 수립하고 효율적인 이행체계를 수립해야 할 것이다.

This study inspected negative effect that government regulation policy influence police regulation by neoliberalism regime. It shows in full detail for public order reinforcement with analyzing statistical data. They may be divided into three types. In first place, social item of police regulation must consider discontinuance. Problem of penal case excepts in regulation on administration regulation fundamental law. By the way, police regulations of social are overlaped with criminal case. Neglect of duplication regulation deteriorates in definitude of regulation. In addition, administration regulation fundamental law need to add 'content about essential action for society safety' for duplication problem of police social regulation. In second place, Reappraisal is required to integration regulation of police. When make a plan administration regulation, must examine effectiveness of regulation adaptation. Combine of articles can raise confusion to people. Also, control need to be soft to cope in change of social environment. By the way, consolidated regulation stiffened by various legislation. Also, regulation registration is doing to divide and registers unit to article of statute that is decided at regulation innovation board. Combined police restriction can speak as item that is improved actively. Finally, Police regulation need seeking for high quality of police regulation. Police regulation have better set standard such as improve transparency, accountability, professionalism.

Purpose: This qualitative study aimed to explore clinical nurses' experience with desirable handoffs, competencies, and strategies for desirable handoffs. Methods: Between March 4 and June 10, 2023, 13 nurses working shifts in general or tertiary hospitals were divided into two groups. Data were collected through focus group interviews and analyzed using conventional content analysis through coding and thematic identification. Results: Three themes emerged regarding the desired handoff experience: "handoff that allows accurate identification of patient status," "handoff with less time and effort," and "handoff that allows inspection to prevent patient safety accidents." Four competencies required for a desirable handoff were followed: "ability to identify key information," "information utilization," "logical information delivery ability," and "the attitude of trust and respect." Five themes were derived regarding desirable handoff strategies: "understanding standard treatment and nursing processes for each clinical case," "rehearsal and feedback for handoffs," "presenting standards for a desirable handoff," "continuous handoff education," and "ensuring uninterrupted time and space." Conclusion: This study identified desirable handoffs, competencies, and strategies for hospital nurses. This study is significant because it provides basic data for developing an effective handoff program for new nurses.

Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of shift work on occupational safety in various industrial sectors. The study analyzes the effects of shift work on the health of workers by considering factors such as the workplace environment and welfare. Methods: Focusing on the $4^{th}$ Korean Working Conditions Survey, this study used an ordinary least-square multiple regression analysis. The dependent variable was the annual frequency of injuries reported by workers. Independent variables were categorized as demographic, shift work, workplace environment, and welfare variables. The analysis was conducted on two levels: 1) Shift work and nonshift work groups were compared, and 2) Shift work was compared with fixed and rotating shifts. Results: For the entire group, age, a low level of education, work hours, and daily and dispatch work negatively impacted the frequency of injuries. Shift work was negatively affected by workplace environment and welfare factors. In the shift group, the frequency of injuries was lower than that of regular workers, and the higher the autonomy in the choice of work hours, the lower the frequency of injuries. Furthermore, shift workers in Korea have more extended work hours (49.25 h/week) than other workers (46.34 h/week). Conclusion: Overall, welfare factors such as workplace satisfaction and worke-life balance reduced the frequency of injuries. The effect of shift work was limited, but it was confirmed that shift worker autonomy could reduce the frequency of injuries.

(Purpose) Three-shift work has long been cast in a negative light by much of the extant literature, which verifies associated physical and mental disorders. However, since the COVID-19 pandemic, employees in such industries, where three-shift work has been mandatorily adopted, have changed their perceptions about three-shift work, recognizing it as a new form of work. This perception changes about three-shift work may be especially enhanced for young nurses. Therefore, we strive to prove the effectiveness of three-shift work and its impact on the relationship between work environment and job performance. (Design/methodology/approach) This study conducts a series of ordinary least squares (OLS) regression models using survey data for nurses from a large hospital in South Korea. (Findings)We find that work environment has a positive influence on nurses’ job performance. However, we cannot discern any consistent findings that work environment positively affects job performance for young nurses in three shifts. (Research implications or Originality)Three-shift works more negatively affect the relationship between work environment and job satisfaction. For young generations, working in three shifts is still not perceived as a new path to job satisfaction. Thus, other rewards should be considered to motivate employees in three shits work.

This article compares and analyses Emma Woodhouse’s self-awakening in a novel,『Emma』 with that in McGrath’s film,「Emma」. Emma’s social arrogancy, her class consciousness, and her excessively active imagination lead her to believe that she can control the destiny of others. This illusion, however, is shattered by her mistaken assumptions on the three men, Elton, Frank Churchill, and George Knightley. She gets her awakening from the recognition of her misjudgments and misunderstandings of these three men, and Box Hill episode in which she disregards Miss Bates.However, the progress of Emma’s self-awakening is weakened in 「Emma」, as the film is focused mainly on the romance. First, a different type of heroine appears. Secondly, Jane is weakened and described briefly. Thirdly, the change that Knightley lets Emma’s father move to his house instead of his moving to hers, brings the loss of the significances of the original moving scene in the text. And the rearrangement of the relationship between Emma and Harriet in the ending is not suggested in the film.Nonetheless, this film can be esteemed as a romantic comedy of high quality enough to compensate for the disadvantage that Emma’s self-awakening is weakened. And this analysis can be meaningful in that it tries to widen the interdisciplinary study abd to give the present and current meaning to the nineteenth-century classic text.

본 연구의 목적은 신자유주의로 비롯된 한국의 규제정책이 경찰규제에 미친 영향을 비판적 시각에서 검토하고 그에 따른 개선방안을 모색하는 것에 있다. 경찰청과 규제개혁위원회 통계자료 등을 연구자료로 활용하여 다음과 같은 대안을 제시하였다. 첫째, 정부규제정책 대상영역에서 경찰규제의 사회적 항목들은 제외시킬 필요가 있다. 사회적 성격의 경찰규제들이 형사사무와 중복되어 있기 때문이다. 행정규제기본법상 형사사무의 문제는 규제의 예외로 정하고 있다. 이중적 제한규정의 방치는 규제의 명확성을 약화시킬 수 있다. 행정규제기본법 제3조 제2항의 규제의 예외사항에 ‘치안 안전을 위한 필수적 조치에 관한 사항’의 조항신설이 필요하다. 둘째, 통합을 통해 표면적으로만 완화된 경찰규제들에 대해 재검토해야 한다. 행정규제를 입안하는 경우 규제순응의 실효성을 검토해야 한다. 단일 규제명에 다양한 조항을 결합하는 것은 이행 당사자들로 하여금 혼란을 초래할 수 있다. 또한 사회 환경의 변화에 대처하기 위해 규제는 유연할수록 유리하다. 그런데 다양한 법령을 통합한 형태의 규제는 경직성을 갖게 된다. 규제개혁위원회에서 정하고 있는 규제등록 지침에서도 규제등록은 법령 등의 조항별로 단위를 구분하도록 명시하고 있다. 경찰규제의 통합적 형태의 개별화 작업은 시급히 개선될 사항이라 할 수 있다. 셋째, 경찰규제의 품질향상을 위해 규제평가 항목을 이용한 점검이 필요하다. 이를 위해 경찰규제의 투명성, 책임성, 전문성 등과 같은 기준과 그에 따른 하위 항목을 구체적으로 수립하고 효율적인 이행체계를 수립해야 할 것이다.

This study inspected negative effect that government regulation policy influence police regulation by neoliberalism regime. It shows in full detail for public order reinforcement with analyzing statistical data. They may be divided into three types. In first place, social item of police regulation must consider discontinuance. Problem of penal case excepts in regulation on administration regulation fundamental law. By the way, police regulations of social are overlaped with criminal case. Neglect of duplication regulation deteriorates in definitude of regulation. In addition, administration regulation fundamental law need to add 'content about essential action for society safety' for duplication problem of police social regulation. In second place, Reappraisal is required to integration regulation of police. When make a plan administration regulation, must examine effectiveness of regulation adaptation. Combine of articles can raise confusion to people. Also, control need to be soft to cope in change of social environment. By the way, consolidated regulation stiffened by various legislation. Also, regulation registration is doing to divide and registers unit to article of statute that is decided at regulation innovation board. Combined police restriction can speak as item that is improved actively. Finally, Police regulation need seeking for high quality of police regulation. Police regulation have better set standard such as improve transparency, accountability, professionalism.

그동안 한국의 언어적 근대화 과정은 곧 언문일치의 실현 과정으로 여겨져 왔다. 당대의 언어에 대한 담론들과 자료에 나타난 언어 사용 양상을 통해 볼 때 이는 물론 타당성을 갖지만, 본고에서는 ‘언문일치가 과연 언어적 근대화의 필연적 경로였는가?’하는 문제를 제기해 보고자 한다. 언문일치로 표상된 속어화(vernacularization)를 언어적 근대화와 동일시하는 관점은 다분히 서구 중심적인 시각이라는 문제의식 때문이다. 그동안 언어적 근대의 문제에 있어 주로 비교의 대상이 된 것은 일본이나 유럽의 사례들이었는데, 근대 초기 일본의 언어 정책이 다분히 유럽의 영향하에 진행되었다는 점을 감안하면, 이러한 제한된 비교의 틀은 유럽의 언어적 근대화를 표준으로 삼는 관점을 배태할 수밖에 없는 것이었다. 본고의 입장은 비유럽 지역에서 발생한 다양한 언어적 근대화의 경로들을 함께 고려한 이후 그 안에서 공통적으로 발견되는 지향점을 찾아내야지만 언어적 근대에 대한 올바른 이해에 닿을 수 있다는 것이다. 이를 위해 유럽, 동아시아, 아랍, 이스라엘에서 진행된 다이글로시아(diglossia)의 변화 과정을 분석해 이를 세 가지로 유형화하고, 전근대 다이글로시아의 변화가 결코 한 방향으로만 진행되지 않았음을 살펴보았다. 유럽과 동아시아의 경우 고전어가 쇠퇴하고 속어가 근대화되었지만 아랍이나 이스라엘의 경우 오히려 고전어가 근대어로 재탄생하게 되었다. 다이글로시아의 변화 방향을 결정한 핵심적 요인은 의사소통의 문제나 문화 차원의 문제가 아니라 근대적 민족정체성의 수립이었다. 즉, 조선의 다이글로시아가 속어화로 귀결된 것은 한문에 비해 국문이 갖는 뛰어난 효율성 때문만이 아니라 한문은 민족의 정체성을 억압하는 반면 국문은 한민족의 선천적 우수성을 입증해 준다는 확고한 믿음이 있었기 때문이다.

The present paper explores the general and unique characteristics of Korean language modernization in its early stage (1894-1910). To date, the examples of Japan and Europe have been used when comparing instances of language modernization outside of Korea; however, because Japanese language modernization was highly influenced by that of Europe, such examples fail to provide anything beyond European-centered models of linguistic modernity. This paper asserts that a proper understanding of linguistic modernity can only be achieved through a balanced consideration of both European and non-European cases. Herein I analyze the shifts of premodern diglossia in Europe, East Asia, Arab states, and Israel and classify them into three groups. The results indicate that there was more than a single way in which conventional diglossic structures were dissolved. Both Europe and East Asia at large witnessed the fall of their classical language and the rise of the vernacular, whereas the Arab states and Israel saw the evolution of their classical language into a full-fledged modern language. The key factors determining the direction of language modernization were not related to matters of communication or culture, but rather to the formation of modern national identity and the power struggles involved therein. That is, the key issue surrounding vernacularizaion was not the practicality of each language, but rather its role as a pivot in the formation of modern national identity.

During Ming and Qing dynasties, the focus of education tended to shift from state-run schools to academies. In the early years of Ming Dynasty, a complete school system was established by the authorities. However, the academies were excluded. And after the middle period of Ming Dynasty, local officials and Tixue(提學) began to seek some other ways to cultivate talents which were beyond the state-run schools, and recognized the status of academy as “supplementing the deficiencies of schools”. In Yongzheng(雍正) and Qianlong(乾隆) dynasties, the development of academies was promoted by the authorities’ support. With the prominent advantages of academies in gathering scholars and teaching scholars, the educational focus gradually turned to academies, which brought about the idea that “the reality of teaching in schools is inferior to academies”. The status of academy in the whole education system and the changes of scholars’ concept towards academy have affected the educational practice, and also influenced the formation of Chinese modern education pattern ultimately.

Purpose: This research investigates the Lived experiences of Childrearing among nurses who works threeshift- schedules in a general hospital. The findings of this study provide supportive data for contextualized policies to establish child-rearing circumstances for nurses. Methods: This study harnesses phenomenological qualitative research. Data was collected through in-depth interviews with 10 nurses between June and October, 2011. Colaizzi method (1978) was used for data analysis. Results: The analysis produced five themes: ‘Struggling to fulfill Responsibilities under Hardship’, ‘Feeling guilty about Maternal Duties’, ‘Heading through the Wholeness of Family with My baby’, ‘Feeling love and Hatred for Nursing’, ‘Dwelling in the Feelings of Gratitude and Regret’, Conclusion: The research participants experienced both physical and mental fatigue, due to irregular shiftwork, posing negative effects on their child-rearing. Therefore, hospitals’ childcare facilities should be improved not only in quantity, but also, in quality to satisfy working mothers. Moreover, paternal duty at home is vital, and thereby, this research suggests policies such as childcare leave and/or flexible working environments.

지구온난화로 인한 환경문제를 해결하기 위해 가장 시급한 문제는 온실가스의 삭감이다. 특히, 이산화탄소의 삭감이 중요한 과제이다. 이에 일본정부는 2020년까지 1990년을 기준으로 온실가스를 25% 삭감한다고 발표하였다. 일본의 분야별 온실가스 배출량을 보면 운수부문의 배출량이 큰 폭으로 증가하고 있다. 이러한 자동차로부터의 이산화탄소 배출량을 삭감하기 위한 다양한 대책이 시행되고 있다. 이 중 모달시프트가 유효한 대책의 하나라는 것은 이미 검증된 사실이다. 따라서 본 논문은 일본의 JR 화물철도의 분석을 통해 일본에서 모달시프트가 적극적으로 확산되고 있지 못한 요인을 정부요인과 기업요인을 통해 명확히 하고 있다.

In order to solve environmental problems posed by global warming, the most pressing issue is the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. In particular, the reduction of carbon dioxide is an important challenge. Japanese government announced they would reduce the greenhouse emissions 25% down until 2020 based on the year of 1990. Japan’s transport sector emissions are increasing dramatically in greenhouse gas emissions. Various measures are being implemented in order to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from automobiles and, among these, modal shift has been proved to be a valid measure. Through analyzing Japan’s JR freight, this paper, thus, concludes that government officials and businesses are the main factors that did not promote modal shift actively spreading.

본 논문은 한반도의 비핵화가 시대정신이며 북한의 개방은 필연적인 과정으로 인식하고 있다(제1장). 북한의 체제변동과 개방의 길로 인도하려면 현재의한반도 상황을 평화적으로 관리하는데 초점을 맞추어야 한다. 특히 남북간에존재하는 현실적 경제격차를 고려한다면 통일은 강력한 쪽의 구심력에 의해 이루어질 것이다. 이는 흡수통일을 말하는 것이 아니라 남북이 평화적으로 공존하고 상호의존이 심화되는 상황이 되면 보다 더 개방적이고 다원적인 사회로통합이 이루어 질 것이라는 믿음에 근거하는 것이다(제2장). 남북관개의 개선과북미관개의 개선은 한반도를 평화적으로 관리하기 위한 양축이며 북한도 핵-미사일개발에 따른 강력한 대북제재가 없었다면 여전히 개방에 대한 의지가 없었을 것이다(3장). 또한 남북한간의 인프라투자와 자원개발 그리고 에너지 협력은분단된 남북을 하나의 경제권으로 연결하고, 한반도가 북방경제권으로 뻗어 나가 유라시아경제와 만나게 되는 아주 거대한 담론이며, 북한지역의 시장화를촉진하는 계기도 된다. 남북중러가 물류네트워크로 연결되면 중국이 구상하는일대일로와 러시아의 신동방정책 그리고 한국의 신북방정책이 시너지효과를발휘하여 해양경제와 대륙경제의 교량 역할을 할 수 있을 것이다. 북핵문제로교착상태에 빠진 동북아 국제정치적 환경을 개선하고 한반도 경제공동체를 향한 대담한 발상의 전환이라 할 것이다(제4장). 특히 본 논문에서 제기한 남북한공존경제는 풍부한 자원과 노동력 그리고 중국의 동북부 배후지 시장을 보유하고 있어서 철도, 도로, 공항 등 대규모 SOC투자와 도시건설 등 동북아 평화와안정을 촉진하는 새로운 모델이 될 수 있다. 북한이 개방을 추진한다면 중국역시 동북지방의 안정을 도모함으로써 유라시아와 해양으로 진출할 수 있는 교두보를 확보할 수 있고, 북한의 경우는 중국과 한국의 시장경제학습을 거쳐 시장경제로의 진입 가능성을 제공하여 체제개방 가능성을 유도할 수 있을 것이며, 한국의 경우는 북⋅중을 거쳐 유라시아 북방경제권으로 진출할 수 있는 양호한 조건을 구축한다는 측면에서 북한 김정은 정권이 한⋅중을 신뢰하고 북한이 스스로 협력을 견인할 수 있는 한⋅중간의 전략적 공조가 요구된다(제5장).

This paper was had a perception of the denuclearization era of the Korean Peninsula reflecting the spirit of the times and North Korea’s opening is an inevitable process(Ch.1). If we have a Change of the communist DPRK regime and have a path to the open door, we should focus on governance of the current situation on the Korean peninsula peacefully. In particular, the two Koreas, considering the economic gap that exists between real, Unification formed by Centripetal force of the side of the powerful influence. This is not saying the unification by absorption taking advantage of the two Koreas, but based on the belief that it will the deepening interdependence, much more open situation and to coexist peacefully and integration with a plural society(Ch.2). The improvement of South-North and North America relationship is the Two wheels to peacefully manage the Korean Peninsula. If there is no strong sanctions against North Korea nuclear, according to the Nuclear missile development North Korea, still no a willingness to openness(Ch.3). We insist that the infrastructure investment and resource development and energy cooperation between the two Koreas also is a huge discourse which is linking the two Koreas to the economic bloc, and the region to the economic bloc is connecting the divided Koreas into a single economic bloc and reaching into the North Korea economic bloc to promote the marketisation of the North Korea(Ch.4). In another particular meaning, The coexistence between the two Koreas in the economy and hinterland which is suggested, northeast of China’s abundant natural resources and labor market and railways, roads, airports, such as large market SOC investment to promote peace and stability in Northeast Asia can be new model in, such as investment and stability on can be on the terms of cooperation. if North Korea is going to reform and opening in the regime, China is also establishing a bridgehead to northeastern regions of Eurasia, and the North Korea is going into providing the possibility of switching into the market economy through China and South Korea’s market economy system could lead to the possibility of opening in the North Korean society, South Korea can be built to the economy in good conditions can advance to the northern Eurasia. North Korea’s Kim JongEn regime have a confidence to South and China Government and need to be required News section of the strategic cooperation between South and China(Ch.5).

본 연구는 북한 인권 실태를 인권의 보편성의 접근에서 상대성의 정책적 피해자로의 전환을 중심으로 분석하였다. 북한 인권은 그동안 보편성의 관점에서 보호 및 지원받아야 하는 대상이라는 접근 방식을 취하면서 다양한 UN인권보고서와 학술적 연구가 활발히 진행되었다. 하지만 북한인권은 여전히 특정 국가 및 지역적 차원에서 상대성에 입각한 정책적 피해 대상으로 머물러 있다는 것을 확인하였다. 이를 좀 더 구체적으로 분석한 결과 북한 인권의 상대성은 각 국가의 경계 안에서 하나의 정책으로 나타나고 탈북민들의 인권에 큰 영향을 미치고 있다는 것이다. 이는 탈북민들의 시민적 및 정치적 권리와 경제적, 사회적 및 문화적 권리 모두를 억압하는 결과를 낳고 있다는 것을 확인하였다. 이러한 정책적 결과를 본 연구에서는 비월경과 탈북감소, 강제북송에 따른 처벌강화, 국내에서의 탈북민들의 인권 현황 등으로 분류하여 분석하였다. 분석 결과 북한 인권은 보편성의 관점에서는 보호받지만, 상대성의 관점에서는 억압의 대상으로 머물러있으며 이를 위해 여전히 국제인권레짐에 호소할 수밖에 없음을 강조하였다.

This study examines North Korean human rights through the lens of a shift from universalist human rights principles to their treatment as policy victims of relativistic interpretations. Although international and academic assessments?particularly UN human rights reports?have traditionally framed North Korean human rights within a universalist paradigm, the findings show that they continue to be constrained by state- and region-specific relativistic policies. Such relativization directly affects North Korean escapees, undermining their civil and political rights as well as their economic, social, and cultural rights. These effects are observed in reduced cross-border mobility, harsher penalties following forced repatriation, and ongoing rights challenges faced by defectors in host states. The study concludes that while North Korean human rights are normatively protected under universality, they remain vulnerable to repression under relativistic policy frameworks, reaffirming the continued need to appeal to the international human rights regime.This study examines North Korean human rights through the lens of a shift from universalist human rights principles to their treatment as policy victims of relativistic interpretations. Although international and academic assessments?particularly UN human rights reports?have traditionally framed North Korean human rights within a universalist paradigm, the findings show that they continue to be constrained by state- and region-specific relativistic policies. Such relativization directly affects North Korean escapees, undermining their civil and political rights as well as their economic, social, and cultural rights. These effects are observed in reduced cross-border mobility, harsher penalties following forced repatriation, and ongoing rights challenges faced by defectors in host states. The study concludes that while North Korean human rights are normatively protected under universality, they remain vulnerable to repression under relativistic policy frameworks, reaffirming the continued need to appeal to the international human rights regime.

크로아티아 민족은 3세기부터 발칸지역으로 이주를 시작하고, 7세기 대규모 민족이동을 통해 현재 거주지에 정착을 한다. 크로아티아 민족이 이동한 지역은 고대 로마의 발칸 일리리쿰 지역이었고 이 지역 원주민은 다양한 민족기원에도 불구하고 하나의 일리리아인으로 살아가고 있었다. 다양한 사회․정치적 원인으로 7세기 이후 발칸지역의 일리리아 정체성은 새로운 슬라브 정체성으로 변화했고. 9세기 이후 본격적으로 크로아티아 정체성이 등장한다. 크로아티아 지역에서 나타났던 정체성 변동을 단순히 대규모 민족이동으로 인한 인구교체나 문화교체로 설명하기에는 부족함이 남는다. 발칸지역 원주민과 슬라브인이 융합하면서 발생한 인종 및 지역 정체성의 문제는 다양한 주변적 환경 분석을 통해 명확해 질 수 있다. 이러한 배경에서 이 연구는 대규모 슬라브 민족이동이 시작되는 중세 시대의 발칸 일리리쿰의 상황과 정체성 형성과정을 다양한 가설을 비교하여 분석해보았다. 9세기에 등장하는 크로아티아 정체성은 로마제국의 발칸 일리리쿰 지역에서 발생하였던 단계적인 정체성 전환을 통해 만들어진 최종 결과물이 아닌 새로운 정체성의 출현이었다. 크로아티아 정체성이 확립된 이후에도 일리리쿰과 일리리아 개념은 남슬라브주의, 유고슬라비아주의로 그 이름을 바꾸어 가며 오랫동안 크로아티아 민족주의 핵심 이데올로기로 재탄생한다. 그리고 현대 크로아티아인에게도 일리리아라는 개념은 크로아티아인이 가졌던 가장 우월한 문명에 대한 동경으로, 자랑스러운 민족의 뿌리로 지속되고 있다.

From the 3rd century, Croatian people had started to move to Balkans and settled down in the current area through mass migration in the 7th century. The area Croatian people migrated was the Balkan Illyricum of ancient Roman and the indigenous people of this area had lived as a single Illyrian despite their diverse ethnic origins. Due to the various social and political reasons, Illyrian identity in Balkans changed to new Slavic identity after the 7th century, and shifted to Croatian identity since the 9th century. It is not enough to explain the identity-shift taken place in Croatian area with simple population or cultural changes caused by the mass migration. The racial and regional identity issues occurred with the blend of the natives of Balkans and Slavs can be clarified through analyzing the various surrounding environments. In this study, based on this background, the circumstances and the identity formation process of the Balkan Illyricum of the middle ages when the mass migration of Slavs started were analyzed through comparing various hypotheses. The appearance of the Croatian identity in the 9th century was the final result of the gradual identity-shift taken place in the Balkan Illyricum area after the fall of the Roman Empire. But even after the establishment of the Croatian identity, Illyricum and Illyrian identity had been reborn for a long time as the key ideology of the nationalist movement changing its name to South Slavism and Yogoslavism. And until now, the Illyrian identity still remains in the heart of modern Croatian as the adoration for the western culture.

There are some words in the Huizhou dialect whose lexical forms or phonetic forms exhibit a clear AB-type contiguous distribution. This article presents the geographical distribution maps of the phonetic forms of the initial consonants of ‘fu·hu(扶·胡)’ and ‘hou(猴)’ and the synonymous forms of <moon>, <peas>, <yesterday> in the Huizhou dialect. It is found that the geographical distribution line of the AB-type in the Huizhou dialect approximately locates on Xiushe line(休歙線), with some lexical forms showing certain deviations in the east-west direction of the line. Through analysis, we believe that the reason for this phenomenon is that the relevant lexical forms or phonetic forms are dominant in the Jianghuai Mandarin dialect, represented by Nanjing and Yangzhou. These dominant forms have scattered to the areas east to the Xiushe line in Huizhou through frequent language contact.