Earticle

This research is basically for developing the ways to evaluate fencing trainers effectively and eventually for making fencing a more publicly available sport. This will be done by providing lesson plans and evaluation through drafting trainers, dividing by technical level and training plan and by preparing specific and objective standards by which each trainer will be screened. The objects are 45 members who took the fencing lessons in “Kosmo Fencing Club” from 2005 to 2010. Through the use of evaluation and screening standards during matches which were developed based on accuracy, physical strength, professional skills and game competence. I have come to the following conclusion: First, we need diverse evaluation methods for fostering more capable trainers. Second, we need to focus on setting up better facilities. Finally, we should make access to fencing easier without any prejudice and eventually contribute to making fencing a more publically accessible sport.

본 연구는 국가직무능력표준(NCS)체계 기반 국가기술자격검정 정보처리분야 실기시험의 평가방법 개선을 위한 연구 내용과 그 결과를 토대로 IT 자격 직종의 산업 현장성을 제고하 기 위한 방안을 도출하고자 수행하였다. 이를 위해 현행 정보처리 분야 등급별 종목(기사, 산 업기사, 기능사) 실기시험의 평가 방식, 출제 기준 등을 분석, 현업 IT 분야 소프트웨어 직종 의 산업 현장성 평가를 수행하였다. 그리고 정보기술 분야에 개발된 NCS의 직무 분석을 통 해 능력단위, 수행 준거 분석을 수행하여 현행 국가기술자격 실기시험 정보처리 분야의 문제 점 진단과 그 해결책 제시를 통해 평가방법 개선안을 도출하였다. 또한 현행 시험의 문제점을 분석하여 실무사례에 의한 융․복합적인 지필 평가가 이루어 질 수 있도록 개선하였다. 도출된 개선안은 실제 응시 자격을 충족하는 모의 평가 대상자를 선발하여 각 등급별 실기시험 모의 평가를 통해 검증하였고 검증 결과를 기반으로 평가 결과 분석을 통해 새로운 평가방법이 산 업 현장성 제고에 미치는 영향과 향후 전망을 제시하였다. 연구 결과를 통하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻을 수 있었다. 첫째, 정보기술분야 진입을 위한 등급별 필수 공통 능력 중심의 출제 기준을 제시함으로써 평가를 통한 자격의 신호 기능이 강화되었다. 둘째, 실무 시나리오 기반 의 문제 유형 구성을 통해 자격의 학습 기능이 강화되고 수험자로 하여금 다양한 산업 현장 실무를 체험할 수 있도록 하였다. 셋째, 객관식 시험에서 주관식 시험으로 전환함으로써 자격 취득자 질적 수준의 향상을 도모하였다.

The purpose of this study was to improve the official approval of information processing in national technical qualification based on NCS and plans of matching with industrial site. We have studied the contents of current exams and propose the new evaluation method of practical exam in information processing fields through grafting new trends of ICT and ability unit, fulfillment criteria in national competency standards(NCS). Also, we studied new qualification items of information processing exams and improve the types of exams. We verified the effect of exam through the pilot test and have feedback from the results. The results of this study are following. First, signal function about qualification of information processing. Second, examinee are experienced the simulation patterns of practical fields. Third the quality of examinee will be raised by the type of the exam is changed before OMR writing after essay question.

비평이란 개념 속에는 이미 평가를 가지고 있다. 비평을 근간으로 하는 비평교 육 역시 평가를 함의하고 있지만, 비평 활동 과정에서의 평가와 비평교육 평가 사 이에는상이점이 존재한다. 비평은 비평대상에 대한 평가만을 하지만, 비평교육의 평가는 비평교육을 수행하는 주체인 교사와 비평적 학습자, 비평교육 내용은 물론 동료 비평적 학습자와 비평교육에 대한 메타적 평가까지를 포함하고 있다. 문학교육이나 예술교육, 비평교육에서 겪는 평가의 어려움은 무엇보다 평가 방 법의 곤란함에 기인한다. 대상에 대한 평가는 비평가의 주관이나 혹은 객관적이라 고 인정된 시선만으로 이루어지지는 않기 때문이다. 과정 중심 평가가 도입되기 전까지는 교수-학습 시간에 활동한 결과물만을 평가하는 결과중심 평가법이 중심 을이루었었다. 이 방법은 교사입장에서 평가를 손쉽게 할 수 있다는점과 평가의 객관성을 높일 수 있다는 장점을 가지고 있으나, 교육 행위 일체가 평가의 대상이 되어야 한다는 교육 평가 철학을 근본적으로 훼손하고 있다는 지적과 학습자의 결 과물 생성 과정을 지켜보지 않고서는 신뢰할 수 없다는 한계를 노정하게 되었다. 결과물을 만들기까지의 과정을 수행하는 학습자의 내면적 태도까지를 관찰하는 과정중심평가법이 제시되었다. 그 가운데에서도오독에 관심을 갖게 되었다. 오독 에는 작자의 의도를 파악하지 못한 오류적 오독과 작가의 의도를 의도적으로 벗어 난 창조적 오독으로 대별된다. 비평교육 과정에서의 오독은 매우 자연스러운 일이 기에 오류적 오독을 넘어 창조적 오독으로 전이시키는 일이 비평교육 평가의 주된 작업이 된 것이다. 그러나 과정중심 평가법 역시 정의적 영역을 평가하는데 한계 를 노정하였고, 과정과 결과가 일치하지 않을 경우에 어떻게 평가할 것인가에 대 한 지적에서 자유롭지 못했다. 과정중심 평가법의 하나인 오독중심평가법과 결과중심 평가법을 결합한 탈중심 평가법을 본고에서는 제안하였다. 탈중심 평가법이란 교사 중심 혹은 학습자 중심, 과정 중심, 결과 중심에서 벗어나 이들 모두를 수용한 통합적 방법을 말하는데, 아 직까지는 추상적 개념만 있을 뿐 구체적 방법 연구가 부족하여 이에 대한 논의가 필요하다.

A meaning of critical involves evaluation and so does critical education. There are difference between evaluation of critical process and evaluation of the critical education. Criticism evaluate only a critical object, but on the critical education, teacher, learner, learning-mates and contents are evaluated. Evaluation on the literature education and the art education has difficulty for difficulties of evaluation method. Critical objects aren't evaluated only by a critics view - subjective or objective. Before process-based evaluation method was introduced, result-based evaluation method which evaluated only results from learning activities was used mainly. It has merits that teacher evaluate easy and objective. But it was contrary to evaluation philosophy that all of educational activities were evaluated. And the result without educational process was not to be trusted. Process-based evaluation method was suggested to observe inner attitude of lerner who performed educational process to meet good results. Reading miscue is another method of process-based evaluation. Because reading miscue comes naturally in the critical education, as Paul de Man assert, it is main work to overcome misunderstanding and change into creative misunderstanding. But process-based evaluation has limit to evaluate affective domain and has problem what to do if process and result do not coincide. On this essay propose decentration evaluation method what combined reading miscue-based evaluation method with result-based evaluation method. Decentration evaluation method integrate with teacher-based, lerner-based, process-based and result-based evaluation method. For now, it is just a concept. It need to discuss about study of methods concretely.

Objective To evaluate the usefulness of plain abdominal radiography as an evaluation method for bowel dysfunc-tion in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI).Methods Forty-four patients with SCI were recruited. Patients were interviewed about their clinical symptoms, and the constipation score and Bristol stool form scale were assessed. The colon transit time (CTT) was measured by using radio-opaque markers (Kolomark). The degree of stool retention and the presence of megacolon or megarectum were evaluated using plain abdominal radiographs. We examined the relationship between clinical aspects and CTT and plain abdominal radiography.Results The constipation scores ranged from 1 to 13, and the average was 4.19±3.11, and the Bristol stool form scale ranged from 1 to 6, with an average of 4.13±1.45. CTTs were 19.3±16.17, 19.3±13.45, 15.32±13.15, and 52.42±19.14 in the right, left, rectosigmoid, and total colon. Starreveld scores were 3.4±0.7, 1.8±0.86, 2.83±0.82, 2.14±1, and 10.19±2.45 in the ascending, transverse, descending, rectosigmoid, and total colon. Leech scores were 3.28±0.7, 2.8±0.8, 2.35±0.85, and 8.45±1.83 in the right, left, rectosigmoid, and total colon. The number of patients with megacolon and megarectum was 14 (31.8%) and 11 (25%). There were statistically significant correlations between the total CTT and constipation score (p<0.05), and Starreveld and Leech scores (p<0.05). Significant cor-relations were observed between each segmental CTT and the segmental stool retention score (p<0.05).Conclusion Plain abdominal radiography is useful as a convenient and simple method of evaluation of bowel dysfunction in patients with SCI.

Objective To identify factors affecting test results of the quiet standing balance evaluation conducted by posturography and to investigate the standardized method by comparing results according to feet width. Method Th e study cohort consisted of 100 healthy individuals. We assessed the quiet standing balance of subjects by using 3 diff erent methods: standing on a force plate with feet width the same as shoulder width (test 1); with feet width the same as half the shoulder width (test 2); with feet width determined by the subject’s comfort (test 3). Subjects underwent each test with their eyes open and closed for 30 seconds each time. Parameters for measuring standing balance included the mean mediolateral and anteroposterior extent, speed, and the velocity moment of center of pressure (COP) movement. Results All parameters showed better results when the subject’s eyes were open rather than closed, and the mean AP extent and speed increased as the age of the subjects increased (p<0.01). However, there was no signifi cant correlation between height and the study parameters, and no differences between men and women. Mean mediolateral extent and speed were signifi cantly longer and faster in test 1 compared with tests 2 and 3 (p<0.01). Th e results of test 2 were better than the results of test 3, but the diff erence was not statistically signifi cant. Conclusion COP movements increased with age and when subjects closed their eyes in an evaluation of quiet standing balance conducted by posturography. Gender and height did not aff ect results of the test. We suggest that an appropriate method for conducting posturography is to have the subject stand on a force plate with their feet width the same as half the shoulder width, because this posture provided relatively accurate balance capacity.

Objective To investigate the reliability and validity of a new method for isometric back extensor strength measurement using a portable dynamometer.Methods A chair equipped with a small portable dynamometer was designed (Power Track II Commander Muscle Tester). A total of 15 men (mean age, 34.8±7.5 years) and 15 women (mean age, 33.1±5.5 years) with no current back problems or previous history of back surgery were recruited. Subjects were asked to push the back of the chair while seated, and their isometric back extensor strength was measured by the portable dynamometer. Test-retest reliability was assessed with intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). For the validity assessment, isometric back extensor strength of all subjects was measured by a widely used physical performance evaluation instrument, BTE PrimusRS system. The limit of agreement (LoA) from the Bland-Altman plot was evaluated between two methods.Results The test-retest reliability was excellent (ICC=0.82; 95% confidence interval, 0.65?0.91). The Bland-Altman plots demonstrated acceptable agreement between the two methods: the lower 95% LoA was ?63.1 N and the upper 95% LoA was 61.1 N.Conclusion This study shows that isometric back extensor strength measurement using a portable dynamometer has good reliability and validity.

Purpose: Simulation-based education plays a critical role in nursing by allowing stu- dents to acquire clinical competencies in a safe and controlled environment. However, current evaluation tools for simulation scenarios often lack standardization, resulting in inconsistencies when assessing the effectiveness of such programs. Methods: This study aimed to develop a comprehensive Nursing Simulation Scenario Evaluation Tool using the Real-Time Delphi method. A panel of 10 experts in nursing and simulation education participated in two rounds of surveys. The evaluation criteria were derived from the International Nursing Association for Clinical Simulation and Learning Standards of Best Practice and relevant literature. Survey items were refined through expert consensus using content validity ratios and coefficient of variation val- ues. The finalized tool was further enhanced with artificial intelligence (AI)?based evalu- ation capabilities to support objective and systematic assessment. The tool was registered and patented in the Republic of Korea (Korean Intellectual Property Office Registration No. 10-2024-0051234) to acknowledge its innovation and technical merit. Results: The process resulted in an evaluation tool comprising eight key domains and 36 items, covering scenario structure, learning objectives, preparation, script development, debriefing, facilitation, expected outcomes, and scenario validity. A Kendall’s coefficient of concordance of 0.739 indicated strong agreement among the experts. Conclusion: This study successfully developed a standardized and validated tool to im- prove the reliability and effectiveness of simulation-based education in nursing. The tool addresses a key gap in current educational practices and enhances consistency in evalu- ating nursing simulation scenarios. Future studies should focus on validating its applica- tion across diverse educational environments.

본 논문은 체육교과 핵심성취의 관련 개념, 의미, 위계적 관계를 빗대어보고, 학생들의 체육교과 핵심성취를 함양하기 위한 공공체육과목 의무화 사업의 이론 적 근거와 문제점, 그리고 그 대책을 종합적으로 분석하였다. 이를 토대로 기존의 평가지표를 요약하고, 체육교과의 핵심성취에 기초한 대학 필수 공공체육과목의 평가모형을 구성하였다. 지수의 가중치를 산정하기 위해서는 AHP 방법을 이용하 며, 실증연구를 위해서는 퍼지종합평가 방법을 이용한다. 결 과: 평가모형은 과학 적이고 객관적인 6개의 1단계 지수와 21개의 2단계 지수로 구성되어 있으며, 대 학의 공공체육 의무과목 수강생 평가에 적용될 수 있고, 평가를 위한 과학적 참 고자료와 근거를 제공할 수 있다.

This paper combs the relevant concepts, connotations, and hierarchical relationships of the core accomplishment of physical education, and comprehensively analyzes the theoretical basis, problems, and countermeasures of the undertaking of compulsory public physical education courses to cultivate students’ core accomplishment of physical education. On this basis, the existing evaluation indexes are summarized, and the evaluation model of compulsory public physical education courses in universities based on the core accomplishment of physical education is constructed. The AHP method is used to calculate the index weight, and the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method is used for empirical research. Results: The evaluation model consists of 6 first-level indexes and 21 second-level indexes, which is scientific and objective, and can be applied to the evaluation of students of compulsory public physical education courses in universities, and can provide scientific reference and basis for evaluation.

文献梳理体育学科核心素养的相关概念、内涵及层次关系，逻辑分析高校公共 体育必修课承担培育学生体育学科核心素养的理论依据、问题与对策；以国内外 理论、文献为支撑，归纳已有评价指标，构建基于体育学科核心素养的高校公共 体育必修课学生评价模型；利用AHP层次分析法分析指标权重，利用模糊数学综 合评价法进行实证研究。结果：高校公共体育必修课作为培育大学生体育学科核 心素养有其应然性，所构建的评价模型由6个一级指标、21个二级指标构成是科 学、客观的，可为高校公共体育必修课学生评价指导提供科学的参照和依据。

대피소는 재난 등에 인한 피해자들이 일시적으로 대피, 거주하는 시설로 재난 발생 시 가장 기본적 인 방재시설이다. 그러나 국내 대피소의 경우 지정, 관리 및 지원 등에 대한 대응이 미흡한 실적이다. 이에 대피소에서의 피난생활에 관한 여러 문제들이 나타나고 있으며, 이 중 대피소의 실내환경의 각 영향요소 중 소리환경 개선을 위한 평가방법 개발을 목적으로 한다. 실내환경의 쾌적여부에 관한 기존연구는 실내요소에 대한 평가기준 및 모델이 연구되어 왔다. 그러나 평가요소간의 관계를 종합 적으로 평가하는 연구는 아직 미흡한 실정이다. 이러한 관점에서 본 연구는 대피소의 실내환경 각 영향요소 중 소리환경을 중심으로 재실자의 인식에 따른 정량적 분석 및 종합적 평가모델을 개발하 기 위한 기초연구를 목적으로 한다. 이에 본 연구에서는 시노하라의 경관파악모델을 기본으로 소리 경관 파악을 제시한 스기하라의 소리경관파악모델을 이용하여 조사대상지역의 경관과 소리경관을 조사하여, 경관을 구성하는 대상물과 소리경관을 구성하는 소리의 관계를 파악하고, 소리경관파악 모델의 타당성을 검토하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 향후 대피소의 실내환경의 평가모델의 개발연구의 기초자료로 활용될 것으로 사료된다.

A shelter, a facility in which victims affected by disasters evacuate and temporarily reside, becomes the most fundamental facility for disaster prevention. Shelters in Korea, however, have responded poorly to designation, management and support. Among many problems of refugee life in shelters, this study aims to develop an evaluation method for improving sound environment as a factor influencing indoor environment of shelters. The existing studies on the comfort of shelters examined criteria and models for measuring indoor factors by difference in perceptions, but few studies have comprehensively evaluated the relationship between factors. From this perspective, this study attempts to develop a general evaluation and quantitative analytic model on residents' perceptions, focusing on sound environment as a determinant of indoor environment of shelters. It examined landscapes and soundscapes in study area, understood the relationship between sound and soundscapes by using Sugiyama's model of soundscape perception, and then tested the validity of the model. The findings of this study are thought to be used as basic data for the study of developing an evaluation model of indoor environment in shelters in the future.

근전도(Surface electromyography)는 삼키장애 평가시 신뢰할 수 있고 비침습적이며 시간과 비용을 절약하고 쉽게 사용할 수 있는 진단 도구로서의 잠재력을 가지고 있다. 따라서 이 연구에서는 삼킴장애를 근전도로 평가하는 방법에 대하여 검토 할 것이다. 여러 연구에서 삼킴장애 평가시 3, 5, 10, 15, 20 ml의 물과 반고체 등을 삼키는 것으 로 삼킴 부하를 주거나 및 삼킴단계를 4 단계로 나누어 평가하는 프로토콜을 사용하였다. 일반적으로, 삼킴관련 근 육들의 움직임을 관찰하기 위해 근전도로 깨물근, 목뿔위근육, 목뿔아래근육에서 발생하는 전기신호들을 측정 하 였다. 일차적인 근전도 결과 변수로 삼킴 개시시간, 사전 발작 기간, 삼키는 기간, 진폭, 비정상적인 비자발적 전기활 성도들을 사용하였다. 그중에서도, 비침습적이며 방사선이 없는 근전도를 이용한 삼킴장애의 선별 검사 및 평가는 근전도의 삼키는 기간을 사용하는 것이 가장 간단하고 신뢰할 수 있는 방법이다.

sEMG(Surface electromyography) would have a potential to a diagnostic device with reliable, non-invasive, time-saving, inexpensive, and easy to use for swallowing disorder. Therefore, this study would review the sEMG evaluation method for dysphagia. Swallowing protocols were established with the swallowing of 3, 5, 10, 15, and 20 ml of water to measure the dysphagia in various swallowing loads and in four stages. Commonly, masseter, suprahyoid muscles, and infrahyoid muscles were investigated to observe swallowing movements. The primary sEMG outcome parameters were swallowing onset, pretrigger duration, swallowing duration, swallowing amplitude, and detecting abnormal involuntary action potential. Particularity, investigation in swallowing duration of sEMG is a simple and reliable method for screening and initial evaluation of dysphagia with noninvasive and radiation-free.

Background: For a verification of newly-developed neutron absorbers, one of guidelines on the qualification and acceptance of neutron absorbers is the neutron attenuation test. However, this approach can cause a problem for the qualifications that it cannot distinguish how the neutron attenuates from materials. Materials and Methods: In this study, an estimation method of neutron absorption performances for materials is proposed to detect both direct penetration and back-scattering neutrons. For the verification of the proposed method, MCNP simulations with the experimental system designed in this study were pursued using the polyethylene, iron, normal glass and the vitrified form. Results and Discussion: The results show that it can easily test neutron absorption ability using single absorber model. Also, from simulation results of single absorber and double absorbers model, it is verified that the proposed method can evaluate not only the direct thermal neutrons passing through materials, but also the scattered neutrons reflected to the materials. Therefore, the neutron absorption performances can be accurately estimated using the proposed method comparing with the conventional neutron attenuation test. Conclusion: It is expected that the proposed method can contribute to increase the reliability of the performance of neutron absorbers.

This study explores the effect of a humanities-based convergent class model (HBCCM) on critical thinking (CT) when Kakao-Talk is utilized as a virtual learning space to acquire new knowledge using flipped learning (FL). Its objective is to promote EFL undergraduates’ (n=51) participation in face-to-face discussion activities by getting them to prepare before coming to class. The preliminary learning contents and conceptual knowledge organized into specific argumentative topics based on Thomas Hardy’s Tess of the D’Urbervilles and Foucault’s philosophical perspective of Sexuality, Madness and Power were provided via Kakao-Talk. Students could experience a self-regulatory learning process outside of class and develop their ideas with peers' through in-class discussion. While the collaborative learning through group activities promoted social interaction, interdependence and critical analysis, the students self-evaluated their ideas clearly. Qualitative and quantitative methodologies including Watson-Glaser's (W-G) CT assessment were conducted to evaluate the change of CT skills. The results showed the significant interaction of the CT skills. In particular, the students improved the skills of recognizing assumption, deductive reasoning and evaluating arguments as they experienced CT-efficacy through this learning process. Accordingly, HBCCM may contribute to the higher education for activating CT and the improvement of a teaching and learning method.

Background: Iridium-192 (192Ir) is one of the radioisotopes most commonly utilized for industrial radiography worldwide. In accordance with the Nuclear Safety Act of the Republic of Korea, the use of projectors containing 192Ir sources requires conducting a shielding evaluation for a given workplace. This evaluation usually uses gamma constants and half-value layers (HVLs). However, significant differences in these values among references can result in over- or underestimation of values. Materials and Methods: The radiological characteristics of the gamma constant and HVL of 192Ir sources employed in industrial radiography were studied with a focus on the effects of source configurations and usage conditions. The source configurations were categorized into point source, volume source (lateral/upward direction), and encapsulated source. The usage conditions, defined by variations in the lead thickness and the distance among the source, lead shield, and tally, enabled derivation of the HVL. Monte Carlo N-Particle version 6.2 (MCNP6.2) was used in these calculations. Results and Discussion: The gamma constant substantially varied depending on the source configuration, exhibiting up to 43%-lower dose rates for the volume source oriented in an upward direction in comparison to the point source. In contrast, usage conditions substantially affected the HVL, which increased from 3.27 mm to 5.51 mm depending on the lead thickness under the broad-beam geometry. Furthermore, the HVLs under narrow-beam conditions were approximately 16.49% lower than those under the broad-beam geometry. Conclusion: A method with new data on the gamma constants and HVLs for shielding evaluation of industrial radiography with 192Ir was presented. The relevant findings resolve inconsistencies in the data presented in the literature and enhance shielding evaluation accuracy. The proposed method not only provides practical standards for shielding evaluations but also ensures regulatory consistency.

Background: Radiation portal monitors (RPMs) involving plastic scintillators installed at the border inspection sites can detect illicit trafficking of radioactive sources in cargo containers within seconds. However, RPMs may generate false alarms because of the naturally occurring radioactive materials. To manage these false alarms, we previously suggested an energy-weighted algorithm that emphasizes the Compton-edge area as an outstanding peak. This study intends to evaluate the identification of radioactive sources using an improved energy-weighted algorithm. Materials and Methods: The algorithm was modified by increasing the energy weighting factor, and different peak combinations of the energy-weighted spectra were tested for source identification. A commercialized RPM system was used to measure the energy-weighted spectra. The RPM comprised two large plastic scintillators with dimensions of 174 × 29 × 7 cm3 facing each other at a distance of 4.6 m. In addition, the in-house-fabricated signal processing boards were connected to collect the signal converted into a spectrum. Further, the spectra from eight radioactive sources, including special nuclear materials (SNMs), which were set in motion using a linear motion system (LMS) and a cargo truck, were estimated to identify the source identification rate. Results and Discussion: Each energy-weighted spectrum exhibited a specific peak location, although high statistical fluctuation errors could be observed in the spectrum with the increasing source speed. In particular, 137Cs and 60Co in motion were identified completely (100%) at speeds of 5 and 10 km/hr. Further, SNMs, which trigger the RPM alarm, were identified approximately 80% of the time at both the aforementioned speeds. Conclusion: Using the modified energy-weighted algorithm, several characteristics of the energy weighted spectra could be observed when the used sources were in motion and when the geometric efficiency was low. In particular, the discrimination between 60Co and 40K, which triggers false alarms at the primary inspection sites, can be improved using the proposed algorithm.

본 연구에서는 전자폐수에 포함되어 있는 황산이온에 대하여 CaAl LDH 합성조건 및 전처리가 황산이온 흡착용량 미치는 영향에 대하여 평가를 진행하였다. 연구결과 Ca:Al molar ratio 1:1, 1.5:1, 2:1, 4:1 중 2: 1에서 가장 높은 흡착용량을 나타내 었으며, M2+와 M3+ 종류에 따른 황산이온 흡착용량 평가 결과 M2+로 Ca이온, M3+로 Al을 활용하여 합성한 LDH에서 가장 높은 황산이온 흡착용량을 나타내었다. 탄화과정이 황산이온 흡착용량에 미치는 영향에 대하여 평가한 실험 진행 결과 탄화 과정을 진행한 calcined CaAl LDH에서 탄화과정을 진행하지 않은 raw CaAl LDH보다 높은 황산이온 흡착용량을 나타내었 다. 또한 탄화온도가 황산이온에 대한 흡착용량에 미치는 영향에 대해 확인하기 위하여 진행한 실험에서는 탄화온도 450oC 와 탄화온도 600oC에서 탄화온도 300oC도 보다 높은 황산이온 흡착용량을 나타내었다. 황산이온의 calcined CaAl LDH로의 흡착특성을 평가하기 위해 진행한 등온흡착실험 결과 Langmuir adsorption model에서 상관계수 0.950으로 Freundlich adsorption model 상관계수 0.731보다 높은 상관성을 지니는 것으로 나타났으며, 동역학적 모델 적용 결과 유사 2차 반응 모 델에서 상관계수 0.998로 유사 1차 반응 모델 상관계수 0.539보다 높은 상관성을 나타내는 것으로 확인되었다. 한편 Langmuir model과 Freundlich model을 통해 산정된 RL과 1/n은 0과 1 사이로 산정되었으며, 이를 통해 calcined CaAl은 황산이온에 대 한 흡착제로 적합한 것으로 판단된다.

In this research, the experiments were conducted to identify the effect of LDH synthesis condition and pretreatment to sulfate ion adsorption capacity. In the result of research, Ca:Al molar ratio, 2:1 was the most sulfate ion adsorption capacity among the Ca:Al molar ratio (1:1, 1.5:1, 2;1, 4:1). In the experiment using synthesized LDH utilized M2+ and M3+, The synthesized LDH utilized calcium ion as M2+ and Aluminum ion as M3+ was the best adsorbent for sulfate ion compared to magnesium ion as M2+ and Ferric ion as M3+. The result of calcination process effect to sulfate ion adsorption capacity was pronounced that calcination process affect the sulfate ion adsorption capacity and sulfate ion adsorption capacity was raised up to 1.2 times contray to raw CaAl LDH. Also, In the effect of calcination temperature to sulfate ion adsorption capacity, carcination temperature 450oC and 600oC were superior to carcination temperature 300oC. To evaluate the adsorption characteristics, adsorption isotherm and adsorption kinetics were processed. according to the study, Langmuir isotherm adsorption model (correlation coefficient, 0.950) was more suitable than Freundlich isotherm adsorption model. (correlation coefficient, 0.731) In the adsorption kinetics, pseudo 2nd order reaction (correlation coefficient 0.998) was more suited to sulfate ion adsorption than pseudo 1st order reaction. (correlation coefficient 0.539). Meanwhile, value of RL and 1/n from Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm adsorption model were calculated between 0 to 1. from the calculation, calcined CaAl LDH was profit to sulfate ion adsorption.

Evaluation is a vital composition of decision-making problems and a multitude of evaluation methods have been proposed in the literature. It is also critically important to emergency management for the sake of rapid and effective emergency actions. The primary goal of this paper is to summarize and analyze the existing studies on emergency evaluation in order to facilitate more productive future research in this area. This paper traces the literature on evaluation methods and then focuses on the advanced evaluation studies in modern emergency management. The essential features and characteristics of present emergency evaluation methodologies are summarized from different viewpoints. Finally, a synthetic assessment model is described for the general use in emergency management.

Emergency assessment is an important field of the current emergency management research. Foreign related research started earlier and progress rapidly, has a wealth of practical experience, the domestic research is in the stage of exploration. This paper will be introduced to the Meta - analysis method for evaluation of emergency management research, from the perspective of the overall comprehensive analysis of emergency management evaluation and the research itself, the emergency management at home and abroad in the evaluation of excavated in a large number of research literature in the field of general trends and characteristics, by summing up experience and the existing research results, the theoretical research and practice of emergency management evaluation by weak links that exist in the analysis, in order to find the deficiencies in the study of emergency management assessment, for the future development strategy and establish and improve the basis for policy.