Earticle

This paper aims to explore the possibility of using machine translation in English reading classes. For this purpose, 38 subjects were divided into two groups according to the TOEIC score and required to translate and submit a 386-word English text through post-editing translation after using a machine translation tool. This analysis shows the four major error types of contextual comprehension, sentence structures, pronouns, title nouns. In addition, the subjects were required to participate in the questionnaire survey related to the effectiveness of reading comprehension classes using machine translation. The research also proved how effective English reading classes using machine translation were in comparison with English grammar-based reading classes. We can find the similarities between machine translation and students’ post-editing translation in error ratio and characteristics, and the differences between the two English levels in terms of post-editing correction methods and the number of translation errors. This paper is meaningful in that this study will contribute to diversification of teaching methods and improvement of the teaching quality in English reading classes by employing machine translation in English reading classes.

This paper analyzes the trends of the studies on particle errors for Chinese Korean learners and examines the results of the research so far. Based on this, this paper aims to present the future research task of particle errors analysis. The papers subject to analysis are 90 theses and dissertations of the degree and 43 articles of the academic journal, which are total 133 articles of the study, and in this paper, the research trends were analyzed in detail by study timing, study data (size and type), study target (proficiency, learning environment), study content (by particle, by error type). As a result, among the field of error research for Chinese learners, research on particles has been ongoing steadily, and the target data has mostly been centered on written materials. Specifically, error studies on case markers accounted for the largest portion and most studies were found to be error types based on the determination of the results. Future studies on particle errors require studies to observe changes in error patterns according to proficiency and to identify the cause of particle errors.

The purpose of this study was to diagnose students with reading difficulties in English, in order to provide them with reading interventions applying with DIBELS Next(Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills) and other diagnostic assessments. The research subjects were 3 students of elementary school of the intensive summer English reading program. The results are as follows: Case 1 showed that the subject needs additional review and practice on VCC, CVCC, CCVC words and words ending“y”. Case 2 revealed that the subject needs explicit instruction with two syllable words etc. An intervention for Case 3, showed the subject’s progress should be monitored in order to observe the developmental phase of reading fluency. This information was used to adjust subjects’ intervention plan to focus more explicitly on these particular skills.

예비교사들의 소프트웨어교육 능력을 키우기 위한 방안으로 정규 교과시간에 두 종류의 프로그래밍 도구(파 이썬, 스크래치)를 이용하여 프로그래밍 학습을 각각 실시하였다. 프로그래밍 학습에서 지속적으로 흥미와 성취 감 및 창의성을 저해하는 요소인 각종 오류들의 종류들을 수집하고 유형별로 분석하였다. 분석된 자료들을 활용 하면 향후 예비교사들이 초등학교에서 가르쳐야 할 소프트웨어교육에서 발생 가능한 오류들을 줄일 수 있도록 대처할 수 있는 능력을 키울 수 있어 최적의 학습효과를 올릴 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 평균적으로 텍스트를 입 력하는 기존 형태의 언어와 불럭을 조립하는 형태의 언어 모두에서 프로그래밍 시 가장 많은 오류를 발생시키는 유형이 논리오류(37.63%)로 가장 많았다. 또한, 두 언어에서 차이점이 많이 나타나는 세부적인 오류는 문법 등의 사용미숙, 오타 등으로 인한 단순오류가 파이썬이 14.3%, 스크래치가 3.5%로 큰 차이가 있음을 알 수 있었다.

As a way to improve the software education ability of the pre - service teachers, we conducted programming learning using two types of programming tools (Python and Scratch) at the regular course time. In programming learning, various types of errors, which are factors that continuously hinder interest, achievement and creativity, were collected and analyzed by type. By using the analyzed data, it is possible to improve the ability of pre-service teachers to cope with the errors that can occur in the software education to be taught in the elementary school, and to improve the learning effect. In this study, logic error (37.63%) was the most frequent type that caused the most errors in programming in both conventional language that input text and language that assembles block. In addition, the detailed errors that show a lot of differences in the two languages are the errors of Python (14.3%) and scratch (3.5%) due to insufficient use of grammar and other errors.

This paper aims to categorize the errors of the Korean-Russian machine translation and establish pre-editing rules to improve the quality of machine translation. Result shows that types of errors include vocabulary and context error, typo, others, verbal error, (vocabulary/phrase) omission, (vocabulary/phrase) structural error and an error on a proper noun and number/time/date error in following order. Based on these, 10 pre-editing rules have been established and suggested. 1) The formal name must be used instead of an abbreviation for a particular organization. 2) numerical writing methods which use Korean units must be avoided. 3) address must be divided for each unit by using a comma. 4) in the case of date, correct information must be provided to identify the context such as year, month, date and etc. 5) the usage of polysemy or homonym must be avoided. 6) the meaning must be clarified. 7) the usage of dependent nouns which can cause confusion in identifying the context must be avoided 8) addition of unnecessary information(symbol) must be avoided 9) abbreviated subject must be clarified. 10) the sentence structure must be simplified. As a result of using these rules, it has been confirmed that the errors of machine translation have been significantly improved.

The purpose of this study is to investigate punctuation translation strategy of the Korean-Russian machine translation and categorize the types of its errors. This study is also aims to seek practical implications for improving product quality of machine translation by establishment of pre-editing rules and its application. For this goals, corpus of articles in KBS World Radio were established, and quantitative and qualitative analyses were carried out. The analysis results showed that both the punctuation translation strategy of machine and of human were almost same. However, the punctuation error rate by machine translation was 24.19% while the error rate by human translation was only 2.4%. To determine the cause of this, only the errors about punctuation by machine translation were classified, and the translation strategy was addition > shift > literal translation > omission. The type of punctuation marks causing errors in the source texts by machine translation was revealed. Then, the errors by machine were categorized by punctuation marks, and Pre-editing rules were created based on this. In addition, to verify the rules’ utility, the source texts and the texts translated by machine, the pre-edited source texts and the newly-produced texts by machine were comparatively analyzed. The analysis result showed that only the pre-editing rules applied to punctuation marks considerably improved sentence structure, grammar, omission, mistranslation and non-sentence.

Purpose: Workplace violence affects workplace performance. Bystanders’ role in social violence affects theconsequences of violence. The purpose of current study was to explore the influences of workplace violence andbystander type on handover error of nurses caring for adult patients. Methods: A cross-sectional survey design wasconducted using a structured questionnaire pertaining to teamwork, workplace violence, bystander type andhandover error. This study involved adult patients nurses working in a tertiary university hospital having over 1,100beds, located in a city. The questionnaire was administered to 193 bedside nurses at September 2019. Results:Nurses’ handover error was significantly correlated with overall workplace violence (p<.001), teamwork (p<.001),and all three bystander types; facilitating (p<.001), abdicating (p<.001) and defending (p<.001). A hierarchicalmultiple regression model with career, teamwork, workplace violence and bystander type explained 27.0% of nurses’handover error (F=13.55, p<.001). Among input variables, positive bystander type-defender (β=-.20, p=.005) wasthe most powerful influential factors on nurses’ handover error. Negative bystander types - facilitating, abdicatingbystander (β=.18, p=.025) workplace violence (β=.18, p=.015), and teamwork (β=-.15, p=.026) influenced nurses’handover error, also. Conclusion: Bystanders is more than simple witnesses or observers. In this study, a positivebystander reduced the handover error in the clinical area, while a negative bystander exacerbated the handovererror. Therefore, it is necessary to educate hospital nurses regarding positive bystanders and it’s importance forhandover error and develop strategies to reduce nurse handover error.

누수 균열 보수재료로 사용되고 있는 점착 유연형 고무 아스팔트계 누수보수용 주입형 실링재는 KS F 4935에 의해 품질관리가 이루어지고 있으나, 품질 관리 방법 중 습윤면 부착성능 시험방법에 대한 재료적, 방법적인 오류를 가지고 있는 것으로 판단되었다. 이에 반복적 실험을 통해 문제점을 분석하고 분석된 문제점을 해결하기 위한 방안으로 시험체 및 시험기기를 제작하여 이를 활용한 개정방안을 제시 및 검증을 진행하였다. 개선방안 시험방법의 검증결과 기존에 갖고 있던 재료적 측면, 방법적 측면의 문제점들을 객관적으로 해결할 수 있었다.

In the current construction industry, physical property evaluation of sealant materials is conducted in accordance to KS F 4935. Among the KS F 4935 test criteria, there is a methodological problem with the wet surface adhesion test method. The issues were outlined and analyzed through repeat testing and based on the results, new test method and apparatus were developed to provide an improved and more accurate evaluation. As a result, this new method was able to objectively evaluate the wet adhesion properties of waterproofing sealant materials.

학생들이 문장으로 이루어진 문제를 해결과정에서 발생하는 오류의 유형을 분류하고, 각각의 오류 유형을 보인 학생들의 면담(인터뷰)을 통하여 오류를 범하게 된 요인을 분석하였다. 연구결과에 따라 나타난 대표적인 오류 유형은 ‘문항 이해의 부족’, ‘풀이과정의 오류’, ‘정리나 정의에 대한 왜곡된 이해’, ‘이기과정의 오류’, ‘기술적 오류’, ‘풀이과정 생략’ 등으로 나타났다. 또한 일부 학생들은 문장제에 대한 부담감으로 문제를 해결하기보다는 포기하는 현상이 나타났으며, 학생들은 문장으로 이루어진 문제를 해결을 하기 위해서 무엇보다 문제에 대한 이해가 필요한데, 이 부분이 절대적으로 부족하여 문제에서 주어진 자료를 자의적으로 판단하고 활용하는 경향이 짙게 보였다. 교사는 학생들이 문장제 문제 해결과정에서 발생하는 오류를 미리 파악하고 이를 보안할 수 있는 교수-학습방법으로 학생들을 지도한다면 오류를 사전에 예방하여 발생빈도를 줄일 수 있고, 학생들로 하여금 효과적인 학습이 이루어 질 수 있을 것이다.

The purpose of mathematics eduction is to develop the ability of thinking mathematically. It informs method to solve problem through mathematical thinking that teach mathematical ability. Errors in the problem solving can be thought as those in the mathematical thinking. Therefore analysis and classification of mathematics errors is important to teach mathematics. This study researches the preceding studies on mathematics errors and presents the characteristic of them with analyzed models. The results achieved by analysis of the process of problem solving are as follows :▸ Students feel much harder to solve words problems rather than multiple-choice problems. ▸ The length of sentence make some differences of understanding of the words problems. Students easy to understand short sentence problems than long sentence problems. ▸ If students feel difficulties on the pre-learned mathematical content, they feel the same difficulties on the words problems based on the pre-learned mathematics content.

This paper aims to reveal what types of English tense and aspect Korean translators misuse in their Korean-English translations. Korean source texts make an internal structure of VPs as simple as possible by avoiding using aspect markers. This simple VP structure in Korean texts induce Korean translators to commit tense and aspect errors in Korean-English translation because the structure may allow Korean tense and aspect expressed in VPs to be reinterpreted subjectively on the basis of time adverbial and contextual information. Korean translators made more errors in order of the past tense, the present tense and the present perfect aspect. The present and past tense were overused in their translations while the use of aspect was avoided. The past tense was variously utilized to replace different tense and aspect, and its diverse use resulted in its more errors. This error type analysis in the use of English tense and aspect demonstrates that translation errors may come from lack of knowledge about Korean as well as English, and indicates that translators need to know more about both their source and target languages.

To investigate L2 adolescent learners’ use of machine translation (MT), an MT error correction (EC) test was developed, based on the analysis of MT errors arising from translating the learners’ L1 of middle school EFL textbooks. Learners were also asked to report on their use of MT EC strategies on the EC task. Results indicated that mistranslated sentence and verb tense are the most difficult types of MT errors to correct. Furthermore, to resolve MT errors, guessing from context and literal translations were the two most frequently employed EC strategies. When multiple regression analysis was conducted to examine the contribution of EC strategies to the learners’ ability to correct errors, the mid proficiency learners’ reliance on literal translations and the low proficiency learners’ use of multiple EC strategies were positively associated with improved corrections of MT errors. The results of the study are discussed in light of how L2 learners need to develop competence for using MT in L2 writing.

At the conclusion from the hypothesis testing, there is a possibility of making Type I error and Type II error. The purpose of this article is to use this program in statistics teaching through developing the program for studying on the concept about these two errors, two kinds of the probability of errors by the variation of rejection region, two kinds of the probability of errors by the variation of sample size, the relations of the probability $\alpha$ and $\beta$ by these two errors, and power function, power curve.

For split plot designs exact univariate F tests of the within-subjects main effect are based on the assumption of multisample sphericity. Type I error rates and power are reported for the F test and two tests designed for use when multisample sphericity is violated: the $\widetilde{\xi}$-adjusted test and the Corrected Improved General Approximation(CIGA) test.The results indicate that even though the F test and the $\widetilde{\xi}$-adjusted test have better power than the CIGA test in some conditions, the F test and the $\widetilde{\xi}$-adjusted test do not control Type I error rates when the design is unbalanced and the F test dose not have a good control of Type I error rates when sphericity assumption is severely violated.

This paper investigates a mathematical model of a system composed of two non-identical unit parallel system with common-cause failure, critical human error, non-critical human error, preventive maintenance and two type of repair, i.e. cheaper and costlier. This system goes for preventive maintenance at random epochs. We assume that the failure, repair and maintenance times are independent random variables. The failure rates, repair rates and preventive maintenance rate are constant for each unit. The system is analyzed by using the graphical evaluation and review technique (GERT) to obtain various related measures and we study the effect of the preventive maintenance preventive maintenance on the system performance. Certain important results have been derived as special cases. The plots for the mean time to system failure and the steady-state availability A(${\infty}$) of the system are drawn for different parametric values.

This is a survey article on finite element a posteriori error estimates with an emphasize on gradient recovery type error estimators. As an example, the error estimator based on the ZZ patch recovery technique will be discussed in some detail. AMS Mathematics Subject Classification : 65N30, 65N15

In this paper, a new one-step iterative scheme with error for approximating common fixed points of asymptotically quasi-nonexpansive type nonself-mappings in Banach space is defined. The results obtained in this paper extend and improve the recent ones, announced by H. Y. Zhou, Y. J. Cho, and S. M. Kang [Zhou et al.,(2007), namely, A new iterative algorithm for approximating common fixed points for asymptotically non-expansive mappings, published to Fixed Point Theory and Applications 2007 : 1-9], and many others.

Sliding mode control with nonlinear interpolation in the boundary layer is proposed. A modified sigmoid function is used for nonlinear interpolation in the boundary layer and its parameter is tuned by a fuzzy controller. The fuzzy controller that takes both the sliding variable and a measure of chattering as its inputs tunes the parameter of the modified sigmoid function. Owing to the decreased thickness of the boundary layer and the tuned parameter, the proposed method has superior tracking performance than the conventional linear interpolation method.

Sliding mode control with nonlinear interpolation in the boundary layer is proposed. A modified sigmoid function is used for nonlinear interpolation in the boundary layer and its parameter is tuned by a fuzzy logic controller. The fuzzy logic controller that takes the distance between the system state and the sliding surface as its input guides the choice of parameter of the modified sigmoid function and the parameter is on-line tuned. Owing to the decreased thickness, the proposed method has better tracking performance than the conventional linear interpolation method. To demonstrate its performance, the proposed control algorithm is applied to a simple nonlinear system model.

In this paper, we adopt symmetric interior penalty discontinuous Galerkin (SIPG) methods to approximate the solution of nonlinear viscoelasticity-type equations. We construct finite element space which consists of piecewise continuous polynomials. We introduce an appropriate elliptic-type projection and prove its approximation properties. We construct semidiscrete discontinuous Galerkin approximations and prove the optimal convergence in $L^2$ normed space.

In this paper, we adopt discontinuous Galerkin methods with penalty terms namely symmetric interior penalty Galerkin methods, to solve nonlinear viscoelasticity type equations. We construct finite element spaces and define an appropriate projection of u and prove its optimal convergence. We construct extrapolated fully discrete discontinuous Galerkin approximations for the viscoelasticity type equation and prove ${\ell}^{\infty}(L^2)$ optimal error estimates in both spatial direction and temporal direction.