Earticle

The purpose of this study was to analyze the use of connectors in English writing between Korean college students’ corpus and LOCNESS. Specifically, the study examined the students’ use of connectors in terms of the three categories of connectors such as coordinators, subordinators, and conjunctive adverbials by Yoon and Yoo(2007) and four categories of the conjunctive adverbials by Celce-Murcia and Larsen-Freeman(1999). The participants were 24 students who took the Intermediate English Composition in a local university in Busan. The findings have shown that the Korean university students overused ‘but, when, so, first’ and underused ‘and’ than LOCNESS. In addition, the findings showed that their use of connectors have increased gradually over the course of the semester. The findings will shed light on how better college instructors may be able to help teach the use of connectors in Korean students’ English writing.

In this paper, error performance of a communication link subjected to a non-Gaussian noise model known as symmetric alpha-stable (SS) noise and fading environment is analyzed with selection combining at the receiver. To this end, using binary phase-shift keying (BPSK), closed-form expressions of exact and asymptotic bit-error-rate (BER) are obtained. Furthermore, closed-form expressions of outage probability and -th moment are obtained. From the -th moment, the average signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and channel quality estimation index (CQEI) are calculated. The effect of the number of antennas (L) and the fading parameters on the BER is studied for different impulsive settings. Monte-Carlo simulations are performed to validate the derived results.

By employing the concept of equivalent linkage, this paper presents an analytical method for analyzing the mechanical errors of disk cam mechanisms with a flat-faced follower. The resulting error equations do not really involve the location of the curvature center of the cam profile, and locating the curvature center of the cam profile is not essential. The resulting errors are significantly affected by the pressure angle, and the smaller pressure angle will result in the smaller mechanical error. In the worst case, owing to the joined effects of various design parameters, the accuracy of the follower motion may degrade considerably. For the oscillating follower case, all acceleration error functions have a sudden change at every beginning and at every end of the motion even though the theoretical follower displacement is cycloidal motion.

The block error probabilities of noncoherent frequency shift keying in a Nakagami fading channel are presented in this papaer. The channel fading speed, show or fast. is consider in evaluating block error probabilities. The effectiveness of diversity combing and error correction coding in improving block error performance is examined. The effect of cochannel interference on block error performance is also studied in this paper.

The contour method relies on deformations that occur when a residually stressed component is cut along a plane. The method is based on the elastic superposition principle. When plasticity is involved in the relaxation process, stress error in the resulting measurement of residual stress would be caused. During the cutting the specimen is constrained at a location along the cut so that deformations are restrained as much as possible during cutting. With proper selection of the constraining location the plasticity effect can also be minimized. Typical patterns of longitudinal welding residual stress state were taken to assess the plasticity effect along with constraining locations.

The EBP (Error Back-Propagation) Algorithm was initially proposed for training MLP's (Multi-Layer Perceptrons) and is now widely used for training deep neural networks. This supervised learning algorithm minimizes the error function between the actual output values of MLP's and their desired values. However, ICA (Independent Component Analysis) is an unsupervised learning algorithm that aims to maximize the independence among the outputs of neural networks. ICA has been shown to realize visual features in the V1 layer of the human brain by learning from natural scenes and cochlear features of the human ear by learning from auditory signals. In this paper, we propose merging the supervised EBP algorithm with the unsupervised ICA algorithm to enhance the performance of neural networks by training independent features in the initial learning stage. This approach mirrors the feature-learning process observed in mammals during the early stages of life. Furthermore, the proposed approach is verified through simulations on isolated-word recognition tasks, achieving improved classification performance with faster learning convergence. In detail, when the number of hidden nodes is 100, EBP with ICA reaches a misclassification ratio of 2.78% on the test data at 160 epochs, while EBP achieves 3.28% at 300 epochs.

This small-scale qualitative study explores how systematic spoken error analysis may illuminate second language (L2) development among Bangla-speaking learners of English. Drawing on Ellis and Barkhuizen’s (2005) performance analysis framework, the study examines grammatical, lexical, and pragmatic deviations in the spontaneous spoken output of two postgraduate learners during a task-based sociolinguistic interview. Adopting an interpretive analytic approach, analysis of the transcribed interaction identifies recurring patterns in interrogative formation, reliance on formulaic sequences, and L1-influenced pragmatic routines. While these features appear to support communicative fluency and interactional alignment, they also suggest partial proceduralisation of English morphosyntax and emerging limitations in register sensitivity. The findings indicate that spoken deviations may function not only as errors but also as contextually meaningful indicators of learners’ developing interlanguage under real-time processing constraints. Situated within an under-researched English as a foreign language (EFL) context such as Bangladesh, the study offers exploratory, context-bound insights into spoken L2 development. Pedagogically, it suggests that integrating focused spoken-error analysis into classroom practice, for example, through guided reformulation and contrastive awareness tasks, may support more responsive and developmentally attuned oral instruction in low-input South Asian ESL environments.

This study aimed to examine the relationship between conference interpretation (CI) and note-taking through an analysis of notes produced by undergraduate students during CI classes. A comparison of the original speech, notes, and the interpretation was made to identify factors which impede accurate interpretation. This study specifically focused on the error types manifested by the students in order to identify teaching points at the undergraduate level of CI instruction. The results showed a pattern where students’ errors appeared to be concentrated in contre-sens or TL mistakes. Among the errors associated with note-taking practices, an analysis was performed on words that were either undeciphered or misdeciphered. Examples include omitting keywords written down during interpretation, misinterpretation of metaphors, grammar mistakes and/or awkward use of language due to source language interference, and misinterpretation due to ineffective arrangement of notes and loss of concentration. The relationship between errors commonly made by undergraduate students during CI and their note-taking practices was examined, and diagnoses were presented to help students improve their note-taking skills and interpretation. Also, educational implications and teaching points were proposed.

Most task-based research examined the effects of task complexity on various aspects of L2 production, and this study aims to perform an in-depth analysis of task complexity effects on error patterns observed in L2 writing in terms of morphological, lexical, syntactic, and mechanical errors. 39 learners of English carried out one written task with three levels of task complexity, operationalized as the number of elements. Results of a series of repeated-measures ANOVAs revealed that greater task complexity led to significant increases in the amount of all four error types and the numbers of morphological, lexical, and local syntactic errors per T-unit. It was also found that learners are more likely to make errors in terms of plurality, word choice, and article use when they need to mention more elements when carrying out complex tasks.

Malgré l’intérêt qui ne cesse de croître en Corée pour la traductologie, l’une de ses sous-disciplines, la critique de la traduction, en est encore à ses balbutiements. Pour garantir la qualité de la traduction dans une société donnée, il est essentiel que cette société puisse faire appel à une solide tradition de critique de la traduction. Cet article propose donc un modèle à la fois complet et systématique pour assurer un bon niveau d’évaluation des traductions et, par extension, un modèle de critique de la traduction puisant dans les riches perspectives offertes par la traductologie. La première partie consiste en un résumé de l’état actuel des recherches dans le domaine de la critique de la traduction en Corée, suivi d’une analyse des écueils qui guettent chaque filière adoptée en critique de la traduction. Ensuite, trois textes sont analysés afin de montrer la nécessité d’incorporer les perspectives offertes par la traductologie dans la critique de la traduction. En conclusion, on appelle les chercheurs en traductologie à participer de façon plus active aussi bien au développement de modèles qu’à la pratique dans le domaine de la critique de la traduction.

This study primarily aims at identifying and classifying the most frequently occurring error types in Korean university students’ written work. This study will also try to find some ways to prevent those errors by discussing the issue of error treatment. A total of one hundred and fifteen Korean university students participated for two consecutive studies. The writing samples were collected and errors were extracted from native speaker teachers’ error correction of student writing. After the errors were identified, they were analyzed based on a modified linguistic category taxonomy (Dulay, Burt, & Krashen, 1982). In this study, the most common errors were ‘Noun Phrase’ errors, followed by ‘Verb Phrase’ errors. This possibly suggests the existence of interlanguage and implies that the differences in the two language systems or the absence of certain features in L1 (Korean) caused difficulty in their application in L2 (English) in using the correct forms. Pedagogical implications based on the findings are then discussed.

This study investigates how language teachers' pedagogical concerns can find a suitable framework for learner corpora-based error analysis in English classes. It demonstrates the ways in which teachers can benefit from compiling learner corpora and the ways in which they can transfer learner corpus findings to pedagogy. By analyzing the learner corpora and investigating common patterns of learners' errors, teachers can gain insights into learners' interlanguage development and provide feedback in the form of remedial teaching to cater for learners' linguistic needs. Consequently, this will help classroom instruction to be more effectively focused. The method of this study is both quantitative and qualitative in that it starts with a word-based method of analysis and ends with a category-oriented display of results. In addition, some classroom concordancing activities are suggested to present the idea of recycling learners' language output and transforming the output into a new form of input which is assumed to be comprehensible to learners.

This research intends to identify some of the common lexico-grammatical errors Korean secondary school students make in learning English. The data used in this research consists of an about 33,000-word corpus of English written by grade 9 and 10 students. The corpus was scanned to retrieve all examples of misuse of such error-prone word forms as BECAUSE, HAVE, MANY, MUCH, IF, and A LOT OF, using the standard text retrieval software tool, WordSmith Tools. These word forms were compared with those in English textbooks used in middle school English classes in order to investigate how close students' use of these forms is to the taught forms. Overall, it is necessary to provide the students with corpus-based learning methods to acquire some problematic word forms, such as BECAUSE, MANY and A LOT OF. Techniques of drawing students' attention to form or noticing features of targeted items can be useful as well. Although this research could not find all the most common errors the students produce in learning English, it could be one way of identifying significant features of learner errors, in particular areas of common difficulty in writing. It could also play an important role in developing more systematic learner language research and designing learner corpus-based teaching techniques and materials.

한–중 법률 번역은 법률 용어의 복잡성, 일관성에 대한 엄격한 요구, 그리고 도메인 특화 이중언어 자원의 부족으로 인해 고유한 어려움을 가진다. 최근 신경망 기계번역(NMT)의 발전으로 전반적인 번역 성능은 향상되었으나, 용어의 신뢰성과 오류 분포 문제는 여전히 해결되지 않아 법률 분야에서의 실제 적용 가능성을 제한하고 있다. 본 연구는 mBART 기반 NMT 모델의 디코딩 단계와 사후편집 단계에 이중언어 법률 용어집을 통합하는 용어 인식 번역 프레임워크를 제안한다. 또한 의미 불일치, 문법 오류, 용어 일탈 등을 포함한 주요 법률 번역 오류를 분류하고 정량화하기 위한 종합적인 오류 분석 체계를 제시한다. 한–중 법률 코퍼스를 이용한 실험 결과, 제안된 방법은 BLEU 및 TER과 같은 기존 평가 지표를 향상시킬 뿐만 아니라, 기준 시스템에 비해 더 높은 용어 정확도와 일관성을 달성함을 보여준다. 이러한 결과는 도메인 특화 용어 통제와 체계적인 오류 분석이 기계 기반 법률 번역의 신뢰성을 향상시키는 데 핵심적임을 시사하며, 사법 및 입법 분야에서 보다 신뢰할 수 있는 활용을 가능하게 한다.

Legal translation between Korean and Chinese poses unique challenges due to the complexity of legal terminology, strict requirements for consistency, and the scarcity of domain-specific bilingual resources. While recent advances in neural machine translation (NMT) have improved overall translation performance, issues of terminology reliability and error distribution remain unresolved, limiting the practical applicability of such systems in legal contexts. This study proposes a terminology-aware translation framework that integrates a bilingual legal glossary into both the decoding and post-editing stages of an mBART-based NMT model. In addition, a comprehensive error analysis framework is introduced to classify and quantify common legal translation errors, including semantic inconsistency, grammatical inaccuracies, and terminological deviations. Experiments on a Korean–Chinese legal corpus demonstrate that the proposed approach not only enhances conventional evaluation metrics such as BLEU and TER, but also achieves higher terminology accuracy and consistency compared with baseline systems. These findings highlight the importance of domain-specific terminology control and systematic error analysis in improving the reliability of machine-assisted legal translation, thereby contributing to more trustworthy applications in judicial and legislative contexts.

디지털 위성 통신 시스템은 다양한 서비스를 제공하기 위하여 지상망과 통합되어 사용되는 경우가 많다. 이 경우에 위성 통신 시스템은 지상망에서 정의한 성능 목표를 만족시켜야 한다. ITU-R 권고서 S.1062 에서는 15GHz 이하의 디지털 위성 통신 시스템의 오류 성능 목표를 명시하고 있다. 권고에서는 오류 버스트 내의 평균 오류의 개수를 로 정의 하고 비트 오류 확률 나누기 를 오류 성능 목표로 제시하고 있다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 오류 성능 목표를 분석하는데 있어서 오류 버스트 내의 평균 오류 개수인 값을 이론적으로 구하는 방법을 제시한다. 이를 토대로 길쌈 부호의 이론 값 및 이에 바탕을 두고 있는 DVB-RCS 터보부호의 값에 대한 이론값을 구하고 시뮬레이션 값과 비교하여 의 이론적인 계산식을 증명해 보일 것이다.

Digital satellite communication systems are usually integrated with terrestrial systems to provide various services. In these cases, they should satisfy the performance objectives defined by the terrestrial systems. Recommendation ITU-R S.1062 specifies the error performance objectives of digital satellite communication systems operating below 15 GHz. The error performance are given in terms of bit error probability divided by the number of the average bit errors in the burst (). This paper presents a theoretical method to estimate that is a very important parameter in the satellite communication systems to analyze the error performance objectives. We show performance estimation result of DVB-RCS turbo code using the presented method, and verify them by comparing to the simulation results.

The use of intravenous catheters are occasionally complicated by intravascular fragments and swelling of the catheter fragments. We present a patient in whom an intravenous catheter fragments was retrieved from the dorsal metacarpal vein following its incidental CT examination detection. The case of demonstrates the utility of microscopy and multi‐detector CT in localizing small of subtle intravenous catheter fragments as a human error. A case of IV catheter fragments in the metacarpal vein, in which reproducible and microscopy data allowed complete localization of a missing fragments and guided surgery with respect to the optimal incision site for fragments removal. These reproducible studies may help to determine the best course of action and treatment for the patient who presents with such a case.

This research is a classroom-based, exploratory and descriptive study to better understand how error treatment during communicative synchronous computer mediated communication (S-CMC) tasks in EFL classroom happens. 42 learners participated in S-CMC tasks, and their chatscripts were analyzed according to the error treatment sequence. Particularly, the analysis focused on the frequency distribution of the different error types, the availability of corrective feedback, uptake and repair, and the effects of corrective feedback. The findings support the idea, which has been demonstrated by preceding studies, that when language learning is solely experiential and focused on communicative success, some linguistic features may not develop to targetlike accuracy. In addition, this study shows that S-CMC may offer us great chances for error treatment in that learners’ synchronous interactions are recorded. It emphasizes the role of language teachers, especially in a communicative EFL setting, and it suggests the need for the study to examine the post-treatment of errors in S-CMC tasks.