Earticle

This study was designed to investigate the impact of teacher’s written feedback and the learners’ attitudes about it in the context of Iran. To this end, 60 intermediate-level learners of an institute participated in three 20 members groups, each group receiving one type of teacher’s written comments (i.e., imperatives, statements, and questions). The participants were asked to write four drafts on each of the two IELTS topics during a semester, and then a one-way ANOVA was conducted on the average gain scores from the first to the last drafts. The results showed that different feedback types can affect writing improvement differently, and statement feedback is the most effective comment for the context of this research. Moreover, the participants’ attitudes was investigated through using a questionnaire (adapted from Hamouda, 2011 & Beaumont et al., 2008), and statement feedback was reported as the most preferred comment type. Finally, correlations were conducted between the types of comments and the participants’ attitudes, the result of which indicated a match between the two results.

The terms ‘theme’ and ‘topic’ in information structure have been used without conceptual distinction. So there was conceptual confusion in many discussions. This paper suggests that it is necessary to analyze how the topic-comment structure introduced by Lambrecht(1994) is related to the theme-rheme structure discussed in Halliday(1967) in Korean sentences. Based on the fact that the most important property of the theme is sentence-initial and that of the topic is aboutness, it is pointed out that the sentence-initial constituent of a sentence is the theme and the topic is an active element about which new information is added to the listener. A preposed object with clitic -(n)un in the sentence-initial is analysed as not a topic but a contrastive focus in Korean. And the sentence-initial that represents the possessor and possession marked with -(n)un is not only a topic as a whole but also its possessor could be a topic.

The purpose of this paper is to find out whether the sentence topics of the English originals are translated into sentence topics in their Korean translations and explain what causes changes, if any, in the translations. Topics are identified in relation to sentence types: topic-comment, identification, event-reporting, presentational, and topicalized sentences. A total of 480 clauses from The Grapes of Wrath, and Great Gatsby and their corresponding clauses from the Korean translations are analysed. Ninety percent of the topics of the topic-comment sentences and eighty-six percent of those of thetic (event-reporting and presentational) sentences in the originals are found to be translated into sentence topics in the translations. Two main factors causing changes in the translations are the presence of inanimate subject sentences in the originals and thematization in translations. Thematization is seen as a result of pragmatic structuring of the author's communicative intention in accordance with the syntactic structure of the target language. Translations of inanimate subject sentences can also be understood in relation to the acceptability of the information states of the inanimate subjects, but more intensive study is required to confirm their relationship.

This paper examines the use of the topic marker nun and the topic- comment construction in English-Korean simultaneous interpretation. The nun-marked topic in a topic-comment construction has been analyzed during the recent years by discourse and conversation analysts as having two discursive functions: a "forward-looking" function, which ties the topic to the prior discourse and a "backward-looking" function, which relates the topic to the subsequent discourse(Bak, 1991; Kim, 1999, 2001; Lee, 1986; Hwang, 1987). In this paper, it is argued that the function of the topic marker nun is strategically exploited by English-Korean simultaneous interpreters to relieve time and information processing constraints. Based on an analysis of two sets of interpretation data, nun is examined as a reformulation organizing device for simultaneous interpreters using Korean as a target language. It is proposed that nun functions to achieve discursive coherence and economy of expression in interpretation, to coordinate word order differences between Korean and English and to create syntactic flexibility in the interpreter's structuring of utterances. The findings suggest that language-specific devices such as the topic marker nun present real options as a reformulation strategy in actual interpreting settings and underscore the importance of exploring language-specific issues to overcome linguistic and information processing constraints in simultaneous interpretation.

In recent years, emotional text classification is one of the essential research contents in the field of natural language processing. It has been widely used in the sentiment analysis of commodities like hotels, and other commentary corpus. This paper proposes an improved W-LDA (weighted latent Dirichlet allocation) topic model to improve the shortcomings of traditional LDA topic models. In the process of the topic of word sampling and its word distribution expectation calculation of the Gibbs of the W-LDA topic model. An average weighted value is adopted to avoid topic-related words from being submerged by high-frequency words, to improve the distinction of the topic. It further integrates the highest classification of the algorithm of support vector machine based on the extracted high-quality document-topic distribution and topic-word vectors. Finally, an efficient integration method is constructed for the analysis and extraction of emotional words, topic distribution calculations, and sentiment classification. Through tests on real teaching evaluation data and test set of public comment set, the results show that the method proposed in the paper has distinct advantages compared with other two typical algorithms in terms of subject differentiation, classification precision, and F1-measure.

This commentary responds to Frank J. Boster's essay titled "Too many? Too few? Just right? Construct proliferation and need for a construct dump," which recently appeared in Asian Communication Research. The authors agree with Boster's call to reassess constructs in communication research and present additional evaluation criteria. In particular, the commentary emphasizes the importance of multilevel explanations and proposes a distinction between constructs that provide empty explanations (skyhooks) and constructs that provide grounded explanations (cranes). By incorporating behavioral and biological measures alongside psychometric remedies, the communication research community can strengthen construct validity and advance the field's explanatory power.

Comparing online and paper-based environment for report submission and correction, the former supersedes to the latter, since (1) the turn-around time becomes shorter, (2) teaching opportunity increases, and (3) as a consequence, the student's achievement level becomes higher in the online environment. In this paper, we propose an annotation tool GABA for PDF document in order to reduce correction time by the teachers and to facilitate instruction to students. In a usual class, the same or similar assignments are given to the students. Then it is often the case that many students make similar mistakes. A teacher can register and classify common correction comments to GABA. Report correction time becomes significantly shorter by reusing the registered comments. GABA also provides various support functions in order to assist efficient checking of numerous report files such as (1) sorting of frequently-used comments, (2) similarity-based file sorting, and (3) cross tabulation of comments using category and weight.

This study examines cross-cultural differences in kimchi perception and its cultural interaction as reflected in Koreanand English-language social media discourse. YouTube comments collected between 2021 and 2025 were analyzed through text mining, semantic network analysis, sentiment analysis, time-series analysis, and food pairing analysis. The results show that Korean-language discourse frames kimchi as an integral part of daily meals and traditional culture, characterized by a process-oriented discourse centered on ingredients, preparation, and communal practices. In contrast, English-language discourse approaches kimchi from an evaluation- and experience-oriented perspective, emphasizing taste, recipes, and cultural identity. Sentiment analysis of discourse referring to sensory-related descriptors indicates that taste is the most positively associated attribute in both corpora, while smell is associated with more negative sentiment in the English-language data. Fermentation and health are associated with English-language acceptance, highlighting discussion of kimchi’s functional food role. Time-series analysis suggests that, in Englishlanguage discourse, kimchi is increasingly discussed as a functional food and is increasingly associated with emotional, family-related expressions, rather than indicating a confirmed change in consumer perception or behavior. In addition, kimchi is increasingly mentioned alongside diverse cuisines, consistent with adaptation and hybridization in the discourse. These findings suggest that, within the analyzed discourse, kimchi is discussed as a multidimensional food that integrates cultural, functional, and emotional associations.

인터넷이 세계의 미디어시장을 강타하고 있다. 인쇄매체의 가장 대표주자격인 신문이 그 영향 하에 있다. 본 연구는 인터넷과같은 디지털 매체와 신문과같은 아날로그매체의 관계를 시장 전략적인 관점에 따라 재인식코자한다. 인터넷의 등장이전부터 신문은 이미 하향세를 보여주었다. 1970년 이래 독자들의 독서시간이 감소되었고, 무료신문이 등장하여 인쇄매체시장을 위협해왔다. 광고비 또한 지속적으로 타매체에게 빼앗겨 왔다. 신문이 전통적으로 지녔던 신뢰성의 정보가치 또한 격하되었다. 오늘날의 신문은 이미 종말을 예견해 놓은 상태인 것이다. 정보의 독점성, 광고비에 대한 기대, 정보수집의 전통관례에 지나치게 경도해왔던 신문은 인터넷이 세계의 미디어시장을 강타하고 있다. 인쇄매체의 가장 대표주자격인 신문이 그 영 향 하에 있다. 본 연구는 인터넷과같은 디지털 매체와 신문과같은 아날로그매체의 관계를 시장 전략적인 관점에 따라 재인식코자한다. 인터넷의 등장이전부터 신문은 이미 하향세를 보여주었다. 1970년 이래 독자들의 독서시간 이 감소되었고, 무료신문이 등장하여 인쇄매체시장을 위협해왔다. 광고비 또한 지속적으로 타 매체에게 빼앗겨 왔다. 신문이 전통적으로 지녔던 신뢰성의 정보가치 또한 격하되었다. 오늘날 의 신문은 이미 종말을 예견해 놓은 상태인 것이다. 정보의 독점성, 광고비에 대한 기대, 정보수집의 전통관례에 지나치게 경도해왔던 신문은 오늘날 인터넷신문을 동시에 운영하며 그로부터 상호적으로 교훈을 얻는다. 인쇄매체신문이 인터넷신문과 같은 민주성과 역동성을 지니지 않는다면 인쇄매체신문의 미래는 없을 것이다.

In a classical paper, Allen and Faulhaber (1989) provided a signaling explanation for underpricing in the IPO price. Their main insight is that good-type rms nd it optimal to signal their type by underpricing their initial issue of shares, and investors know that only the best can recoup the cost of this signal from subsequent issues. In this note, we argue that their proof of the main result is not complete because they only checked part of the incentive compatibility conditions without showing that their outcome is robust against all possible deviations. We show that a good rm always has an incentive to deviate to raise the IPO price slightly from its equilibrium price if the price is the only signaling device. This implies that there is no separating equilibrium, that is, signaling by underpricing does not occur in equilibrium in the case of one- dimensional signal. If the rm can choose the equity fraction to be sold as well as the price, however, a high-type (good-type) rm can signal its high protability by choosing a low fraction of equity. In this case, a high-type rm still engages in underpricing in the sense that it sets a lower IPO price than the real value of the rm, but underpricing cannot be a signal because both types choose the same price in equilibrium.

As a quick econometric solution to handle potential endogeneity issues in panel data models, the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) estimator is gaining popularity in IS research. Despite the sensitivity of this estimator to model specifications and estimation strategies, a noticeable number of IS studies employing this method fail to report the detailed model specifications, robustness check results with different model specifications and estimation strategies, or test statistics, which render their empirical results less credible. We demonstrate, based on the dataset used by Arellano and Bond (1991), that passing the commonly required tests such as the m2 test and the Sargan-Hansen test does not guarantee validity of the estimate, because the size and the statistical significance of the estimate can largely depend on the choice of estimation procedure and possible moment restrictions that pass such required tests. We urge researchers not only to report the results of significant focal variables, but also to be explicit about the model specifications and estimation strategies, and to provide robustness checks with different model specifications, along with their complete test results.

Most IS studies take the position that the effect of critical success factors (CSFs) of IT services on user satisfaction/usage is one-dimensional or linear: the higher the influence of a CSF, the higher the level of measured performance (e.g., service satisfaction, adoption, and/or usage). Most theories and research models adopted by IS researchers, such as the theory of reasoned action and the technology acceptance model, are grounded on this paradigm in which unidimensionality is presumed implicitly or explicitly. However, sporadic arguments have been made that adequate prediction of user perceptions and behaviors is difficult when research is grounded on such a one-dimensional premise (Ahuja and Thatcher, 2005; Cenfetelli, 2004; Mittal et al., 1998). The motivators and de-motivators to use a service/product could represent two divergent concepts rather than flip sides of a coin. For instance, motivators to use a service improve user satisfaction if they are fulfilled, but their absence may not necessarily result in a proportional degree of user dissatisfaction. Likewise, de- motivators to use a service may increase user dissatisfaction, but their alleviation may not necessarily enhance satisfaction with the service proportionally. However, empirical studies that examine the dichotomy or directional discrepancy of influencing forces on the success of an IT service are scarce, making it difficult to judge the theoretical integrity of what may be called the ‘dichotomy’ view. In this article, I would like to introduce a recent research result, co-produced with Bongsik Shin from San Diego State University, to test the dual nature of CSFs. In adopting the duality perspective, we have taken the position that the influence of a CSF as an antecedent variable on the consequence variable(s) of an IT service can be asymmetric (i.e., non- linear). From the symmetric viewpoint, the association between a given CSF and outcomes remains proportionately uniform: a higher-level CSF results in a higher level of performance, and vice versa. However, if the influence of a CSF is asymmetric, its effect on the consequence variable(s) must be stronger in one direction than in the other direction. To test the validity of our theoretical position, data were gathered on post-adoption usage of digital data services offered by carriers of mobile devices (mobile data service or MDS), currently the most prevalent form of IT-enabled service. The inundation of web-based advanced data services for smart phones (e.g., iPhone), tablets (e.g., iPad), laptops, and other personal digital devices is well known. With the launch of high-speed mobile networks running 4G technologies, there has been a surge of various mobile data services such as social networking, video conferencing, streaming of movies and user-created content, and online gaming. This explosive growth trend should continue with the meteoric rise of smart phones. Two sets of empirical data (a purely self-report-based, cross-sectional dataset and an actual usage-based, longitudinal dataset) were gathered to verify the duality of the CSFs. The different types of datasets complemented each other’s weaknesses, allowing for a more generalized view of the empirical findings.