Earticle

하치오지센닌도신(八王子千人同心)은 다케다(武田) 가문의 고비토가시라(小人頭)에 의해 통솔되었던 군사집단으로 에도시대에는 막부의 야리부교(鑓奉行)에 소속된 센닌 가시라 아래서 하치오지를 중심으로 영국내의 경비와 일광동조궁의 경비를 주 임무로 하는 무사의 역(役)을 수행하였지만 신분으로서는 백성으로 간주되었다. 센닌도신은 무사로서의 임무를 수행하는 집단으로 시작되었지만 평화가 계속됨에 따라 박봉으로 인한 경제적 궁핍으로 임무시 이외에는 농업에 종사하여 백성의 역을 겸하는 존재가 되었다. 신분상으로는 농민의 취급을 받아왔으나 18세기에 들어와 무사의 신분의 상징 인 성(姓)의 사용을 주장하였다. 이러한 센닌도신의 주장은 종문개인별장(宗門改人別帳)에 성의 기입을 주장하는 것이었고 이러한 주장은 종문개인별장 작성 담당자였던 나누시(名主)들에게 거부당해 결국 막부에게까지 보고되었다. 그러나 막부에서도 이러 한 주장을 허가하지 않았다. 한편 메야스바코(目安箱)를 통한 소송이나 나누시 겸업의 금지, 봉록이 적어 농업 겸업을 허가한다는 문서, 전답의 소지를 불허하는 등 무사로서 의 취급을 하고 있었던 사료들이 다량 존재한다. 이는 막부가 역(役)을 기준으로 사농 공상이라는 신분제를 사회적 근간으로 채용하면서도 신분간의 경계에 있던 존재들에 게 편의에 따라 신분을 규정하였었다는 점을 지적할 수 있다. 이는 신분이 정치적, 국 가적 질서에 의해 고정되었다는 이시모다 쇼의 주장을 뒷받침해 주는 것이며 에도막부 에 있어 정치적, 국가적 질서는 초기에 막부가 정한 신분제를 유지시키기 위한 모순된 법적용에 의해 유지되었다.

Hachioji Sennin doshin is a group under the control of the Kobitogasira who served the Sengoku Daimyo Takeda. During the Edo Shogunate era, they belonged to Yari Bugyo, and served as a guard in the territory and a guard of Nikko Dosyogu in Hachioji. That is, they served as a samurai. However, the status was treated as a Hyakusyo. Sennindoshin was born as a group that served as a samurai, but as the period of peace continued, financial difficulties deepened, and they also served as a Hyakusyo in agriculture outside the period of his service. Although they was treated as a Hyakusyo, they began to advocate the use of their surname, a symbol of samurai status, in the 18th century. The allegation of such a Sennin doshin was to request the surname to be entered in the Syuomonaratameninbetutyo. Such a claim was rejected by the Nanushi who were in charge of creating the Syuomonaratameninbetutyo, and was reported to the shogunate. However, the Shogunate also rejected the claim of Sennin doshin. On the other hand, there are many historical materials that have been treated as samurai, such as prohibiting writing in the Meyasubako, prohibiting Nanushi, permitting side jobs in agriculture due to low salary, and prohibiting possession of fields. It can be pointed out that the shogunate adopted the shi-no-ko-sho status system of the occupation based on the role, but defined the status of people who were on the border of status for convenience. This supports Ishimoda Sho’s assertion that his status was fixed by political and national order. Also, in the Edo Shogunate, the political and national order was maintained by the application of contradictory laws in order to maintain the order established by the Shogunate in the early days.

八王子千人同心は戦国大名武田氏に仕えた小人頭の配下にあった集団で、江戸幕府 時代には鑓奉行に属し、八王子を中心に領国内の警備や日光の火の番を勤めた。すなわ ち、武士としての役を勤めた。しかし、身分は百姓として扱われた。千人同心は武士と しての役を勤める集団として生まれたが、平和の時期が持続される中で経済的な困窮が 深くなり、役を勤める時期以外には農業を行う百姓の役も勤めていた。身分上では百姓 として扱われていたが、18世紀に入り武士身分の象徴でもある苗字の使用を主張し始め た。このような千人同心の主張は宗門改人別帳に苗字記入を求めることであった。この ような主張は宗門改人別帳の作成担当者であった名主たちに拒否され、幕府まで報告さ れた。しかし、幕府もこのような千人同心の主張に不可方針を下した。一方、目安箱に 書き入れ禁止、名主倦怠の禁止、俸禄が少ないため農業の兼業を許可、田畑の所有を禁 止するなど武士としての扱いをした史料がたくさん存在する。このことは幕府が役を基 準とする士農工商という身分制を採用しながらも身分間の境界にあった人々を便宜的に 身分を規定したことが指摘できる。これは身分が政治的·国家的な秩序により固定され たという石母田正の主張を裏付けることである。また、江戸幕府において政治的·国家 的秩序は初期に幕府が定めた秩序を維持するために矛盾的な法の適用によって維持され たことである。

This paper describes the real operation of 2 kW class reverse-Brayton refrigeration system with neon as a working fluid. The refrigeration cycle is designed with operating pressure of 0.5 and 1.0 MPa at low and high pressure side, respectively. Compressor package consists of several helium scroll compressors witch are originally used for driving GM cryocooler. Three segments of plate heat exchanger are adopted to cover the wide temperature range and the refrigeration power is produced by turbo expander. The developed refrigeration system is successfully operated at its target temperature of 77 K. In experiments, all parameters such as pressure, temperature, mass flow rate and valve opening are measured to investigate characteristics during cool-down process and normal state. The difference between design and real operation is discussed with measured experimental data. At normal state of 77 K operation, the developed reverse-Brayton refrigeration system shows 1.83 kW at 68.2 K of cold-end temperature.

A vacuum system is designed for thermal insulation of a 10 ton/day class air liquefaction cold box for liquid air energy storage. The vacuum system is composed of a turbomolecular pump, a backing pump and vacuum piping for the vacuum pumps. The turbomolecular pump is in combination with the backing pump for pumping capacity. The vacuum piping is designed with system installation conditions, such as distance from the cold box, connections to vacuum pumps and installation space. The capacity of the vacuum pump combination, namely pumping speed, is determined by analysis of the vacuum system, and pump-down time to 1×10-5 mbar is estimated. Vacuum piping conductance, system pumping speed and outgassing rate are calculated for the pumpdown time with the ultimate pumping speed range of the vacuum pump combination of 1400 – 2300 l/s. Although the pump-down time gets shorter by larger capacity vacuum pumps, it mainly depends on target vacuum degree and outgassing rate in the cold box. The pump-down time is estimated as 3 – 6 hours appropriate for cold box operation for the pumping speed range. Considering the outgassing rate has uncertainty, the vacuum pump combination with pumping speed of 1900 l/s is chosen for the vacuum system, which is middle value of the pumping speed range.

Many kinds of high temperature superconducting (HTS) devices are being developed due to its several advantages. In particular, the advantages of HTS devices are maximized under the DC condition. A line commutated converter (LCC) type high voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission system requires large capacity of DC reactors to protect the converters from faults. However, conventional DC reactor made of copper causes a lot of electrical losses. Thus, it is being attempted to apply the HTS DC reactor to an HVDC transmission system. The authors have developed a 8 mH class HTS DC reactor and a model- sized LCC type HVDC system. The HTS DC reactor was operated to analyze its operational characteristics in connection with the HVDC system. The voltage at both ends of the HTS DC reactor was measured to investigate the stability of the reactor. The voltages and currents at the AC and DC side of the system were measured to confirm the influence of the HTS DC reactor on the system. Two 5 mH copper DC reactors were connected to the HVDC system and investigated to compare the operational characteristics. In this paper, the operational characteristics of the HVDC system with the HTS DC reactor according to firing angle are described. The voltage and current characteristics of the system according to the types of DC reactors and harmonic characteristics are analyzed. Through the results, the applicability of an HTS DC reactor in an HVDC system is confirmed.

최근, 비콘을 이용한 실내 위치 추정 기술 및 이를 활용한 실내 위치 기반 서비스가 다양한 장소에서 각 장소 특성에 맞추어 제공되고 있다. 그러나 대학에서의 위치 기반 서비스에 대한 연구는 아직 부족하다. 본 연구에서는 비콘을 이용한 실내 위치 추정을 기반으로 '대학' 특성에 맞춰진 위치 기반의 스마트 학교 및 수업 안내 시스템을 설계, 구현하였다. 학교에 적용한 기존 연구들이 주로 출석 확인을 위주로 한 것에 비해 본 연구는 실내 공간에 적용될 수 있는 위치 기반 서비스로 학교 캠퍼스와 수업을 안내하는 기능을 대학교라는 특성에 맞추어 제공했다는 점에서 그 의의가 있다. 향후 이 시스템은 비콘의 정확도가 개선됨에 따라 보다 정교한 서비스를 제공할 수 있을 것이다.

Recently, indoor locating using beacon has gained much attention as an indoor locating technology. This technology has been used for various indoor LBS(location-based services). However, there is a lack of research on LBS service specialized in university yet. In this paper, we designed and implemented a smart LBS system using beacon for campus and class guide in the university. This system provides for campus and class guide services based on the current specific location in the campus, This system can be improved as more precise becon technology is developed.

In this paper, characteristics of a tidal current power generation system are analysis using power hardware-in-the-loop simulation (PHILS). A 10 kW motor generator set is connected to the real grid through a fabricated 10 kW back to back converter. A power control scheme is applied to the back to back converter. A 2 MW class tidal current turbine is modeled in real time digital simulator (RTDS). Generating voltage and current from the 10 kW PMSG is applied to a 2 MW class tidal current turbine in the RTDS using PHILS. The PHILS results depict the rotation speed, power coefficient, pitch angle, tip-speed ratio, and output power of tidal current turbine. The PHILS results in this paper can contribute to the increasing reliability and stability of the tidal current turbines connected to the grid using PHILS.

신분제는 신분에 따라 사람을 구별하여 통치의 한 도구로 활용한 것이 그 발단이다. 전통적 신분제의 주요 논거는 주역(周易)의 “하늘은 높고 땅은 낮으니 건곤(乾坤)이 정해지고, 낮은 것과 높은 것이 이로써 베풀어지니 귀천(貴賤)이 자리를 잡는다.”는 내용이나 논어(論語)의 “군군신신 부부자자(君君臣臣父父子子)”의 명분론 등에서 찾아볼 수 있을 것이다. 이러한 내용들은 본래 사회의 위계질서를 전제로 각자가 자신의 본분을 다할 것을 요구한 것이나, 한편으로는 신분차별을 합리화할 수 있는 논거로도 기능할 수 있는 것이었다.조선시대의 대표적인 신분차별은 양민(良民)과 천민(賤民), 적자(嫡子)와 서자(庶子)의 차별이었다. 특히 조선사회는 출신문벌(出身門閥) 외에도 출신지역에 의한 차별도 심하였다. 사람들은 출신신분이나 지역에 따라 권리, 의무에 커다란 차별을 받았다. 토지소유, 관직등용의 기회, 군역(軍役)과 납세, 형벌 등 모든 영역에 걸쳐 철저한 차별이 이루어졌다. 이러한 신분사회의 확립은 국가의 질서를 유지하고 사회의 안정을 확보하는데 기여하였음에도 불구하고, 그 정도가 심해짐에 따라 사회적 갈등 요인이 되기도 하였다. 조선후기 실학파의 학인(學人)들은 이러한 사회 모순을 시정하기 위한 신분제 개혁론을 주장하였다. 이들은 양반(兩班)중인(中人)양인(良人)천인(賤人)의 신분주의(身分主義)에 입각한 사회신분을 탈피하고, 모든 사람들에게 초등교육의 기회를 제공하고, 각자의 능력에 따라 사농공상(士農工商)의 직업을 선택하는 직분주의(職分主義)에 입각한 사민제도(四民制度)를 확립하고자 하였으며, 이를 통해 만민평등의 이상사회를 꿈꾸었던 것이다.

본 연구에서는 불공정 경험과 체제정당화 신념의 관계가 사회계층에 따라 다른 양상을 보이는지 검증하였다. 이를 위해 한국 성인 335명을 대상으로 불공정 경험의 빈도, 체제정당화 신념, 주관적 사회계층 등을 측정한 결과, 불공정 경험과 체제정당화 신념의 관계는 개인이 속한 사회계층에 따라 다르게 나타났다. 구체적으로, 높은 사회계층에서는 불공정 경험을 많이 할수록 체제정당화 신념이 감소하는 반면, 낮은 사회계층에서는 체제정당화 신념이 증가하는 양상을 보였다. 나아가 불공정 경험이 예측하는 체제정당화 신념이 개인에게 적응적인 역할을 하는지 검증하고자, 특히 낮은 사회계층에 주목하여 체제정당화 신념과 정신 건강의 관련성을 살펴보았다. 조절된 매개효과 검증 결과, 높은 사회계층에서 불공정 경험은 낮은 체제정당화 신념으로 이어지고 이는 정신 건강을 부적으로 예측하는 간접 효과가 나타났다. 반면 낮은 사회계층에서는 불공정 경험이 높은 체제정당화 신념으로 이어지고 이는 높은 수준의 정신 건강을 예측했다. 그러나 불공정 경험 자체는 정신 건강에 직접적으로 강한 부정적 효과를 가지며, 효과의 크기 역시 체제정당화 신념의 간접 효과보다 큰 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 사회계층에 따른 불공정 경험에 대한 체제정당화 신념의 차이와 그 심리적 영향을 검증했다는 점에서 의의를 가진다.

The current investigation examined whether socioeconomic status (SES) would moderate the relation between unfair treatments and the system-justifying beliefs (SJB). A sample of 335 Korean adults completed questionnaires assessing unfair treatments, system-justifying beliefs, and subjective SES. The results revealed that the association between unfair treatments and system-justifying beliefs varied according to participants’ SES. That is, among participants with higher SES, SJB decreased as they experienced more unfair treatments. In contrast, the pattern was reversed for participants with lower SES such that unfair treatments were positively associated with SJB. Moreover, we also investigated how the predicted SES differences in the association between unfair treatments and SJB would be related to one’s metal health, in order to examine the adaptive function of SJB. We found a significant moderated mediation effect. Specifically, unfair treatments were associated with decrease in SJB, which, in turn, were associated with decrease in mental health among higher SES participants. Conversely, for lower SES participants, unfair treatments were positively associated with mental health, indirectly through increase in SJB. We also note that the direct association between unfair treatments and mental health was stronger (compared to indirect effect) and negative regardless of participants’ SES in spite of positive indirect effect among lower SES participants. These results suggest that the relation between unfair treatments and system-justifying beliefs varies as a function of one’s SES and moreover, such SES differences could indirectly impact their well-being.

본 연구는 대학의 온라인 수업 시스템을 사용함에 있어 이용자의 인지된 혜택이 만족도와 충성도에 어떠한 영향을 미치는가를 알아보았다. 또한 충성도의 개념을 인지적, 감정적, 의도적, 행위적 충성도로 구분하고, 단계적으로 미치는 영향을 살펴보았다. 대학의 온라인 수업시스템 이용경험이 있는 298명의 대학생으로부터 수집한 설문 조사 데이터를 바탕으로 분석하였다. 설문결과, 지각된 실용적 혜택과 상징적 혜택이 온라인수업 시스템만족도에 양의 영향을 미쳤지만, 감정적 혜택은 만족도에 유의한 영향을 미치지 못하는 것으로 분석되었다. 또한, 지각된 혜택으로 형성된 온라인수업 시스템만족도는 인지적 충성도가 감성적 충성도에 유의한 양의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났고, 능동적 충성도와 행동적 충성도에 단계적으로 유의한 양의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 대학의 온라인수업 시스템 이용자의 지각된 혜택이 만족도에 미치는 영향과 충성도의 4단계 형성과정에 미치는 영향을 실증적으로 분석하였다는 점에 의미를 부여할 수 있다.

The present study investigated the impact of users' perceived benefits on their happiness and loyalty towards the university's online class system. Furthermore, the notion of loyalty was delineated into cognitive, emotional, intentional, and behavioral loyalty, and a systematic analysis was conducted to assess their respective impacts. The analysis was conducted using survey data obtained from a sample of 298 college students who possessed prior experience with the university's online class system. The analysis of the survey revealed that the satisfaction with the online class system was positively influenced by perceived practical benefits and symbolic benefits. However, it was found that emotional benefits did not have a statistically significant impact on satisfaction. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that cognitive loyalty exerts a substantial beneficial impact on emotional loyalty, as well as a sequential and considerable positive influence on active and behavioral commitment inside the online class system established through perceived benefits. This study holds significance as it conducted an empirical analysis on the impact of users' perceived benefits of the university's online class system on their satisfaction levels, as well as its influence on the four-stage development process of loyalty.

Departmentalized class system was first introduced in 2009 as a pilot project and is now in operation at 806 schools representing 15% of the total of 5,383. According to the master plan of the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology, departmentalized class system will be introduced to all general high schools by 2012 and extended to all general middle-high schools by 2014. Eventually, the system will be introduced to 90% of all schools with the exception only of those having less than 6 classes located in small cities in rural areas. Under departmentalized class system, students need to move from classroom to classroom according to class timetable and areas where students can gather together, lounge around and do other things are required to be provided in addition to department classrooms. This necessitates concerns and support in providing rest and learning support facilities for students. This study has been undertaken to provide architectural data required in planning for rest and learning support facilities for schools operating departmentalized class system, by investigating and analyzing cases of rest and learning support facilities in use at schools operating the system in Chungbuk area. As departmentalized class system is increasingly introduced, rest and learning support facilities should be understood newly as spaces indispensable for students. Also, follow-on studies should be forthcoming continually to address such matters as transit of students, assembly /rest area and learning support facilities at schools adopting departmentalized class system.

According to the master plan of the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology, departmentalized class system will be extended to all general middle & high schools by 2014 with the exception only of those having less than 6 classes located in small cities in rural areas. Under departmentalized class system, according to class timetable, students need to move from classroom to another classroom and areas where homebases, lounges, media spaces, rest places, and etc. This study has been undertaken to provide architectural data required in planning for student & learning support space for schools operating departmentalized class system, by investigating and analyzing cases in use at schools operating the system in Chungbuk area. As departmentalized class system is increasingly introduced, student & learning support space should be understood newly as spaces indispensable for students.

The purpose of this study is to recognize the actual class situation in secondary school of special school for mental retardation, and teacher's awareness and improvements of whole class responsibility. The subject of the study was selected by this researcher a special school for mental retardation that operates a secondary school at 16 cities. and the research paper was based on 200 papers. Data is as following. First, in the actual class situation, a teacher was teaching various subjects, and it has difficulty by lack of text and place. Second, according to the recognition of teachers about the departmental system, it is necessary, and resulting higher educational performance, and it should be for all the subjects. Third, about the device of improving managing departmental system, it must be practiced by reflecting specialty and particularity, increase the whole responsible class teacher, and supported by school and authorities for staying departmental system.

On former days, school has realized as "where teach", but development of a technology and change of paradigm are changing school as "where study". This is meaning that student is more important and be considered than others when make school environment. Due to continuous investment of national level in several decades, in our elementary school's facilities and environment, when compare with advanced nations that we know that have come to the fairly high level. But, it is not really certainly in middle school and high school. Than the reason is, 'College entrance examination' is prior than other certain values in occasion of high school especially, and we ask a question in return whether have persuaded ourselves that school facilities and environment may change later. It is hard to find more important thing than the proposition in fact on present society. However, it is that society and facilities that can correspond to fast change of paradigm, change of curriculum, learner's change and environment have to be changed in middle school and high school now. Departmentalized Class System that applies in national middle and high school now can become an opportunity that can improve school facilities and environment of middle and high school. In such background, I studied space satisfaction and student’s moving route and pattern characteristic of Departmentalized Class System high school in Chungcheongbuk-do area. And this study aims at supply the data about efficient Departmentalized Class System School’s facilities plan and space use which can meet on request of students.

본 연구는 학교 상담 현장인 Wee 클래스에 적합한 슈퍼비전 제도 도입 방안을 심층적으로 탐색하여, 구체적이고 실제적인 자료를 제공하는 데 그 목적이 있다. 본 연구를 위해, 대구․경북에 소재한 Wee 클래스에 재직 중이며, 슈퍼비전 경험이 있는 전문상담교사 12명을 대상으로 포커스 그룹 인터뷰(Focus Group Interview, FGI)를 진행하고, 주제 분석을 실시하였다. 분석 결과 2개의 영역, 5개의 상위범주, 15개의 하위범주가 도출되었다. 2개의 영역은 ‘슈퍼비전의 필요성 및 효과’, ‘슈퍼비전 제도의 도입 방안’으로 나타났으며, 5개의 상위 범주는 ‘슈퍼비전의 필요성’, ‘사례 개념화 및 상담 사례 관리 능력 향상’, ‘내담자의 긍정적 변화와 전문가로서 성장 및 소진 회복’, ‘슈퍼비전 제도화를 위한 실천적 방안’, ‘슈퍼비전 제도화를 위한 행정적 방안’으로 나타났다. 본 연구 결과를 바탕으로, Wee 클래스 슈퍼비전의 필요성 및 효과를 살펴보고, 슈퍼비전 제도에 관한 구체적인 도입 방안을 논의하였다.

This research aims to conduct a detailed exploration of introducing a supervision system suitable for the Wee Class school counseling context and to provide practical data for its implementation. For this study, I conducted a focus group interview (FGI) with 12 professional counseling teachers employed in Wee Classes in Daegu and Gyeongbuk who had supervision experience, and we subsequently carried out a thematic analysis. I drew outcomes from the analysis, which are a total of five categories and fifteen subcategories across two main domains. The two domains were 'the necessity and effects of supervision' and 'implements for introducing a supervision system.' The themes of five categories identified were (1) necessity for supervision, (2) case conceptualization and enhancement of counseling case-management competencies, (3) positive change of counselee and Growth as professional and recovery from burnout, (4) practical strategies for institutionalizing supervision, and (5) administrative measures for institutionalizing supervision. Based on these findings, the study examined the necessity and effectiveness of supervision in the Wee Class context and discussed concrete proposals for introducing a supervision system.

사이버 상담실에 대한 다수의 연구를 통해 밝혀진 사이버 상담실 운영의 필요성과 장점으로 인해 사이버상담실을 운영하는 사례가 늘어나고 있다. 그러나 사이버 상담실은 장점만 있는 것이 아니고 익명성으로 인한 단회적 접근, 관계 형성의 어려움 등과 같은 많은 문제점을 갖기도 한다. 본 연구에서는 사이버 상담실운영의 장점은 살리고 단점을 보완할 수 있는 사이버 상담실 운영 방안을 연구해 보고자 학급 홈페이지를 활용한 사이버 상담실을 구축하고 운영하였다. 그 결과, 학급 홈페이지를 통한 사이버 상담실 운영은 다양한 상담 방법을 제공하여 아동과 교사, 학부모의 상담 욕구를 충족시켜 주었고, 사이트온 기능을 이용하여 적극적인 상호작용을 유발할 수 있었으며, 학급 홈페이지의 관심을 끌만한 메뉴 구성은 아동과 학부모를 사이버 상담실까지 유도하는데 효과적이었고, 이메일 상담보다는 비밀게시판과 상담사례 제공이 오히려 더 선호하는 상담도구였다. 또한 상담 아동에 대한 사전 정보 습득, 계속적인 관찰이 가능한 환경 등은 상담 효과를 높이는데 기여하여서 기존 상담실의 문제점들을 해소할 수 있었다.

The interest in cyber counseling services has been increased recently by needs and merits of cyber counseling service found through various related studies. A cyber counseling service system has not only merits but also demerits such as anonymous one-off access and difficulties of forming relations. In this study, a cyber counseling service system using class homepage was developed and implemented in order to investigate counseling methods that can enhance merits and supplement demerits of cyber counseling services. As a result, it was found that the implementation of a cyber counseling service system using class homepage can fill counseling needs of students, teachers and parents by providing various counseling methods and inducing active interaction using the site-on function. Interesting menu on class homepage was effective to lead students and parents to visit the cyber counseling room, and they prefered the secret board and counseling cases to e-mail counseling. Prior acquisition of information about students and the environment allowing teachers to continuously observe students improved counseling effects and solved problems of existing counseling services.

지배계급을 중심으로 이어져 온 관습이나 제도가 세월이 흐르면서 그 사회를 규정짓는 하나의 기준으로 인식되는 것이 있다. 무사의 영향을 많이 받은 일본에서는 센고쿠(戰國)시대 무장들이 즐기던 다도가 근세에는 상인, 근대에는 여성의 교양 예법으로 자리 잡게 되었으며, 지금도 일본을 대표하는 전통문화로서 가치를 높이 평가받고 있다. 인간의 삶에 중요한 요소로 작용하는 상속제도도 그중 하나이다. 인류의 역사를 보면 어느 지역이나 국가의 기득권층은 비혈연자를 입양해서라도 가문을 유지하려고 했다. 상속제도는 신앙, 종교 및 윤리적 가치와 밀접한 관련이 있으며 동시에 사회가 시대의 요구에 부응한다고 할 수 있으므로 어떤 상속제도를 선택하느냐에 따라 친족의 개념이나 범위가 결정된다고 할 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 에도시대 무사를 중심으로 일본의 상속제도를 양자 입양과 신분 이동의 관계성에 대해서 고찰하였다. 이것은 에도 막부의 신분제도와 상속에 대한 원칙이 실제로는 어떤 형태로 변용되었는지를 알아보기 위함이다. 에도시대 무가, 정확하게는 하급 무사의 양자 입양에서 볼 수 있는 특징을 세 가지 측면에서 요약할 수 있다. 하나는 다양한 계층에서 양자를 들이면서 무사의 이에(家)가 영속성을 유지할 수 있었다는 것이며, 다른 하나는 무사 신분(御家人株)을 사는 형태로 신분 상승이 가능했다는 사실이다. 마지막으로는 오랜 세월 무가의 고용인으로 생활하다가 무사 신분을 획득할 수 있었다는 것이다. 아울러 무가의 양자제도는 세습제를 유지하기 위한 보편적인 가독 상속으로 기능하는데 그치지 않고, 막말에서 메이지시대로 넘어가는 역사의 전환기에 큰 역할을 한 정치가나 관료, 언론인, 교육자, 군인 출신 중에 본인 혹은 선조가 양자로 들어가 무사의 신분을 획득한 하급 무사 출신이 많았다는 사실을 눈여겨볼 필요가 있을 것이다.

In Japan, which is greatly influenced by samurai, the tea ceremony enjoyed byfeudal lords of Sengoku became established as a culture method for merchants in modern times and women in modern times, and is still highly regarded as a traditional Japanese life culture. The inheritance system, which acts as an important factor in human life, is one of them.In the history of mankind, the vested interests of the nation tried to maintain their families even if they adopted non-blood relatives.The inheritance system is closely linked to faith, religion and ethical values.At the same time, it can be said that society responds to the demands of the times.Therefore, it can be said that the concept and scope of relatives are determined by which inheritance system you choose. As time goes by, customs and institutions that have continued around the ruling class are recognized as one of the criteria for defining the society.This article focuses on samurai in the Edo period and examines the relationship between adoption and social status transfer based on the Japanese inheritance system.This is to find out how the shogunate's social status system and principles of inheritance have actually changed. The characteristics of the adoption of samurai families in the Edo period, to be exact, lower-ranking samurai, can be summarized from three aspects.One is that the samurai family was able to maintain permanence for generations as they were able to be adopted from various classes, and the other is that it was possible to raise their status in the form of buying the family stock.In the end, he lived as an employee of a samurai family for a long time and was able to acquire the status of a samurai. Although there are differences in the inheritance method and family system of samurai families, it also spread to the lives of ordinary people and influenced modern laws and systems after the Meiji era.

현재 학교의 학습 과정에서 학습자 간 학습 능력의 차이를 해결하기 위해 교육과정에서는 개별 학습과 수준별 학습을 권장한다. 그러나 교사가 단위 수업 시간 안에 수준별 개별학습을 진행하기에는 어려움이 따른다. 본 연구에서는 이에 대한 대안으로 Keller의 개별화수업체제 이론을 활용한 온라인 환경의 학습지원시스템을 개발하였다. 본 시스템은 학급 단위의 학습지원시스템으로, 수시로 실시되는 형성평가를 위해 실용성에 중심을 두었다. 학습자는 교실의 제한된 상황에서 벗어나 자신의 속도에 맞게 학습할 수 있으며, 반복 학습을 통해 궁극적으로 완전학습 도달이 가능하도록 한다. 또한 온라인 학습의 중요한 요소인 자기주도적 참여를 위하여 학습 동기를 높일 수 있는 제도들을 적용하였다. 본 시스템을 개발하여 적용한 결과, 교사는 형성평가를 실시하는 데 드는 시간과 노력을 절약할 수 있었고, 학생들은 자신의 상황에 맞는 유동적 학습과 반복 학습을 통해 목표 도달의 성취감을 경험할 수 있었다.

In order to adapt learners' individual differences in learning ability, individual learning and level-learning have been recommended. However, instructing each student accordingly is not easy issue. In this paper, an online learning support system based on Keller's Personalized System of Instruction theory is developed. As a class-based system, it supports teachers and students to conveniently conduct frequent formative evaluations. It enables students to study at their own learning pace and to reach their learning goals. And it adopts point system and level system to induce self-directed participation. Our implementation results confirm teachers can conduct formative evaluations efficiently.