Earticle

This paper investigates pronominal definites in Korean in comparison with English. Since Postal (1966), pronominal definites such as we linguists in English has been viewed as being similar to definite noun phrases such as the linguists. The core insight has been that pronominals in such definite descriptions behave like a definite article such as the. In the analysis of personal pronouns in Déchaine and Wilstchko (2002), different personal pronouns in English are analyzed into different categories (pro-DP vs. pro-φP) which accounts for the availability of 1st and 2nd person pronominal definites and for the unavailability of 3rd person pronominal definites (*they linguists) This paper shows that different personal pronominal definites in Korean can be analyzed in a similar manner to English proposed in Déchaine and Wilstchko (2002). This analysis is then re-considered under recent analyses on pronominal definites in English in which they share a core structure, idxP(indexP), with definite descriptions such as a definite noun phrase. An idxP approach is also previously suggested for demonstrative ku and pronoun ku in Korean. Building on these studies, Korean case is reanalyzed in terms of idxP. Under the proposed account, prominal definites in the language share idxP with demonstrative nominal phrases.

이 글은 『해동역사』 제67권부터 제70권까지의 ｢인물고｣를 분석하여, 해외에 알려진 조선인 인물 기사(紀事)가 어떤 편찬 동기와 방식으로 구성되었는지 탐색한 것이다. 이 과정에서 기존 학계에서 심도 있게 다루지 않았던 ｢인물고｣를 세밀하게 분석하였다. 『해동역사』 ｢인물고｣의 편찬은 내부적 요인(『해동역사』의 편찬 목적 및 구성)과 외부적 요인(조선 후기 인물 기록의 발달), 이렇게 두 가지 측면에서 이해할 수 있다. 구체적으로는 편찬자 한치윤의 역사 서술 방식에 대한 고뇌, 자료적 제한성, 그리고 당대 학문적 풍토가 복합적으로 작용한 결과이다. ｢인물고｣는 조선 역사의 시대순으로 총 236명의 인물을 수록하고 있다. 이들의 기사는 73종의 중국 문헌과 4종의 일본 문헌에서 채록되었으며, 이는 18세기 말까지 해외에 알려진 조선인 정보를 집대성한 인물지임을 보여준다. ｢인물고｣의 인물 편성상 특징은 크게 세 가지다. 첫째, 사대부 중심이면서도 사대부가 아닌 다양한 계층의 인물을 적극적으로 포함하여 편찬의 폭넓은 스펙트럼을 보여준다. 둘째, 인물 선정의 명확한 기준은 ‘해당 인물이 조선의 대외 교류사에 유의미한 족적을 남겼는지’ 여부이다. 셋째, ｢인물고｣는 역사 서술의 객관성을 견지한다. 이는 인물 편찬의 다양성 및 선정 기준의 교화적 성격과 유기적으로 연결된다. 『해동역사』｢인물고｣는 해외 조선인의 군상을 구축하며, 이익(李瀷)에서 한치윤(韓致奫)으로 이어지는 실학자들의 역사서술 관심사 계승 및 심화를 보여준다. 또한, 관찬 인물지에서 간과된 정보를 수집하여 조선 역사서술을 보완하는 의미를 지닌다. ｢인물고｣의 인물 선정 기준과 채록 원칙은 유가(儒家)의 전통적, 교훈적 역사서 편찬 기준과 조선 후기 실학자들의 실용적 관점이 융합된 결과로 평가된다.

This study analyzes the Inmulgo (Chapters 67–70) of Haedong Yeoksa to explore the motives and methods behind its compilation of biographical accounts of internationally recognized Joseon figures. Despite limited prior scholarship on the Inmulgo, this paper undertakes a close structural analysis and comprehensive assessment of its intent. The compilation of the Inmulgo is understood through two lenses: internal factors—namely the purpose and organization of Haedong Yeoksa itself—and external factors such as the development of biographical writing in late Joseon. Specifically, the inclusion of the Inmulgo was driven by Han Chi-yun(韓致奫)'s historiographical considerations, constraints in available sources, and the intellectual trends of his time. The Inmulgo contains 236 entries arranged chronologically within Joseon history, drawn from 73 Chinese and 4 Japanese sources. This reveals Haedong Yeoksa as a wide-ranging compendium of information on Joseon figures recognized abroad up to the late 18th century. Its biographical compilation is characterized by three key features. First, while focusing on scholar-officials (sadaebu 士大夫) figures, it actively includes individuals outside this class, drawing on diverse sources to demonstrate breadth in representation. Second, a consistent selection criterion—impact on Joseon's foreign relations—underpins this diversity. Third, the Inmulgo maintains objectivity in historical narration, closely tied to its inclusiveness and didactic aims. Ultimately, the Inmulgo constructs a collective image of internationally recognized Joseon figures, demonstrating the intellectual continuity of Silhak(實學) scholars’ historical concerns—from Yi Ik(李瀷) to Han Chi-yun. It supplements official biographical records by retrieving marginalized historical narratives. The text’s selection principles and source usage represent a dialectical synthesis between traditional Confucian didactic historiography and the pragmatic reformism of late Joseon Silhak scholarship.

Since Abney’s (1987) Universal DP hypothesis, much research on a nominal structure has proliferated. For example, Bošković (2005) proposed a parameterized DP hypothesis by providing a list of diagnostics to distinguish DP and NP languages. A DP language (article language) has an article, while an NP language (an articleless language) does not have an article. This paper examines one particular diagnostics, namely adjectival LBE in light of data from Korean, an articleless language. Korean patterns with an article language, English, not allowing adjectival LBE. Nevertheless, it allows relative free word order of prenominal elements within a nominal phrase, similar to Serbo-Croatian, an articleless language. In Serbo-Croatian, adjectival LBE is allowed, and adjectives, demonstratives, and possessives show free word order. These facts are attributed to the lack of an article, and thus no DP projection in the language, in contrast to English that projects a DP. This paper shows that the absence of DP is not necessary in accounting for the free order of prenominal elements in Korean, contra Boskovic (2005). The consequence of this suggests that adjectival LBE may not be valid to distinguish DP and NP languages. This consequence is further supported by data from other articleless languages wherein the adjectival LBE is violated just like Korean.

2021년 시행된 개정 디자인보호법에 따르면, 화상을 물품에 독립적인 보호대상으로 인정하고 있다. 그러나 디자인보호법상 디자인의 정의 규정에서 물품에 화상이 포함되는 것처럼 정의하고 있다는 점에서 그 구조적인 문제점이 보인다. 이것은 우리나라의 화상디자인 제도와 유사한 제도를 가지고 있는 일본의 화상의장 제도에서 화상을 물품과 대등한 위치로 배치하고 디자인을 정의하고 있다는 점과 그 차이가 있다. 그리고 화상의 정의에 관한 규정에서 “기기의 조작” 또는 “기능의 발휘”로 화상의 보호범위를 한정하고 있어, 메타버스 환경에서의 모든 디지털 디자인에 대한 디자인보호법상의 디자인권 부여가 실제적으로 이루어질 수 없다는 한계점을 보인다. 특허청에서는 디자인보호법상 화상디자인으로서의 보호대상이 될 수 없는 디지털 디자인에 대해서는 ‘물품의 부분에 표현된 화면디자인’이라는 비법률적인 용어를 디자인심사기준상 사용하게 되었다. 그리고 이러한 화면디자인은 화상디자인과는 별개의 보호대상으로 규율함으로써 디지털 디자인에 대해서는 2원화된 보호방식이 존재하게 되었다. 그런데 이러한 2원화된 보호방식이 선택적인 것처럼 보일 수도 있으나, 실제적으로는 그 구분에 의해 출원방식의 구속력이 생기게 되었다고 볼 수 있다. 이러한 2원화된 보호방식은 오히려 디자인보호법상의 화상디자인의 출원 건수의 상대적 약화를 초래하게 되고 구법상의 화면디자인의 출원 건수가 더욱 다수를 차지하는 문제점을 보이기도 하였다. 이상과 같은 한계에 따른 문제점을 해결하기 위해서는 유럽의 보호시스템처럼 “물품”의 개념 대신에 “제품”이라는 개념을 도입하면서 기존의 물품성을 해체하는 방법을 우선적으로 고려할 수 있다. 그리고 다른 방법으로는 화상의 정의에서의 “기기의 조작” 및 “기능의 발휘”라는 한정적인 요건을 삭제하는 방법을 고려할 수 있다. 이러한 법개정이 이루어지더라도 디자인보호법 제95조 제3항의 선발생된 저작권과 후출원된 디자인권 사이의 조정 규정에 의해 저작권과의 저촉문제를 충분히 해결할 수 있을 것이다. 그리고 디지털 경제 환경에서의 디자인보호법상의 화상디자인의 보호범위의 확대는 필연적이고, 이에 따라 저작권과의 저촉 문제는 수반될 수밖에 없는 것이며, 디자인권과 저작권의 경계에 대한 지나친 구분은 오히려 화상디자인의 실제적인 보호를 저해시킬 것이다. 따라서 이러한 점들을 종합적으로 고려하여 저작권법과의 조화를 전제로 한 디자인보호법상 화상디자인 제도의 개정은 반드시 추진해야 할 것이라고 생각한다.

According to the revised Design Protection Act, which took effect in 2021, images are recognized as independent protection objects for articles. However, there is a structural problem in that the definition provision on design under the Design Protection Act defines images as if they were included in articles. This is different from that in the Japanese image design system, which has a system similar to that of Korea's image design system, images are placed on an equal position to articles and designs are defined based on that position. In addition, since the provision on definition of images limits the scope of images protection to “the operation of devices” or “the exhibition of functions”, there is a limitation that design rights under the Design Protection Act cannot be granted substantially to all digital designs in a metaverse environment. The Korean Intellectual Property Office used the non-legal term “screen design expressed in the part of an article” on the Design Examinaion standard for a digital design that cannot be protected as an image design under the Design Protection Act. In addition, such screen designs are regulated as separate protection objects from image designs, so there is a dualized protection method for digital designs. However, this dualized protection method may seem optional, but in reality, it can be seen that the binding force of the application method has been created by the distinction. Rather, this dualized protection method led to a relative weakening of the number of applications for image designs under the Design Protection Act, and showed a problem that the number of applications for screen designs under the old law accounted for a larger number. In order to solve the problems caused by the above limitations, it is possible to first consider the method to dismantle existing binding force for “article” by introducing the concept of “product” instead of the concept of “article” like the European protection system. Another option is to consider removing the limited requirements of “the operation of devices” and “the exhibition of functions” in the definition of images. Even if such revisions of the provision is made, the problem of conflict with copyright can be sufficiently solved by the adjustment provision between the copyright that arose earlier and the design right filed later in Article 95 (3) of the Design Protection Act. In addition, the expansion of the scope of protection of image designs under the Design Protection Act in the digital economy environment is inevitable, and accordingly, the problem of conflict with copyright is bound to be accompanied, and excessive distinction between design rights and copyrights will rather hinder the actual protection of image designs. Therefore, I think that the revision of the image design system under the Design Protection Act on the premise of harmonization with the Copyright Act must be promoted by considering these points comprehensively.

최근 컴퓨터의 성능이 빠른 속도로 향상되면서, 그 혜택은 다양한 장면에서 다양 한 사람들에게 제공되고 있다. 기계번역 역시 최초로 등장한 이후 지속적인 발전을 거듭해 번역의 품질이 많이 개선되어 다양한 언어 조합에 대해 여러 기계번역기가 무료, 혹은 유료로 번역 서비스를 제공해주고 있다. 이와 같은 상황에 따라 최근 들 어 기계번역에 관한 학술적 연구 또한 활발하게 이루어지고 있으나, 기계번역에는 여전히 많은 과제들이 남아 있기도 하다. 본 연구는 기계번역의 약점 중 하나로 지적되고 있는 문맥 판단 능력을 평가하는 데 목적이 있으며, 그 방법으로 동음이의어를 문맥에 맞게 해석하고 올바르게 번역 했는지, 파파고와 구글의 실제 한-일 번역 사례를 통해 분석하였다. 분석의 결과, 305개 단어 전체에서 정확하게 번역한 경우가 두 기계번역기 평균 76.1%, 오역한 경우 18.6%, 정확한 번역과 오역이 혼합된 경우 5.4%로, 100점 만점 으로 환산 시 78.8점으로 나타났다. 국립국어원이 작성한 ‘한국어 학습용 어휘 목록’ 에 수록된 어휘(상대적으로 저난도 어휘)와 미수록 어휘(상대적으로 고난도 어휘)로 나누어 분석한 결과 수록 어휘에 대한 점수 84.8점, 미수록 어휘에 대한 점수 72.0점 으로 12.8점의 차이가 확인되었다. 또한, 원문의 같은 어휘를 다른 도착어로 번역해 일관성이 없는 번역을 한 경우 가 전체의 5.4%에 달했다. 이는 기계번역의 특징적인 번역 양상이라 할 수 있으며, 전반적인 정확도를 높임과 동시에 일관된 번역을 하는 것 또한 기계번역이 앞으로 개선해야 할 과제가 될 것이다.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate contextual judgment ability, which is pointed out as one of the weaknesses of machine translation. To this end, we analyzed whether “homonyms” are correctly interpreted and translated according to the context using KoreanJapanese translations by Papago and Google. Analysis revealed that the two machine translators, with 305 words, translated 76.1% correctly, 18.6% incorrectly, and 5.4% were a mixture of correct and incorrect translations. Further analyses of the recorded (relatively low difficulty vocabulary) and unrecorded vocabularies (relatively high difficulty vocabulary) in the “Korean language learning lexicon list” showed that the translation scores were 84.8 points, and 72.0 points for the recorded and unrecorded vocabularies, respectively. Furthermore, inconsistent translations of the same vocabulary in the original text to different target languages, which is a characteristic aspect of machine translation, reached 5.4% of the total. This is also a major issue of machine translation to perform consistent translation while improving overall accuracy.

이 연구의 목적은 2007년부터 2011년까지 일본수학교육학회에서 발행하는 초등수학교육에 관한 학술지 ‘산수교육’을 통하여 학술지의 구성, 게재된 초등수학 관련 논문의 개요를 파악하여 정통적 초등수학교육 학술지인 한국초등수학교육학회지에 시사점을 주기 위함이다.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the typical characteristics of mathematics education of Japan. In order to achieve this goal, we focused the journal 'Arithmetic Education' from 2007 to 2011. This journal has published by the Japan Society of Mathematical Education and 6 issues each year. A total of 133 articles related with mathematics education were analyzed. The typical characteristics of Japan's research for mathematics education were as follows:The number of single author of article were 98 cases (74%), and those of two co-authors were 21 cases (16%). There are some unusual research topic for mathematics education such as 'combined class'. 'cultural pluralism' and 'mathematics learning disabled children'. The articles 'statistical methods related to educational evaluation', ‘statistical analysis for educational evaluation’ and 'the relationship between number and quantity on the quaternion number' are very interesting results to the readers who know the basics of statistics and algebra. We may find many researcher who majored pure mathematics in the University of Educations in Korea. So we hope that they may write the paper which combine the pure mathematics and mathematics education. The education survey conducted by the policy is actually very meaningful. If the researcher can connect these surveys to the field of education, then the readers can see a nice paper in the journal of elementary mathematics education in Korea. Finally, it is very difficult to find that counterstatement paper for the results of the other's.

This study aims at developing a web site which searches a list of books or articles in textlinguistics field only. The web sites which cover the individual branches of science are needed besides the existing portal site which covers the world or the academic site which covers the broaden science. The ways of developing the web site are as follows: First, we design the web site with the basic functions needed to academic scholars. Second, an item as a book or an article in the database of the web site records author(s), title, keyword(s), publication year/place, publisher, and the article records the additional journal name, volume no., and page. Third, users can advance his/her search into article or book section, and then (1) title or words of title, (2) keywords (in article), (3) author(s), (4) publication year, (5) publication place, or (6) publisher. Because the web site (http://210.110.188.12/2008search) searches into five or six options in textlinguistics field only, it gives it an edge over other web sites.

Under Korean Design Protection Act, a design is defined as the shape, pattern, color or combination of these in an article that produces an aesthetic impression in the sense of sight. Accordingly, aesthetic factor must be incorporated into an article to be protected as a design. Besides an aesthetic element, the obstacle for design protection of computer generated icon is whether the icon can be an article. In general, an article means whatever is apprehended as having actual, distinct, and demonstrable existence. However, the icon does not have actual and distinct existence and then, is not an article. Despite that, many countries such as the U.S. and Japan protect an icon as design pursuant to design act. Korea also protects a computer-generated icon under design law. The U.S. protects the icon as design patent based on U.S. Manual of Patent Examining Procedure(MPEP) and common law rather than patent law itself. Likewise, Japan has protected the icon under examination guidelines for design, but recent amendment to design law includes a computer generated icon into protected article. However, Korea still protects a computer generated icon pursuant to the examination guidelines. In roy opinion, protection of the icon under the guidelines improperly expands the meaning of article under Design Protection Act and will destroy existence of design protection in itself. Therefore, if the protection of a computer generated icon is demanded under design law, proper amendment to Design Protection Act must be accomplished. Moreover, such amendment must be reviewed cautiously considering overall structure of intellectual property law.

Purpose: The open access (OA) movement has significantly improved access to academic content. However, the financial burden of article processing charges (APCs) and the lack of pricing transparency remain major concerns. This study aims to estimate APC costs by publisher and country, focusing on Korea, to inform policy decisions. Methods: We combined datasets from ScholCommLab (2019?2023), KESLI (2018?2024), and Web of Science (WoS). These sources were merged by aligning APC data with WoS-indexed articles, adjusting for missing values and currency differences. The final dataset included over 4.4 million records, enabling detailed analysis of APC expenditures by publisher and country. Results: From 2019 to 2023, global APC spending increased, with clear regional disparities. Italy showed the highest compound annual growth rate in APC costs at 34.17%, followed by moderate to high growth in Korea, Germany, and the United Kingdom. Korea and Italy allocated large proportions of APC spending to MDPI?38.71% and 37.53%, respectively?raising concerns about publisher dominance and potential quality issues. In contrast, Germany and the United Kingdom established national agreements aimed at controlling APC costs. Conclusion: This study underscores the growing global burden of APCs and the need for costmanagement strategies. Policymakers should consider targeted financial support and promote equitable publishing models. Adoption of the diamond OA model?which removes APCs for authors and provides free access to readers?offers a sustainable and inclusive path forward for academic publishing, addressing both financial and ethical challenges in the current OA landscape.

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Ensuring that published content adheres to the publisher’s business and style rules requires the implementation of quality-control solutions that encompass the entire enterprise, including vendors and in-house staff. The solutions must span the entire life cycle of the manuscript, from extensible markup language conversion to production to post-publication enhancements. Two techniques that may help in achieving this goal are developing Schematron and making a Journal Article Tag Suite subset. Both come with costs: Schematron change management requires development and maintenance of an extensive testbase; making a subset requires comprehensive content analysis and the knowledge of the publishing program’s direction. Achieving the right balance between the two techniques may reduce the costs associated with them.

In the era of information technology, scholarly journals cannot escape the rising tide of technological advancement. To be exposed more easily to readers, the web forms of scholarly journals and articles become more important year after year. Furthermore, there is a trend of print journals closing, and a significant emergence of online journals. Journal Article Tag Suite (JATS) extensible markup language (XML) became an National Information Standards Organization standard language in online journal publishing in 2012. It is an essential format to present readers with a more user-friendly interface. JATS XML was developed by PubMed Central (PMC) XML, which was a deposit form of articles to PMC. Editors and other publishing-related personnel should be able to understand the concept and production process of XML files. When JATS XML is produced, a variety of web presentation views can be generated, such as PubReader and epub 3.0. Further, JATS XML can be easily converted to digital object identifier CrossRef XML, CrossMark XML, and FundRef XML. Small scholarly society journal editors and publishers can promote the visibility of their journals by depositing JATS XML files to PMC or ScienceCentral. Owing to these benefits of JATS XML, publishers and editors should now adopt JATS XML for journal publishing.

The scenarios for journal articles that contain more than one language are no longer (and never really were) limited to having an article’s title, abstract, and keywords translated to additional languages. Journal Article Tag Suite (JATS) currently has a variety of structures for tagging articles that are in multiple languages or have substantial amounts of content in more than one language. However, these structures are not all coherent and are not up to the tasks of handling some common use cases. A subcommittee of the National Information Standards Organization (NISO) JATS Standing Committee (with participation from members of the Standards Tag Suite (STS) and Book Interchange Tag Suite (BITS) committees and some other invited experts) was formed, in 2021, with the goal of recommending changes to JATS to enable it to usefully encode multilingual articles. The subcommittee has recommended a set of changes that introduce new structures that can be available to JATS users who need them while minimizing the burden JATS users who rarely deal with multilingual content. Most of these changes are backward compatible with earlier versions of JATS. These changes are currently a work in progress and may become available in a future version of JATS. This paper presents a proposal for improving JATS to better support tagging multilingual articles with the hope of garnering feedback and suggestions from the JATS community.

Purpose: This study explored changes in the journal publishing market by publisher and access type using the major journals that publish about 95% of Journal Citation Reports (JCR) articles. Methods: From JCR 2016, 2018, and 2020, a unique journal list by publisher was created in Excel and used to analyze the compound annual growth rate by pivot tables. In total, 10,953 major JCR journals were analyzed, focusing on publisher type, open access (OA) status, and mega journals (publishing over 1,000 articles per year). Results: Among the 19 publishers that published over 10,000 articles per year, in JCR 2020, six large publishers published 59.6% of the articles and 13 publishers 22.5%. The other publishers published 17.9%. Large and OA publishers increased their article share through leading mega journals, but the remaining publishers showed the opposite tendency. In JCR 2020, mega journals had a 26.5% article share and an excellent distribution in terms of the Journal Impact Factor quartile. Despite the high growth (22.6%) and share (26.0%) of OA articles, the natural growth of non-OA articles (7.3%) and total articles (10.7%) caused a rise in journal subscription fees. Articles, citations, the impact factor, and the immediacy index all increased gradually, and the compound annual growth rate of the average immediacy index was almost double than that of the average impact factor in JCR 2020. Conclusion: The influence of OA publishers has grown under the dominance of large publishers, and mega journals may substantially change the journal market. Journal stakeholders should pay attention to these changes.

A Japanese-language journal has been converted into the Journal Article Tag Suite (JATS) extensible markup language (XML) format, and typeset automatically via XSL formatting objects (XSL-FO) to produce both the printed issues and online journals which are published on the J-STAGE e-journal platform in full-text hypertext markup language. As there is no established XML workflow tools available for Japanese language journals, the Nakanishi Printing Company has developed its own workflow using Antenna House (AH) Formatter. AS scientific, technical, and medical journals are by-and-large in international standards even in Japanese-language, typesetting is fairly straightforward. Still, there are several challenges in processing agglutinative languages which are common in Asian counties such as Japanese, such as identifying family names/given names in a name string, or inserting “Zero Width Joiner” to avoid unfavorable line breaks. Also we had to develop individual extensible stylesheet language transformations (XSLT) for each article to position tables and figures rightly. As we go on and work with humanities journals we should face more challenges.

The Republic of Korea is the fourth ranking country for the number of PubMed Central (PMC) journals. As of September 2013, 75 journals from Korea are included in PMC. Starting in 2013, several research funding agencies for scholarly journal publications in Korea began to establish open access, full-text databases in the fields of medicine, science, and social sciences and humanities. In those databases, Journal Article Tag Suite (JATS) 1.0 is used so that articles written in the Korean language can be easily manipulated as full-text extensible markup language (XML). Editors or publishers must produce full-text XML files based on JATS 1.0. Thus this paper surveys the current state of the application of JATS 1.0 to Korean scholarly journals, including both those in English and those in Korean, focusing on the current technology, training programs, and the policy of the Korean government on open access, full-text XML. This experience in Korea can be a model for constructing mother-tongue, open access, full-text journal databases based on JATS 1.0 in other countries. The usefulness of JATS in scholarly journal publications not only of all fields, but also in all languages, is stressed.

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Out of East Asian languages which do not use the Latin alphabet, Japanese is a very complicated writing system that uses “kanji,” which are ideograms, and “kana,” which are phonetic characters. Most of the Japanese papers published so far using Journal Article Tag Suite (JATS) are science, technology, and medicine fields adapting horizontal writing systems, which are structurally consistent with English papers. Most of them only replace Latin letters with Japanese characters. In this presentation, we suggested method of presenting vertically oriented Japanese humanities articles in JATS XML. For vertical description of Chinese numeric, we would like to propose the introduction of an element which specifies description direction. Alternatively, <styled-content> could be used as a hidden command when creating a document. We propose the following notation in the part of the number that can be converted: <styled-content style-type=“numeric”>六五</styled-content>. Chinese numeric 六五 is a Arabic numeric 65. With this, it is shown that 六五 of Chinese numerals can be converted to 65 in Arabic numerals. For vertical text description with JATS, we would like to suggest adding @ writing-mode as an attribute to <article>:<article writing-mode=“ vertical”>. Furthermore, note and references should be differentiated for example, between a <mixed-citation> and a <note>in the future. As Kanji are ideograms, there are variations that cannot be expressed with UTF-8. If these difficult Kanji are included in the JATS text, it will be necessary to decide on their description method. For the propagation of use of JATS XML for non-Latin characters articles, the structure of the document for example, vertical description, and special presentation should be considered more widely.