Earticle

TCDD 독성이 유발된 흰쥐 혈액의 생화학적 지표에 미치는 상엽 물추출물 (MLE)의 효과를 조사하였고 통계자료는 일원분산분석과 Scheffe의 사후검증을 하였다. TCDD 투여 시 감소했던 백혈구와 혈소판의 수가 MLE투여로 급격하게 회복(p<0.01)되어 면역기능 개선효과가 있었다. TT에 의해 감소했던 혈중 칼슘 및 마그네슘의 농도는 MLE 투여 시 유의하게 증가(p<0.01)하였으나 인의 농도는 TT군에 비하여 MLE군이 유의하게 감소(p<0.01)하였다. 신장 기능과 관련된 creatinine 및 blood urea nitrogen은 TT군과 MLE군 사이에 유의성은 없었으며, 요산은 TT군과 MLE군 모두에서 감소하였다. 한편 TT에 의해 증가했던 glucose 농도, amylase 및 lipase의 효소 활성도는 MLE 투여 시 유의하게 감소(p<0.01)하여 혈당상승 억제효과가 있었다. Total protein, γ-GTP 활성은 TT와 MLE의 영향을 거의 받지 않았으나 TT에 의해 증가했던 AST, ALT 및 ALP의 활성도는 MLE 투여 시 모두 유의하게 감소(p<0.01)하여 간기능 개선의 효과가 있었다. 한편 Total cholesterol, triglyceride와 LDL-cholesterol의 경우 TT에 의해 유발된 고지혈증상이 MLE 투여 시 유의하게 감소(p<0.01)하여 항고지혈 효과가 있었으며 HDL-cholesterol은 TT군과 MLE군 모두에서 증가하였다. 이와 같이 MLE는 TCDD독성이 유발된 흰쥐에서 독성을 완화시켜 주는 작용이 있음을 알 수 있었다.

We investigated the effect of mulberry leaf extract (MLE) on blood biochemical parameters of white rats induced TCDD toxicity. Data were analyzed by One-way ANOVA and Post-Hoc Test. The numbers of leukocyte and platelet decreased by TCDD were increased dramatically after treated MLE (p<0.01). The concentration of calcium and magnesium decreased by TT were increased by MLE and shown a statistical significance (p<0.01) but the concentration of phosphorus increased by TT was decreased by MLE. In the test of parameters related to renal function, only the concentration of uric acid in the MLE group was decreased than it in TT group and shown a statistical significance (p<0.01). Also the concentration of blood glucose and the activity of amylase and lipase increased by TT were decreased after treated MLE and shown a statistical significance (p<0.01), and MLE had an control effect for elevating blood glucose. In the test of parameters related to liver function, the acticity of AST, ALT and ALP increased by TT was decreased after treated MLE and shown a statistical significance (p<0.01), and MLE had an improving effect for liver function. In the case of total cholesterol (T,cho), triglyceride( TG), LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) and HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) related to lipid metabolism, the amount of T,cho, TG, LDL-C increased by TT were decreased after treated MLE and shown a statistical significance (p<0.01), and MLE had an ability of anti-hyperlipidemia. From these results, we concluded that MLE could mollified TCDD toxicity in white rats exposed to TCDD.

홍삼 사포닌분획(SF)투여 시 TCDD(2,3,7,8-tetracholorodibenzo-ρ-dioxin)투여(TT)에 의해 감소했던 웅성 기니피그의 체중과 간, 콩팥, 지라, 고환의 무게가 유의하게 증가하였다(p>0.01). SF투여 시 TCDD투여에 의해 감소했던 헤마토크릿 값, 적혈구 및 혈소판의 수, 아밀라아제 및 lactate dehydrogenase의 활성도, 요산, 총단백질 및 알부민의 양은 증가했고, 증가했던 백혈구의 수, 중성지질, 총콜레스테롤(TC), 혈당, 저밀도지단백질-콜레스테롤, 고밀도지단백질-콜레스테롤, 크레아티닌, 혈중 요소질소, 칼슘 및 인의 양과 creatinine kinase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase의 활성은 감소하였다. 그리고 적혈구, 백혈구, 혈소판, 혈당, TC, 칼슘 및 알부민을 제외한 모든 지표들은 통계학적 유의성을 보였다(p>0.01). 이상의 결과로부터 SF는 TCDD에 의해 유도된 기니피그의 급성독성을 완화시켜 주는 효과가 있음을 알 수 있었다.

The decreased body, liver, kidney, spleen and testis weights of guinea pigs by TCDD (2,3,7,8- tetracholorodibenzo-ρ-dioxin) treatment (TT) were statistically significantly increased after treating red ginseng saponin fraction (SF) (p>0.01). After treated with SF, the decreased hematocrits values and numbers of RBC and platelet, activity of amylase and lactate dehydrogenase, levels of uric acid, total protein and albumin by TT were increased, and the increased numbers of WBC, levels of triglyceride, total cholesterol (TC), LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus, activities of creatinine kinase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase were decreased after treated with SF. And they all had a statistical significance (p>0.01) except for RBC, WBC, platelet, blood glucose, TC, calcium and albumin. From these results, we knew that SF mollified the acute toxicity induced by TCDD in guinea pigs.

본 연구는 한국어의 동사<살다>와 형용사<좋다>를 포함한 절 또는 문장이 일본어 번역텍스트에서 어떻게 번 역 되어 있는지를 고찰한 것이다. 3편의 한국문학작품에서 추출된 용례들은 일본어텍스트에서는 명시화 또는 비명시화로 번역된다. 전자는 ST의 대응어가 TT에서 보이는 것을 말하며 후자는 분명한 대응어를 찾지 못하 되 문장 또는 단락레벨에서 등가관계가 있는 경우를 말한다. 고찰의 결과 의미영역이 넓은 <좋다>가 <살다>보다 비명시화의 비율이 높았고, 비명시화율이 높은 의미에서 는 공기명사/부사를 동반한 관용표현들이 많았다. 또 어떤 의미에 있어서는 일본어번역 텍스트에서 고정된 구 문의 사용을 확인할 수 있다. 이러한 고찰결과에서 봤을 때 단어의 의미영역과 비명시화율에 어떠한 관계가 있는지 더 알아볼 필요가 있다. 또 단어의 의미에 따라서는 문화적 요소가 높은 표현이 있고 그러한 표현일수록 비명시화율이 높아지는 것으로 보인다.

This research refers to the semantic domain of <salda> and <cohta> appeared in three translated texts in Japanese from Korean novels. Especially, we focused on the explicitaion and the implicitation of these words in translated texts. The result of the analysis shows that the examples of <cohta> have more implicit expressions than those of <salda>. And the implicit expressions in Japanese texts include more idiomatic phrases in ST. There are also some fixed syntactic forms in TT on certain meanings. After the analysis, we verified a certain phenomenon of the proportional relationship between the semantic domain and the rate of the implicitation on translated text. And we think that the more the expressions in TT are implicit, the more these expressions in ST involve the cultural factors.

저밀도 리포단백질 수용체 관련 단백질 5(LRP5)는 간과 췌장을 포함하여 많은 조직에서 발현하며 아포리포단백질 E와 결합한다. 이와 같은 LRP5 유전자의 체내 기능을 규명하기 위하여 LRP5 유전자가 결손된 생쥐를 개발하였다. 먼지 LRP5 genomic DNA는 TT2 ES 세포로부터 분리하였으며 LRP5 유전자의 엑손 18에 neo 유전자를 삽입한 vector를 구축하고 TT2 ES 세포에 도입하였다. 178개의 G418 내성을 보인 세포 중 상동유전자 재조합에 의하여 targeting vector가 LRP5 유전자 위치에 삽입된 clone은 3개였다. 키메라 생쥐는 상실배기 수정을 ES 세포와 응집시켜 생산하였으며 생산된 키메라 생쥐는 C57BL/6 생쥐와 교미를 유도하여 heterozygous를 얻었다. 또한 이들 heterozygous간의 교배에 의하여 LRP5 유전자 결손 생쥐를 생산하였다. 이러한 생쥐는 LRP5 유전자의 체내 기능연구에 있어서 모델로 이용될 것으로 생각된다.

The low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5 (LRP5) highly expressed in many tissues, including hepatocytes and pancreatic beta cells, can bind to apolipoprotein E. To evaluate in vivo roles of LRP5, we generated LRP5-deficient mice. LRP5 genomic DNA was isolated from TT2 embryonic stem (ES) cells. Targeting vector was constructed to disrupt an exon 18 of the mouse LRP5 gene and transfected into ES cells. Three homologous recombinants at LRP5 locus were identified from 178 G418-resistant clones. Chimeric males generated by morula aggregation technique were mated to C57BL/6 female mice. After achieving germ-line transmission, LRP5+/- females were crossed with LRP5+/- males to obtain LRP5-deficient mice. One line of mice lacking LRP5 gene was confirmed by Southern blotting. Such knock-out mice may serve as an effective animal model to study in vivo function of LRP5 gene.

Background: This study has been carried out to investigate the protective effect of Korean Red Ginseng Non-Saponin Fraction (RGNSF) on clinical chemical parameters in male rats acutely exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-ρ-dioxin (TCDD). Methods and Results: RGNSF was prepared from red ginseng residues after ethanol extraction of red ginseng. The RGNSF was characterized by the saponin and free sugars of TLC. RGNSF did not contain saponin compounds and consisted of several sugars such as glucose, galactose, and sucrose. To investigate the protective effect of RGNSF on TCDD, forty male rats (Sprague Dawley, 180 ± 20 g) were divided into 4 groups. The normal control group (NC) received the vehicle (i.p.) and saline (p.o.) daily. The only TCDD treated group (TT) received a single dose of TCDD (40 ㎍/㎏, i.p.) and saline. The RGNSF receiving groups were administered p.o. at a daily dose of 100 ㎎/㎏ (RGNSF100) and 200 ㎎/㎏ (RGNSF200) for 3 weeks beginning a week before TCDD exposure. Body-weight gain of TT and RGNSF100 were inhibited after TCDD exposure. The body-weight of RGNSF200 was increased throughout the experimental period, although the increasing rate was slower than that of NC. A decrease in testis weights for the male rats due to TCDD exposure was significantly observed in the RGNSF200 group. Body-weight gain inhibition and the recovery of testis weight by RGNSF administration were dose dependent. Increases in WBC, RBC, hemoglobin, and hematocrit by TCDD intoxication were attenuated by RGNSF administration but were not significant. Increasing AST toxicity by TCDD was significantly inhibited by RGNSF administration with a dose-dependent manner. Conclusions: These results suggest that RGNSF might be a useful protective agent against TCDD, an endocrine disruptor.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of 12-week tread-mill-based (MT) and track-based (TT) walking program on maximal oxy-gen consumption (VO2max), muscular endurance, muscle strength, and ankle range of motion (ROM) in ankle sprain experienced young people. Twenty subjects (12 males, 8 females) volunteered to participate in this study and divided into two groups (MT and TT). All subjects completed MT and TT 4 times per week with each session of 60 min with 65% from maximum heart rate. Incremental test on treadmill and 20-m shuttle run test for endurance capacity (VO2max), 2-km walking test for muscular en-durance, vertical jump for strength, and ankle ROM for flexibility were analyzed before and after the training intervention. We found significant increase in incremental, 2-km walking and 20-m shuttle run after both MT and TT. Just after TT were significant increased vertical jump and ankle ROM. In conclusion, TT seems to induce a more positive effect on muscle strength in lower extremity and ankle ROM than treadmill-based walking training in ankle sprain experienced young people.

To compare the two different anterior cruciate ligament surgery tech-niques’ effect in rehabilitation and activity performance. Fifty-five pa-tients were evaluated. Twenty-seven patients with transtibial technique (TT), 28 with anatomic single-bundle technique (AT) included. Tegner Activity Scale (TAS) was performed at preoperation and follow-up. The returning time of the sport and work was evaluated at follow-up. Sin-gle-leg hop test was performed at follow-up. Outcomes were compared between the two groups. The determined length difference between the operated knee and the intact knee was compared between the two groups. Average age of TT and AT was 27.9±6.4 yr, 28.3±6 yr, respec-tively. There was a significant difference between the two groups in du-ration of returning to sport. TT group had higher duration to return to sport (P<0.01). No difference between the two groups in duration of re-turning to work (P>0.05). There was a significant difference between the two groups. TT group had significantly higher values than AT group (P<0.01). No difference in TAS between the two techniques at preoper-ation and at last follow-up (P>0.05). The increase of TAS in patients who had AT was higher than the patients who had TT (P>0.05). No dif-ference in single-leg hop test at 55%–65%, 65%–75%, and 85%–95% level (P>0.05). In this test at 75%–85% TT group had higher values than AT group (P<0.05), AT group had higher values at 95%–105% level (P<0.05). Good short and long-term knee outcome scores depend on rehabilitation protocol after surgery. Surgery technique should provide the adequate stability in rehabilitation period. AT obtains better out-comes in rehabilitation.

This study, which finds its theoretic building blocks in polysystem theory, translator invisibility, domestication/foreignization, is aimed at exploring translator invisibility by analyzing book reviews of Please Look After Mom, an immensely acclaimed translation in the English speaking world. With regard to the polysystem theory, the present study reaffirms Even-Zohar comments that translators tend to use existing target-culture models for the TT, when translated literature occupies a secondary position in the polysystem(Even-Zohar, 2000). Put differently, a translator is likely to, or pressured to, accept the literary norms of the target-culture, which, in turn, reduces the translator to an invisible being. This study presents the following as its research findings and suggestions. First, a wide range of reviews(both domestic and international) of Please Look After Mom exhibit a marked preference and high evaluation for a fluent, transparent, smooth translation. Venuti's comments about ‘invisibility of translator’ and ‘the ethnocentric violence of translation’ seems to be born out in this study(Venuti, 1995, p. 1 & p. 16). Such a finding leads us to suggest that the domestication/foreignization is not simply a matter of personal choice on part of the translator, but rather a matter which is influenced and controlled by much bigger social factors. Secondly, this paper hopes to further stimulate academic interest in translation book reviews, as they can serve as sources to assess the general expectations and opinions towards translation in a given society. Literary reviews of Please Look After Mom largely lack comments about translation and even when such comments were offered, reviewers restricted themselves to commenting on a superficial level. It is hoped that reviewers will adopt a wider spectrum of perspectives on translation and incorporate translation theories into the practice of reviewing.

Pygmalion, written by George Bernard Shaw in 1912, adopts the well-known Greek myth, which deals with love between Cyprus King Pygmalion and his statue Galatea. In Pygmalion, instead of King and his statue, Dr. Higgins and a flower girl Eliza appear to represent extremely different classes. In particular, Higgins as a phonetician emphasizes the importance of English language being properly taught. In this vein, he bet he can change her kerbstone language within three months. As an element of capitals, language use is indispensably connected with one's social class. Thus language matters. According to Pierre Bourdieu, habitus has three capitals: social, economic and cultural. Among them, one's language use, as a cultural capital, is deeply and inseparably related to show one’s social class. This kind of social class exposes one's habitus which is combined with the three capitals. Eliza cannot equip with any capitals mentioned above; however, after language learning and practice from Higgins, finally she can be misidentified as a Hungarian princess at a party. What are interesting and important are how translators produce Eliza's expressions and to what extent translators' visibility can be achieved. For analysis, three Korean translations are examined. They are translated by professors whose majors were English drama, not by professional translators. Translating plays requires that to what extent translators can transfer stage language expressions into daily ones practised in everyday life, rather than to reach modest equivalence. Interestingly, in translating Eliza's language as a flower girl three translators adopt a peculiar dialect which is mainly used in Chungcheong Province. The reason is that the dialect sounds neutral and can deviate some provincial milieu. Among three translations, TT2 shows a little confusion in adopting a couple of different dialects when translating Eliza's words. In comparison with three translations, TT3 shows the most faithful and readable sentences in Eliza's lines so that TT3 can be acknowledged to be appropriate for the stage language by acquiring readability.

While creativity is generally seen as a talent given to few, research in the area of psychology has shown that it can be learned through training. Although research related to creativity is not very active in translation studies, there are claims that creativity is a prerequisite for production of high-quality TT. If translation teachers and students recognize the need for and the effect of creativity training and conduct such training, it is expected that they can acquire translation competence that can effectively solve such problems as language interference and translationese. This study observes the implications of creativity training for undergraduate students and students at the Graduate School of Interpretation of Translation(GSIT), Hankuk University of Foreign Studies (HUFS), after conducting a ‘collaborative class’ as a means for creativity training, and analyzing its effects.

This study aims to apply process-oriented research methodology to teaching translation. As Wilss (1996, p. 193) refers to translation teaching as "an 'open field' which calls for experiment and innovation", this paper claims to accept that translating and translation study have subjectivity features, and the need for controlling the subjectivity. Amidst criticisms raised within translation studies on result-oriented education, the usefulness of TAP is emphasized as a research methodology focused on the process of translation. After conducting an experiment using TAP to 7 translation-learners, the data is analyzed to identify problems revealed in the process of translation, and suggestions are made to improve the existing teaching methodology. As a result of the TAP experiment, the subjects' consciousness about language interference and mother tongue competence were found to be problems. Focusing on the data that same or similar Korean expressions have been repeated in problematic TT segments, this paper calls for the need for understanding 'translator creativity' on the part of both translation teachers and students, and explores the possibility of applying the concept in teaching translation.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the toilet training status (TTS) of Korean toddlers and their mothers' level of knowledge of toilet training (TT) and to identify the relationship between toddlers' TTS and mothers' level of knowledge of TT. Method: The participants in this study were 315 12-29 month old infants and their mothers recruited from outpatient clinics of hospitals and day care centers. T-test, ANOVA and Pearson correlation coefficients were used to analyze the data. Results: TTS of Korean toddlers showed was more advanced compared with previous research samples except for independent hand washing after toileting and this improved with age. The mothers showed higher understanding of the importance of a positive experience and a different pace for each child in the appropriate period for toilet training but less appreciation of the readiness of child to initiate TT. There was a significant correlation between TTS and mothers' level of knowledge of TT. Conclusion: Using the above findings, health professionals who work with children and their families need to develop parent education programs on TT that will promote toddlers' physical and socio-emotional development.

Background: Our previous study had identified the SNP (g.81966377T > C) and indel (g.81966364D > I) located in the promoter of APM1 to have a significant effect on marbling in Hanwoo. APM1 encodes an adipocytokine called adiponectin, which plays a significant role in lipogenesis. The aim of this study was to verify and validate the effect of the SNP and indel on marbling and other carcass traits in a large, representative, countrywide population of Hanwoo cattle. The carcass traits measured were marbling (MAR), backfat thickness (BFT), loin eye area (LEA), and carcass weight (CAW). Results: Primers were designed to amplify 346 bp of the genomic segment that contained the targeted SNP (g.81966377) and the indel (g.81966364). After data curation, the genotypes of 8,378 individuals identified using direct sequencing analysis estimated frequencies for C (0.686) and T (0.314) respectively showing genotype frequencies for CC (0.470), CT (0.430) and TT (0.098). The genotypes were significantly associated with MAR, BFT and LEA. The indel had significant effect on marbling (P < .0001) with strong additive genetic effects. The allele frequencies was estimated at (DEL, 0.864) and insertion (INS, 0.136) presenting genotypes of D/D (75.63 %), D/I (21.44 %), and I/I (2.92 %). Significant departure from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was not detected for both the SNP and the indel. Conclusion: The SNP genotypes showed significant association with MAR, BFT and LEA with strong additive genetic effects, while the indel was significantly associated with MAR. The results confirmed that the variants can be used as a genetic marker for improving marbling in Hanwoo.

The fat mass and obesity associated (FTO) gene plays an important role in the regulation of energy homeostasis, fatdeposition and obesity. For this reason, the FTO gene is a physiological and functional candidate gene for carcassand meat quality traits in beef cattle. The objectives of this study were to identify SNPs in the exonic regions of FTOgene and to evaluate the association of these SNPs with carcass traits in Hanwoo (Korean cattle). In this study, wenewly identified two exonic SNPs in Hanwoo population. The g.125550A > T SNP was located in exon 3 and theg.175675C > T SNP was located in exon 6. Genotyping of the two SNP markers was carried out using PCR-RFLPanalysis in Hanwoo steers to evaluate their association with carcass traits. As a result, g.125550A > T SNP genotypewas significantly associated with effects on marbling score. Animals with the AA and TT homozygous genotypeshad a significantly higher marbling score (p < 0.001) than those with AT heterozygous genotype, and this wassignificant after Bonferroni correction of the significance threshold (p = 0.003). Dominance effect was also observedfor the marbling score (P < 0.05) with higher marbling score of homozygous animals. However, no significantassociations with meat quality traits were observed for the g.175675C > T SNP. Our results suggest that the exonicSNP g.125550A > T in the FTO gene may be used as a DNA marker for the selection of Hanwoo with higher marbling.

스마트 기기의 발달로 인해 태블릿, 스마트폰 등 다양한 디바이스의 대중화로 시공간의 제약 없이 콘텐츠의 소비가 증가하였다. 이에 따라 OTT 플랫폼의 이용률이 증가하였으 며 연애 프로그램이 하나의 트렌드로 자리매김하였다. OTT 플랫폼 프로그램 중 <환승연애2>는 지상파, 비지상파 채널 이 아닌 OTT 플랫폼에서 제작한 예능 프로그램이 ‘22년 10 월 한국인이 좋아하는예능 프로그램 부문’ 상위 순위에 처음 으로 진입하는 이례적인 상황을 만들기도 하였다. 본 연구는 OTT 플랫폼의 인기 있는 연애 리얼리티 프로그램을 선정하 여 로고타이틀 디자인의 심미적 요소의 중요성과 효과적인 정보전달 방법을 다차원 척도 분석을통해검증하였다. 본 연 구에서는 8개의 프로그램의 로고타이틀을 분석한 뒤 디자인 전문가 10명의 설문조사를 통해 3가지 프로그램을 선정하였 고, 소비자 100명을 대상으로 온라인 설문조사를 진행하였다. 소비자 선호 검증을 위한 종속변수는 조형성, 주목성 독창성, 판독성, 상징성을 측정하였다. 연구 결과 연애 리얼리티 프로 그램의 로고타이틀은 프로그램의 메시지가 담긴 로고타이틀 에 높은 소비자 반응이 나타났고 연애 리얼리티 프로그램의 로고타이틀 디자인은 글자 위주의 산세리프 형태와 직선적 브랜딩, 프로그램의 특색이 담긴 독창성 있는 로고타이틀을 선호하였다. 본 연구는 넘쳐나는 연애 리얼리티 프로그램의 로고타이틀 디자인이 찍어내고 글자만 쓰여있는 형식이 아 닌 프로그램의 스토리와 차별성 있는 로고타이틀 디자인 개 발에 가이드라인을 제시할 것으로 기대한다.

Due to the development of smart devices, the consumpt ion of content has increased without restrictions on priva te space due to the popularization of various devices suc h as tablets and smartphones. As a result, the usage of OTT platforms increased in 2022, and dating shows have established themselves as a trend. Among the relationshi p reality shows on the OTT platform, <Transfer relation ship> also created an unusual situation in which it enter ed the top ranking in the entertainment show category. This study selected a popular love reality show on the O TT platform and verified the importance of aesthetic ele ments of logo title design and effective information deliv ery methods through multidimensional scale analysis. In this study, after analyzing the logo titles of nine shows, transfer dating, in-house dating, and solo hell were selec ted through a survey of 10 design experts, and an online survey of 100 consumers was conducted. As the depende nt variables for verifying consumer preference, formabilit y, attentional originality, readability, and symbolism wer e measured. As a result of the study, the logo title of the love reality show showed high consumer response to the logo title containing the show's message. In addition, co nsumers felt that the bold typeface was highly legible, w hile the high-profile logo title was less legible. As a resu lt of examining consumer attitudes, formability, symbolis m, and readability showed high preference for in-house dating, and solo hell for attention and originality. This st udy expects that the logo title design of the overflowing love reality show will provide guidelines for the develop ment of logo title designs that are different from the stor y of the show, not in a printed and written format.

최근 격심한 운동은 시상하부-뇌하수체-생식소 (HPG)축의 교란을 일으켜 여성과 남성의 생식기능에 장애를 유발하는 것으로 알려지고 있다. 격심한 운동을 하는 여성 운동선수의 경우는 과소월경, 무배란, 황체기 단축, 성성숙 지연등에 따른 생식호르몬의 변화가 유발된다. 남성 운동선수의 경우는 과도한 운동, 정신적 장애와 긴장, 군 훈련 등 격심한 운동으로 생식호르몬의 분비에 이상이 생긴다고 보고되고 있으나, 임상적인 증상은 미약한 것으로 보고되고 있다. 본 연구는 격심한 운동이 생식이상을 초래하는 원인을 밝히는 연구의 일환으로, 정상 남자가 장기적 운동 (3개월 이상), 단기간의 격심한 운동 (1주일),그리고 1${\sim}$2시간의 집약된 심한 운동 후 혈청내 호르몬의 변화를 방사면역측정법을 이용하여 측정하였다. 세 가지 운동 형태의 경우 모두가 부신 및 고환에서 분비되는 총 testosterone (TT), 유리형 T (fT), DHEA, A의분비 변화를 일으켰다. 특히 단기간과 1${\sim}$2시간의 격한 운동 후 일시적으로 증가되었다가, 이어 정상치 이하로 감소하는 것이 발견되었다. Cortisol, DHEAS, ACTH 등은 운동 후 지속적인 증가를 초래하였다. 장기간의 운동 후에서는 생식소자극 호르몬의 분비가 큰 변동이 없었으나, 단기간 운동 후에는 FSH의 감소가 발견되었다. 이러한 결과는 부신 및 고환의androgen이 격한 운동에 의해 감소되며, 장기간의 지속적인 남성호르몬의 변화는 생식기능의 이상을 초래하는 원인이 된다고 가정된다. 또한 단기간의 격한 운동이 HPG축 호르몬의 변화를 유발하나, 장기간의 운동으로 일어나는 androgen의 감소는 HPG축 이외의 요인(들)에 의해 남성호르몬의 분비이상이 생긴다고 가정된다.후 80%, 95%층에서 X 정자가 많이 회수되고, 활동성이 증가하는 것뿐만 아니라 정자의 질도 개선할 수 있다는 사실을 알 수 있었다.1kDa과 GA110 만이 항원-항체 반응을 나타내었다. 이 같은 결과로 미루어 사람의 난포액과 혈청에는 gelatinase A의 독특한 isoform인 GA110이 있으며 특히 난포액내의 GA110은 수란관액성분에 의해 선택적으로 분해되는 것으로 여겨진다.두냔 tsuchigae, S. nigripinni morii, M. jeoni, C. splendidus, P. koreanus, C. lutheri, I. koreensis, C. herzi, R. brunneus 등으로 본 종들의 서식 상태는 하천의 오염 정도 및 하천개수와 직접적인 관계가 있으므로 어류서식 환경을 유지시키기 위해서 보다 적극적인 하천 수질관리의 대책과 방안이 수립되어야 될 것으로 사료된다.와 운동, H-R도상에서의 별의 특성과 진화 등이다. 탐구 과정에 대한 학생의 성취도는 비교적 높으므로 이해도가 상대적으로 낮은 영역에 대해 학생의 오답 유형을 참고하여 기본 개념 지도에 보다 관심을 기울일 필요가 있다.Cr은 FW에서 전반적으로 감소하는 경향을 보였지만 SW에서는 실험 초기에 감소하다 24시간 이후에는 증가 후 일정한 양상을 보였다. Pb은 FW에서 전반적으로 감소했지만 SW에서는 초기에 급격히 증가 후 다시 급격히 감소하는 양상을 보였다 Pb 또한 Cu, Cd, As와 마찬가지로 SW1&2에서 제거속도가 가장 빠르게 나타났다. FW 상층수 중 Hg는 시간에 따라 급격히 감소했고, 제거속도는 Fw5&6에서 가장 느렸다. 이러한 결과에 근거할 때 벼가 자라고 있고 이분해성 유기물이 풍부한 FW1&2, FW3&4 토양과 상층수에서는 유기물의 분해 활동이 활발하였지만, 벼가 경작되지

Recently many studies have reported that total and bioavailable androgens reduced in male and female athletes and that physical exercise reduces the body weight and increases the reproductive abnormalities such as oligomenorrhea, anovulation, inadequate luteal phase, and delayed puberty in women by the inhibition of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis . In addition, high mileage endurance 겨nning, psychological stress, and military endurance training in men also reduce the secretion of reproductive hormones. To investigate the efffcts of physical endurance exercise on the secretion of reproductive hormones in men, androgenic hormones from adrenal glands and testis were measured in serum by the conventional radioimmunoassays after long-term (more than3 months), short-term (1 week), and acute (1${sim}$2 hours) physical exercises. Androgenic hormones from adrenal glands and testis such as total testosterone (TT), free testosterone (fT), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), and androstenedione (A) decreased after thesestrenuous endurance trainings, whereas ACTH, cortisol, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfetes (DHEAS) increased. Conadotropins (LH and FSH) were not idluenced by the physical exercises. Based upon the present results, we assume that the decrease in adrenal and testicular androgens by physical endurance exercises might be associated with the reproductive abnormalities in athletes by unknown factor(s) in addition to the HPG axis disturbance.

This paper presents the impact of Japanese radio source on the S-Band communication between KOMPSAT-2 satellite and TT&C ground system. Major specifications such as transmitting EIRP (Effective Isotropic Radiated Power) and location of Japanese terrestrial station were informed from Radio Research Laboratory in Korea Communication Commission. To estimate path loss in S-Band, the distance between Japanese station and TT&C ground system was obtained by using COTS (Commercial Off-The-Shelf) software. After that the signal strength of Japanese radio source placed at the TT&C ground system was calculated from link parameters such as transmitting EIRP, path loss, and receiving antenna gain. Consequently, this paper shows that the degradation caused by Japanese radio source is acceptable to TT&C ground system for satellite operation.

Purpose Patients with varus knee osteoarthritis usually compensate at the ankle and typically walk with hindfoot valgus alignment. As the neutral weight-bearing axis of the lower limbs is restored with Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA), ankle and hindfoot biomechanics also acutely change. This study aims to investigate whether any ankle clinical-radiographical changes occur as a result of bilateral mechanical TKA in patients with bilateral Osteoarthritis knee at a minimum follow-up of 6 months. Methods The prospective observational study included 61 patients (122 knees) undergoing simultaneous bilateral TKA (mechanical alignment). Tibio-talar angle(TTA), tibial Anterior Surface angle (TAS), lateral distal tibial angle (LDTA), talar-tilt angle (TT), anatomical talocrural angle (aTC), ground surface and distal tibial plafond angle (GP), ground surface and an upper surface of talus angle (GT)and tibial plateau and tibial plafond angle (PP) were measured on long-film radiographs to look for changes in the ankle, whereas functional assessment was done using American Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS), Foot and Ankle Disability Index (FADI), and Forgotten Joint (FJS-12) scores. Patients were sub-grouped based on the Hip-Knee-Ankle (HKA) axis, and the effect of the severity of knee varus on the ankles after TKA was also analyzed. The minimum follow-up was 6 months. Results A significant decrease in the tibial plateau-tibial plafond (PP), ground-tibial plafond (GP), and ground-talar dome (GT) angles was noted after TKA (p-value < 0.05). Postoperative functional parameters were comparable to the preoperative status except for FADI, which significantly improved (p-value-0.03). Sub-group analysis based on the severity of knee varus (HKA) revealed GT to be most significantly reduced (p-value-0.036), while the talar tilt (TT) increased (p-value-0.044). Functional outcomes of the ankles clinically improved with the correction of severe knee varus after TKA. At a mean follow-up of 13.2 months post-TKA, 7 out of 61 (11.4%) patients complained of post- TKA ipsilateral ankle pain. Conclusion Mechanically aligned bilateral TKA in severe varus deformity of the knee significantly decreases the GT angle but increases the varus tilt of the talus with lateral talar incongruency and under-coverage. Although the acute correction of severe knee varus deformity aligns the tibia more neutrally, resulting in an overall clinically evident improvement in ankle functional outcome, the increased varus talar tilt remains a deep concern.

This paper examines the values of source text and those of target text in an effort to find the possible reason for the unexpected and surprisingly high acceptance of Please Look After Mom among American readers. PLAM is a story of a typical Korean mother who is lost in a big city. Searching their mother with dementia, the grown-up children and the father recall her life of dedication and sacrifice for them and feel guilty about their selfishness. The story touched a lot of target readers and became a bestseller. As an ordinary person, the protagonist practices the multi-layered traditional values of Confucianism, Buddhism, Taoism, and the local folk belief unconsciously in daily life. These values are so deeply related together like a circle. But for the target readers, the straight values of reasoning and logic are important to understand the world. Therefore on the assumption that the TT readers have difficulties to understand the Koreaness in ST, the translator changes the expressions based on the complex values to the terms of simple and straight values of Westerners through the strategy of domestication. As a result, the TT readers read PLAM as if it was written in English without any ideological barrier to get the impression of the intimate spare in it.

Background: Forkhead box P3 (FOXP3) is an important marker of regulatory T cells. FOXP3 polymorphisms are associated with autoimmune diseases, cancers, and allograft outcomes. We examined whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at the FOXP3 locus are associated with clinical outcomes after allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Methods: Five FOXP3 SNPs (rs5902434, rs3761549, rs3761548, rs2232365, and rs2280883) were analyzed by PCR-sequencing of 172 DNA samples from allogenic HSCT patients. We examined the relationship between each SNP and the occurrence of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), post-HSCT infection, relapse, and patient survival. Results: Patients with acute GVHD (grades II-IV) showed higher frequencies of the rs3761549 T/T genotype, rs5902434 ATT/ATT genotype, and rs2232365 G/G genotype than did patients without acute GVHD (P=0.017, odds ratio [OR]=5.3; P=0.031, OR=2.4; and P=0.023, OR=2.6, respectively). Multivariate analysis showed that the TT genotype of rs3761549 was an independent risk factor for occurrence of acute GVHD (P=0.032, hazard ratio=5.6). In contrast, the genotype frequencies of rs3761549 T/T, rs5902434 ATT/ATT, and rs2232365 G/G were lower in patients with post-HSCT infection than in patients without infection (P=0.026, P=0.046, and P=0.031, respectively). Conclusions: rs3761549, rs5902434, and rs2232365 are associated with an increased risk of acute GVHD and decreased risk of post-HSCT infection.