Earticle

The general aspects for the future warfare shows that the concept of firepower and maneuver centric warfare has been replacing with that of information and knowledge centric warfare. Thus, some developed countries are now trying to establish the information systems to perform intelligent warfare and innovate defense operations.The C4I(Command, Control, Communication, Computers and Intelligence for the Warrior) systems make it possible to do modern and systematic war operations. The basic idea of this study is to investigate how TAM(Technology Acceptance Model) can explain the acceptance behavior in military organizations. Because TAM is inadequate in explaining the acceptance processes forcomplex technologies and strict organizations, a revised research model based upon TAM was developed in order to assess the usage of the C4I system.The purpose of this study is to investigate factors affecting the usage of C4I in the Korean Army. The research model, based upon TAM, was extended through a belief construct such as self-efficacy as one of mediating variables. The self-efficacy has been used as a mediating variable for technology acceptance, and the variable was included in the research model. The external variables were selected on the basis of previous research. The external variables can be classified into following: 1) technological, 2) organizational, and 3) environmental factors on the basis of TOE(Technology-Organization-Environment) framework. The tech-nological factor includes the information quality and the task-technology fitness. The organizational factor includes the influence of senior colleagues. The environmental factor includes the education/train data. The external variables are considered very important for explaining the behavior patterns of information technology or systems.A structured questionnaire was developed and administrated to those who were using the C4I system. Total 329 data were used for statistical data analyses. A confirmatory factor analysis and structured equation model were used as main statistical methods. Model fitness indexes for measurement and structured models were verified before all 18 hypotheses were tested.This study shows that the perceived usefulness and the self-efficacy played their roles more than the per-ceived ease of use did in TAM. In military organizations, the perceived usefulness showed its mediating effects between external variables and dependent variable, but the perceived ease of use did not. These results imply that the perceived usefulness can explain the acceptance processes better than the perceived ease of use in the army. The self -efficacy was also used as one of the three mediating variables, and showed its mediating effects in explaining the acceptance processes. Such results also show that the self-efficacy can be selected as one possible belief construct in TAM.The perceived usefulness was influenced by such factors as senior colleagues, the information quality, and the task-technology fitness. The self-efficacy was affected by education/train and task-technology fitness. The actual usage of C4I was influenced not by the perceived ease of use but by the perceived usefulness and selfefficacy. This study suggests the followings: (1) An extended TAM can be applied to such strict organizations as the army; (2) Three mediation variables are included in the research model and tested at real situations; and (3) Several other implications are discussed.

본 연구는 현재 성장 가능성이 높은 모바일 콘텐츠 산업 중 모바일게임에 대해 고찰해 보고, 모바일게임의 충성도에 영향을 미치는 중요한 요소로 몰입에 대해 연구하였다. 게임에 있어서의 몰입은 게임을 지속적으로 플레이하게 만드는 중요한 요소이다. 게임 몰입에 영향을 미치는 요소를 기존 몰입의 선행연구를 통해 도출된 숙련도, 도전감, 보상, 동기 외에 모바일의 특성상 몰입에 영향을 미칠 것이라 고려되는 모바일 기기와 콘텐츠의 요소인 모바일기기 화면과 게임속도, 사운드, 그래픽을 포괄적으로 고려하여 실증적으로 검증하였다. 그 결과 몰입의 개인적요소라 고려한 숙련도, 도전감, 동기는 모두 채택되었고, 기기요소인 화면과 속도는 기각되었다. 콘텐츠 특성 중에는 그래픽과 보상만이 채택되었다. 이를 통하여 모바일게임 디자인에 있어서 고려해야할 특성에 대해 고찰해 보고, 향후 모바일게임의 발전방향에 대해 통찰력 있는 시각을 제시하고자 한다.

This research is aim to understand mobile game industry and investigate flow that is considering key element of loyalty of mobile game. Flow is important factor continuing play in the game. We considered comprehensively preceding factors (it is individual factors we think), that is skill, challenge, feedback and mechanic factor such as screen, speed. Also we considered sound, graphic element that make up contents' factors. Empirical results indicate that all of preceding factors have impact on the flow. And mechanic factors are rejected. In addition, graphic and feedback factors exclusive of sound are adopted among contents' factors. Based upon the statistical results, this study examine the key factor of success element in the mobile game design, and then will present the penetrating sight of the direction of success in mobile game industry.

아동의 심리치료를 담당하는 전문가들은 아동이 치료의 대상이 될 때에 부모-아동의 상호작용에 관해 알고 싶어한다. 아동의 문제가 아동 자신이 갖고 있는 원인 이외에 부모의 양육태도에 의해서 많은 영향을 받고 있기 때문에 치료 목표를 설정하고 치료활동을 구성하는 과정에서 부모-아동의 상호작용에 관한 정보를 중요시하고 있기 때문이다. 본 연구는 부모-아동 관계가 아동발달에 미치는 영향 및 구조화된 상호작용 평가에 관한 선행 연구들을 고찰하였고 놀이치료에서 많이 사용되고 있는 MIM의 평가 기준에 맞추어 18명의 아동을 대상으로 실시한 전체 30사례의 MIM 실시 Video Tape을 분석하였다. 분석하면서 제시된 문제점들을 우리나라 실정에 맞게 수정․보완하여 구조화된 부모-아동 상호작용 평가모형을 제시하였다.

The child psychological therapists want to know the parent-child interaction when a child is under the treatment. This means that information about the parent-child interaction is important during the process of planning the therapy goals and structurizing the therapy activity since children's problems are affected much by the way of his being nurtured as well as his own cause. This research analyzed the video films that had the whole 30 cases of 20 children's under MIM standard norm - the most used way in play therapies, considering the previous studies about structured interaction assessments and how the parent-child relationship affects the child's development. This research also presents the amended and added assessment model for the structured parent-child interaction according to Korean environment.

Purpose: This study aimed to compare the accuracy of intra-oral and model scanners using structured light scanning technology in the external, internal, and marginal surfaces of a single zirconia crown. Methods: The maxillary right first molar was selected as the abutment tooth, and an impression was taken to create a master model. Each specimen was scanned 10 times using an intra-oral scanner (IOS group; i600, MegaGen Implant) and a model scanner (MS group) (n=20). All scan data were exported and saved in standard tessellation language format. A three-dimensional analysis program was employed to evaluate the root mean square (RMS) deviations across the external, internal, and marginal surfaces. Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics 26.0 (IBM), with the Shapiro–Wilk test applied for normality and the Mann–Whitney U test (α=0.05). Results: In the trueness analysis, no statistically significant differences were found between the 2 groups for the external and marginal surfaces (p>0.05). However, the MS group demonstrated significantly higher trueness in the internal surface (p=0.008). In the precision analysis, the IOS group showed higher precision on the external surface, whereas the MS group had higher precision on both the internal and marginal surfaces, with significant differences observed across all surfaces (p<0.05). Conclusion: This study revealed that the MS group demonstrated higher trueness and precision in certain areas. Both scanners achieved accuracy within 120 μm, confirming their potential for clinical application.

본 연구의 목적은 수용시설에서 수용자를 대상으로 활용할 수 있는 자살위험성평가프로토콜을 개발하고 이를 근거로 고위험군에 대한 관리전략을 모색하게 하는데 있다. 자살위험요인 추출을 위하여 광범위한 수준에서 이전 문헌과 지난 11년간의 수용시설 자살완료사례 자료를 심층적으로 검토하였다. 이후 이를 근거로 1차 원고를 구성하였고 베타테스트 등을 거쳤다. 이 후 임상가를 중심으로 패널집단을 구성하여 논의 과정을 거친 후 최종 자살위험요인을 선정하였다. 이를 근거로 임상가가 내릴 수 있는 법사례개념화와 최종의견 단계 등을 추가하여 자살위험성평가프로토콜(RISP-20) 버전 1을 제작하였다. 최종적으로 선정된 자살위험요인은 4개 영역에 총 20개의 위험요인이다. 영역은 만성(10개 위험요인), 급성(5개 위험요인), 상황ㆍ촉발(2개 위험요인), 임상ㆍ병리(3개 위험요인)로 세분화하였고 일부 위험요인은 2〜3개의 하위 위험요인을 포함하고 있다. 이렇게 구성된 위험요인을 중심으로 수렴타당도(CV)와 채점자간 신뢰도(IRR)를 알아보았다. 수렴타당도는 해당 위험요인과 비슷한 개념을 다루는 유사척도와 유의미한 관련성이 존재하였다. 구체적으로 살펴보면 4개 영역 모두 지각된 스트레스 척도(Cohen et al., 1983)를 제외한 모든 척도에서 유의미한 상관을 보였다. 반면 자살하지 않는 이유 척도(RFL; Linehan et al., 1983)와는 부적상관을 보여 수렴도와 변별도 모두 답보하였다. 채점자간 신뢰도는 4개 영역 부분에서는 ‘아주 좋은’ 일관성을 보였고 20개의 위험요인 수준에서는 모든 요인에서 최소한 ‘좋은’ 이상의 일치성을 보여 채점자간에 일관성을 확인할 수 있었다. 더 나아가 임상가가 위험요인을 근거로 내린 최종 전문가 소견에서 유의미한 수렴도를 확인할 수 있었고 평가자간의 신뢰도도 ‘좋은’ 일관성을 보여 주었다. 이는 평가자에 따른 측정오류 가능성이 현저히 낮아 향후 평가의 가능성을 입증하였다. 마지막으로 본 도구의 시사점과 제안점 등을 추가적으로 기술하였다.

The study aimed to develop the risk of inmate’s suicide protocol and develope strategic management plan for the high-risk group. Based on both comprehensive literature review and last twelves‘ archives of completed suicide through 15 prisons, 20 suicidal risk factors were preliminarily extracted for the first draft and subsequently implemented beta-test toward suicidal attempters through 24 prisons. After this process, clinical professionals as panels intensively reviewed the first draft to draw the last version of the draft(referred as to Risk for Inmate’s Suicide Protocol; RISP-20), adding forensic formulation and experts’ final opinions with practical actions to the final session. Accordingly, the final version has four domains and 20 suicidal risk factors. Specifically, four domains were clinical(3 risk factors), acute(5 risk factors), chronic(10 risk factors), and environmental(2 risk factors). Some of risk factors(e.g., relationship, family history of suicide and so forth) also have sub-risk factors. Moreover, we examined both concurrent validity and interrater reliability of RISP-20. In terms of concurrent validity, it had significant associations with similar measures reflecting similar level of measurement conception. Specifically, four domains had positive relationships with four scales(e.g., DHS:SF, SIQ, CES-D, Loss of Social Status) except perceived stress scale(Cohen et al., 1983), whereas negative associations with reason for life(RFL; Linehan et al., 1983). As for interrater reliability, four domains showed ‘very good’ reliability across raters and 20 risk factors showed above ‘good’ reliability. On the whole, the results revealed that RISP-20 were ultimately approved for using in the forensic clinical fields, indicating low level of measurement error among raters. The implication, further studies and suggestion were additionally discussed.

거의 모든 사물들이 인터넷으로 연결되는 사물인터넷(IoT, Internet of Thing)이 점진적으로 현실화되고 있다. 인터넷에 연결되는 다양한 사물들의 수가 더 빠르게 증가할 것으로 예상되면서, 이종 시스템, 서비스, 콘텐츠 간의 상호 운용성과 사용 편이성이 중요한 문제점으로 제기된다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 문제점을 해결하기 위해 콘텐츠를 빌려 쓰고 사용료를 지불하는 방식으로 최근에 제안된 Contents as a Service(CaaS) 서비스 모델의 구현 방안을 제시한다. 다수의 분산된 가상 서버에 다양한 이종 콘텐츠를 저장하고 각각의 콘텐츠를 고유하게 식별하기 위해 구분기호로 구조화된 문자열의 객체식별아이디 이포지션(ePosition)을 함께 등록하는 경우 상호 운용성과 사용 편이성을 체계적이고 논리적이며 효율적으로 해결할 수 있다. 클라우드 CaaS 서비스 모델을 구현하기 위해 새롭게 요구되는 API를 개발하여 기존의 클라우드 소프트웨어 플랫폼과 통합함으로써 CaaS 지원이 가능한 PaaS 서비스 모델로 개선 할 수 있고, 개선된 플랫폼을 기반으로 콘텐츠 별로 응용 소프트웨어를 개발하는 경우 CaaS 지원이 가능한 SaaS 서비스 모델을 구현할 수 있다.

The Internet of Things (or IoT for short) which refers to uniquely identifiable objects and their virtual representations in an Internet-like structure is to be reality today. The amount of data on IoT is expected to increase abruptly and there are several key issues like usefulness interoperability between multiple distributes systems, services and databases. In this paper a methodology is proposed to realize a recently developed cloud service model, Contents as a Service (CaaS), which is contents delivery model referred to as ‘on-demand contents’. In the proposed method, the global object identification, ePosition, comprising the structured form of two sorts of text strings with a separation symbol like # is applied to identify a specific content and registered with the content at the same server. It is easy-to-realize and effective to solve the interoperability problem systematically and logically. Some APIs for the proposed CaaS service are to be converged to provide some upgraded cloud service model such as ‘CaaS supported SaaS’ and ‘CaaS supported PaaS’.

거의 모든 사물들이 인터넷으로 연결되는 사물인터넷 (IoT, Internet of Thing)이 점진적 으로 현실화되고 있다. 인터넷에 연결되는 다양한 사물들의 수가 더 빠르게 증가할 것 으로 예상되면서, 이종 시스템, 서비스, 콘텐츠 간의 상호 운용성과 사용 편이성이 중요 한 문제점으로 제기된다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 문제점을 해결하기 위해 콘텐츠를 빌려 쓰고 사용료를 지불하는 방식으로 최근에 제안된 Contents as a Service (CaaS) 서비 스 모델의 구현 방안을 제시한다. 다수의 분산된 가상 서버에 다양한 이종 콘텐츠를 저 장하고 각각의 콘텐츠를 고유하게 식별하기 위해 구분기호로 구조화된 문자열의 객체 식별아이디 이포지션 (ePosition)을 함께 등록하는 경우 상호 운용성과 사용 편이성을 체계적이고 논리적이며 효율적으로 해결할 수 있다. 클라우드 CaaS 서비스 모델을 구 현하기 위해 새롭게 요구되는 API를 개발하여 기존의 클라우드 소프트웨어 플랫폼과 통 합함으로써 CaaS 지원이 가능한 PaaS 서비스 모델로 개선 할 수 있고, 개선된 플랫폼 을 기반으로 콘텐츠 별로 응용 소프트웨어를 개발하는 경우 CaaS 지원이 가능한 SaaS 서비스 모델을 구현할 수 있다.

Scutellaria baicalensis. G. 식물 세포의 현탁 배양에서 세포의 성장과 flavonoid glycosides 생산에 관한 구조적 성장 모텔 을 제안하였다 제안된 모델식은 현탁 배양의 형광을 측정함으 써 결정될 수 있는 세포 생존도와 세포 활동도 등플 세포의 생리학적 변수로서 고려하였다. 제안된 모델식에서는 세포의 상태에 따라 세포블 크게 생존 세포와 비생존 세포로 나누고 생존 세포를 분화 가능한 생존 세포와 비분화 생존 세포로 나누어 각 각의 모델을 구성하였다. 이 중 생존 세포 중량은 광섬유 형광 센서로 측정한 상대 형광 세가로부터 결정될 수 있었다. Flavonoid 배당체의 생산 속도는 분화 가능한 생존 세포와 바 분화 생존 세포에 의해 지배되며, 배양액의 삼투압에 의한 서l포 팽창과 세포내 생성불절의 방출은 비생존 세포에 의해 이루어진다고 가정하였다. 종속변수는 가칠농도(포도당), 세포 중량(건조 세포중량과 생체중량), 대사산물농도(flavone glycosides), 활동도와 생존도플 포함한다 Scutellaria baicalensis. G. 식물 세포 의 푹라스크 배양으로부터 모델과 실험결과가 잘 일치함을 알 수 있었다. 제시된 모델은 세포의 성장, flavone glycosides 및 중간매개체 합성을 예측할 수 있다.

A structured kinetic model is proposed to describe cell growth and secondary metabolite, flavone glycosides, synthesis in batch suspension culture of Scutellaria baicalensis G. The model has been developed by representing the physiological state of cell described as the activity and viability which can be estimated based on the culture fluorescence. In the model, three type of cells are considered; active-viable, nonactive-viable and dead cells. Viable cell weight could be determined based on the relative fluorescence intensity. The flavone glycosides could be produced by both active-viable and non-active viable cells with a different production rate. And the model includes the cell expansion due to glucose concentration and death phase which accounts for the release of intracellular secondary metabolite into medium. Dependent variables include substrate concentration(glucose), cell mass(dry cell weight and fresh cell weight), product concentration(flavone glycosides), activity and viability. Satisfactory agreement between the model and experimental data is obtained from shake flask culture of Scutellaria baicalensis G. The proposed model can predict the cell growth and flavone glycosides synthesis as well as intermediate materials.

In order to realize the idea of pay-as-you-go (PAYG) data management which dataspace emphasizes, the very loosely structured data model is usually used to describe the massive, heterogeneous and dynamic data in dataspace. However, the present study mainly concentrates on the applications of the data model, and the query theory research is less. The query algebra is a theoretical foundation for query and its optimization in a PAYG fashion, so that how to establish a complete algebra based on the characteristics of loosely structured data model is an important problem need to be solved. In this paper, a formal definition of very loosely structured data model is given, then the query model and query algebra based on the model are proposed, which support to not only the operations such as set operators, selection, projection and join, but also association query in dataspace.

The principal role of Data warehouses in making strategy decisions makes its quality crucial for organizations. Quality of data models for data warehouse has significant effect on the quality of data warehouse. Therefore, we need methods, models and tools to have quantitative and objective measurement of quality of data models for data warehouses. Lack of a set of defined measures made us to define a set of metrics that can be used to measure the complexity, understandability, believability, usability, accessibility, data currency and modifiability which are in turn defined as quality characteristics for data warehouse systems. The proposed metrics may act as objective indicators of the quality of data warehouse models and also help the developers to select quality data model among various semantically equivalent models. The other advantage of these metrics is that they are available during early phase of software development life cycle.

In recent years, more and more researchers' attention has been drawn to the sparse representation-based classification (SRC) method and its application in image analysis and pattern recognition, due to its good characteristics of high recognition rate, robustness to corruption and occlusion, and little dependence on the features selection etc. However, sufficient training samples are always required by the sparse representation method for the effective recognition. In practical applications, it is generally difficult to obtain sufficient training samples of the test targets, especially non-cooperative targets. So the key issues in the effective automatic target recognition (ATR) based on the sparse representation are to obtain sufficient training samples in different scales, angles, and different illumination conditions, and to construct an overcomplete dictionary with discriminative ability. In this paper, a novel sparse representation-based scheme is proposed for the automatic target recognition in the real environment, in which the training samples are drawn from the simulation models of real targets and the overcomplete dictionary is trained using structured sparse learning method. The experimental results show that the proposed method is effective for the automatic target recognition in the practical application, especially, where the desired features of the sparse representation method are kept.

본 연구는 LT협동학습을 통한 갈등상황 극놀이가 유아의 친사회적 행동 및 대인문제해결사고에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 알아보았다. 연구대상은 경기도의 두 곳의 유치원에 재원 중인 만 5세 유아 46명이다. 본 연구를 위하여 실험집단 23명의 유아에게 10주 동안 매주 2회 총 20회 대집단 활동 시간에 LT협동학습 모형을 통한 극놀이 활동을 실시하였으며, 비교집단 23명의 유아에게는 갈등상황 동화를 듣고 이야기 나누기 활동을 실시하였다. 본 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, LT협동학습을 통한 갈등상황 극놀이를 실시한 결과, 친사회적 행동 전체와 하위영역인 지도성, 도움주기, 의사소통, 주도적 배려, 접근 시도하기, 나누기, 감정이입 및 조절에서 통계적으로 유의미한 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, LT협동학습을 통한 갈등상황 극놀이는 대인문제해결사고 전체와 하위 영역인 대안적 해결사고, 결과예측사고, 수단-목적 사고에서 통계적으로 유의미한 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구의 결과는 LT협동학습을 통한 갈등상황 극놀이가 유아의 친사회적 행동과 대인문제해결사고의 발달을 증진시키는데 도움을 줄 수 있다는 것을 시사한다.

The purpose of this study is to examine effective teaching-learning methods in education fields by investigating how the conflict structured dramatic play applying LT (Learning Together) Cooperative Learning Model affects young children’s pro-social behavior and interpersonal cognitive problem-solving. The subjects in this study were 46 five-year-old children in two kindergartens located in Gyeonggi Province. Twenty-three children were assigned to an experimental group, while the remaining 23 children were assigned to a comparative group. For the experimental group, the conflict structured dramatic play applying LT Cooperative Learning Model was implemented 20 times for 10 weeks. For the comparative group, the activities with the conflict structured storytelling and discussion were implemented. The findings are as follows. First, there were statistically significant differences between the two groups. The children from the experimental group showed statistically higher scores than the children from the comparative group in the domain of pro-social behavior including leadership, helping, communication, proactive consideration, attempting to approach, sharing, empathy and controlling. Second, there were statistically significant differences in all domains except causative thinking between the two groups. The children from the experimental group showed higher scores than the children from the comparative group in the domain of interpersonal cognitive problem-solving including alternative solution thinking, sequence prediction thinking, and means-goal thinking These results imply that the conflict structured dramatic play applying LT Cooperative Learning Models may help to increase the development of young children’s pro-social behavior and interpersonal cognitive problem-solving.

Structured modeling provides a formal mathematical framework, language, and computer-based environment for conceiving, representing, and manipulating a wide variety of models. It provides a natural framework for integrated modeling owing to its explicit representation power for computational dependencies among submodels. Nevertheless, it doesn't seem to offer a systematic way of composing a structured model from submodels. In order to develop a systematic way, this paper discusses three key issues; (1) Genus structure of validated submodel, (2) Storing method of genus structure, and (3) Integration of genus structures to generate a new genus structure. To visualize the approach, a programming module is developed to implement the step-by-step integration.

Structured modeling provides a formal mathematical framework, language, and computer-based environment for conceiving, representing, and manipulating a wide variety of model. It provides a natural framework for integrated modeling owing to its explicit representation power for computational dependencies among submodles. Nevertheless, it doesn't seem to offer a systematic way of composing a structured model from submodels. In order to develop a systematic way, this paper discusses three key issues : (1) Genus structure for model composition, (2) Storage of structured models, and (3) Integration of structured models. To formalize and visualize the approach, a programming module is developed to implemented the step-by-step integration.

This paper shows how to use continuation-ratio logits for the analysis of structured polytomous data. Here, response categories are considered to have a nested binary structure. Thus, conditionally nested binary random variables can be defined in each step. Two types of factors are considered as independent variables affecting response probabilities. For the purpose of analyzing categorical data with binary nested strutures a continuation-ratio mixed model is suggested. Estimation procedure for the unknown parameters in a suggested model is also discussed in detail by an example.

This study has conducted to measure the internet banking customer satisfaction using structured equation model. Data was collected by e-mail system. Among survey panel who had experience of using Hanwha-Bank internet banking service, final samples were 2,848 respondents. The results showed that usage convenience and economy factor was most correlated with customer satisfaction. And we found that word-of-mouth behavior was affected customer satisfaction.