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Muscle injuries are frequently occurred in various sports. The biological process and mechanism of muscle repair after injury are well known through the many studies. This study aimed at presenting heat shock protein and nitric oxide synthase are to respond to muscle damage and repair. This section discusses the results obtained through many arti-cles. Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are considered to play an essential role in protecting cells from damage, preparing them to survive on new environmental challenges. In addition, exercise-induced changes such as heat shock, oxidative, metabolic, muscular, and cytokine stress seem to be responsible for the HSP response to exercise. Also, inducible ni-tric oxide synthase (iNOS) generates nitric oxide (NO) for prolonged pe-riod and causes pathophysiological effects. Furthermore, iNOS is in-volved in processes such as cell injury, wound repair, embryogenesis, tissue differentiation, and suppression of tumorigenesis. In conclusion, the inhibition of HSP 70 on caspase-3 and apoptosis is associated with its inhibition on iNOS that leads to less NO production.

A preventive maintenance model, caller FNBM(α,δ,γ)model, is proposed to decide an optimal repair number under achieved availability requirements(r) along with taking two types of failures(repairable or irrepairable) into account. In this model, the current system is replaced by a new one in case when it doesn't meet the achieved availability requirement, even though it is repairable failure; Otherwise it is replaced in time of the first irrepairable failure. Assumed that the j-th failure is repairable with probability ., minimal repairs are allowed for repairable failure between replacements. Expected cost rate for preventive maintenance model is developed using NHPP(Non-Homogeneous Poisson Process) in order to determine the optimal number ., also numerical examples are shown in order to explain the proposed model. Since the proposed FNBM(α,δ,γ)model includes Park FNBM model(1979) and Nakagawa FNBM(p)model(1983) this proposed model is thought to be better than previous model, especially for weapon system which requires availability as primary parameter.

본 연구에서는 대한제국 시기 환구단에 건립되어 2차례의 이건 이후 훼철된 대표적인 건축문화유산인 석고각에 대해 해체 부재 정밀실측 및 HBIM을 활용한 복원 시뮬레이션을 제시하고자 한다. 연구 과정에서 석고각에 사용되었던 부재의 실측 조사를 통해 주요 부재별 손상 상태와 재사용 가능성을 파악하였다. 주요 부재별 조사 내용을 근거로 창건 당시 석고각과 창경궁 야외무대로 변용 당시의 모습을 HBIM 모델링 하여 건축구조와 형식, 변화 과정을 분석하였다. 이를 통해 다양한 원인으로 훼손, 훼철될 가능성이 있는 건축문화유산의 방재 및 복원대책 수립 시 HBIM 활용에 대한 수리방법론을 제시하 고자 한다.

In this study, we would like to present a precise measurement of dismantling members and restoration simulation using HBIM for Seokgogak, a representative architectural and cultural heritage built in the Hwangudan Altar during the Korean Empire and destroyed after two relocations. Through measurement of the members used in the Seokgogak during the research process, the damage status and reusability of each major Components were identified. Based on the investigation by major Components, the architectural structure, form, and change process were analyzed by modeling HBIM at the time of transformation into Seokgogak and Changgyeong Palace Outdoor Stage at the time of construction. Through this, a repair methodology for using HBIM when establishing disaster prevention and restoration measures for architectural and cultural heritage that may be damaged or destroyed due to various causes is suggested.

본 논문은 트럼프 행정부의 재집권 이후 강화된 미국의 보호무역주의 및 공격적 관세정책에 대응하여 우리 정부가 제안한 ‘MASGA(Make American Shipbuilding Great Again)’ 구상의 법적 실효성을 분석한다. 동 구상은 한·미 양국 간 조선 및 방산 협력을 심화하고 미국의 조선산업 역량 강화를 지원하는 윈-윈의 효과적 선택으로 광범위한 주목을 받고 있다. 다만, 우리 기업들이 대규모 해외직접투자 과정에서 직면할 다층적, 복합적 리스크를 최소화하고, MASGA 전략이 지속가능한 실질적 성과를 거두기 위해서는 한국 조선사의 미 해군 함정 건조 및 MRO(유지·보수·정비) 참여를 직·간접적으로 제한하는 보호주의적 연방법, 즉, 번스-톨레프슨 수정법 (Byrnes-Tollefson Amendment), 존스법(Jones Act) 및 기타 연관 법률에 따른 법적·제도적 장벽의 완화 또는 예외 인정이 선행되어야 한다. 이러한 배경에서 동 연구는 상기 법령의 핵심 조항을 집중적으로 분석하여 우리 정부와 기업이 직면할 수 있는 법적 리스크를 사전적으로 진단하고, 이러한 위험을 회피할 수 있는 정책적 대응 방안을 제시한다. 결론적으로, 우리 정부는 미 행정부의 해양행동계획(MAP) 발표를 정책적 종결 또는 MASGA에 대한 이행 보증으로 간주하지 않고, 미 의회와 행정부에 대한 전방위적 설득 노력을 경주하여 기존의 미국 규제법에 따른 예외 적용 범위를 한·미 동맹의 가치에 부합하도록 확대하는 법적 성과를 도출해야 한다. MASGA 구상은 단순한 양국 간 산업적 공조를 넘어, 전략 산업 공급망 재편을 포괄하는 한·미 경제안보 동맹의 질적 고도화 및 인도·태평양 지역의 새로운 경제안보 질서 구축을 위한 핵심 기제로 작동해야 할 것이다.

This study evaluates the legal viability of the “Make American Shipbuilding Great Again” (MASGA) initiative amidst intensified U.S. protectionism. While MASGA offers a strategic framework for ROK-U.S. maritime and defense cooperation, its sustainable success critically depends on mitigating substantial legal barriers including the Byrnes-Tollefson Amendment, Jones Act and other federal statutes which restrict, directly or indirectly, South Korean shipbuilders from U.S. Navy vessel construction and Maintenance, Repair, and Overhaul (MRO) operations. Through a comprehensive analysis of these federal statutes, this research identifies critical legal risks confronting Korean firms during large-scale Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and proposes strategic policy responses to ensure economic feasibility. In conclusion, the South Korean government must guard against the complacency of perceiving the Maritime Action Plan (MAP) as a final, unconditional performance guarantee. Instead, it must exert comprehensive diplomatic leverage on the U.S. Congress and Trump Administration to secure expanded exemptions from protectionist regulations, aligning them with the core values of the ROK-U.S. Alliance. Beyond industrial synergy, MASGA should serve as a pivotal mechanism for the substantial advancement of the economic security alliance—encompassing strategic supply chain restructuring—and the establishment of a resilient, value-based economic security order within the Indo-Pacific region.

This study aims to analyze the management status, including repair and utilization of 24 railway station buildings registered as National Registered Cultural Heritage in South Korea and to examine their key characteristics, and, based on the results, consider management strategies for railway station buildings. These railway stations played a crucial role in Korea’s modernization and possess historical, architectural, socioeconomic, and cultural significance beyond their function as transportation facilities. Accordingly, this study investigated the management status of railway station buildings including repair and utilization through literature review and data analysis. The repair status was analyzed by categorizing it into roofs, walls, and windows, and the analysis revealed a tendency to preserve the original form during post-registration repairs. In addition, the analysis of utilization status showed that while some railway stations are used for various purposes, there are cases where stations remain unused despite having been repaired.

The purpose of the study is to analyze how to document survey and repair data on wooden architecture culture assets. Documentation was analyzed in comparison to digital developments from the past to the present. Although the accuracy of survey equipment has been improved by digital development, survey drawing has not changed. For example, a 3D Scanner, survey equipment, was introduced but is being used for conversion into 2D data. Data provided by the drawing included in the survey and repair reports were not accumulated. As it stands, it is inaccessible and disorganized. Data generated from the survey, repair, and maintenance has to be consistent. A BIM system was proposed to integrate information on wooden architecture cultural assets.

기와연구에서 기와의 수명과 교체주기에 대한 연구는 아직 부족한 듯하다. 이 문제에 대하여 민족지 조사방법을 이용하였다. 경주권역의 1950년 이전 제작된 막새가 남아있는 관아건물, 향교, 서원 등 건축물 7동에 대하여 막새 위치를 표시하고 조사하였다. 조사결과 건축물의 방위와 지붕의 형태에 따라서 막새 결손·잔존률이 다르게 나타났다. 남향 건축물 기준으로 지붕형태와 관계없이 우선 북쪽의 막새가 가장 빠른 주기로 교체되었다. 다음으로 동·서·남면의 처마부 막새가 교체되었으며, 합각부 교체주기가 가장 늦어서 오래된 막새가 잔존하는 양상을 보였다. 건축물에 사용된 막새 수명은 400년 이상 잔존한 경우도 있었으며, 한 건물에 20종 이상의 암·수막새가 올려진 경우도 있었다. 또 암막새의 보존율이 수막새에 비해 상대적으로 높았으며, 수막새의 결손률이 높아 건축물의 수명이 길수록 총 사용된 수막새의 양이많았음을 알 수 있었다. 또한, 합각부의 막새 잔존률이 높은 이유는 연암과 내림마루, 착고에 의해 보호되었고, 또 보수 시 교체하지 않는 경향이 있었다. 이에 반해 처마부 수막새는 직·간접적 동파에 의해 홍두깨흙이 유실되어 낙하로 인해 결손되는 사례가 많았다. 건축물에서 막새의 결손과 보수는 상시 일어나는 현상이자 행위이므로, 소규모 보수는상시 행해지고, 지붕 위치별 교체주기가 다르기 때문에 4면의 교체주기가 만날 때 대규모중수(重修)가 행해진다고 보았다. 따라서 결손과 보수의 측면에서 지붕 기와의 교체패턴을이해할 수 있다. 이상의 결과를 건물지 유적 발굴조사에 응용하면, 건축물의 방향과 막새의 분포양상에따라 건물의 지붕구조를 추정해 볼 수 있다. 여러 가지 전제조건과 예외적인 상황이 있지만, 남향한 건물 기준으로 동·서·남면에 오래된 막새가 집중되고, 북쪽에 가장 늦은 시기의 막새가 출토되면, 우진각지붕일 확률이 높다. 또 동·서면에 가장 오래된 막새가 출토되고, 남면에 중간시기의 막새, 북면에 가장 늦은 시기의 막새가 출토되면, 맞배지붕일확률이 높다. 또 동·서·남면에 같은 시기의 막새가 출토되고, 그 상부에서 가장 빠른 시기의 막새가 출토되며, 북면에서 가장 늦은 시기의 막새가 출토되면, 팔작지붕일 확률이높다고 보았다. 이상의 내용을 근거로 소비지인 건물지 유적 조사 시 막새 분포에 대한 기록문제, 그리고 막새를 편년하는데, 공반유물을 통한 하한연대 설정에 대한 재고가 필요해 보인다.

It appears that there are few studies on the life and replacement cycle of roof tiles in roof tile research. Regarding this issue, the ethnography investigation method was used to show the location of and investigate antefix for seven buildings including government buildings, Confucian schools and lecture halls that still have antefix produced pre-1950 in the Gyeongju region. There were different antefix losses and survival rates according to the bearing of buildings and roof types. Based on buildings facing south, the antefix on the northern side were replaced the most frequently, regardless of the roof type. Next, the antefix on the eaves of the east, west and southern sides were replaced, and the replacement cycle of the gable part was the latest, thus having the oldest antefix. The life of antefix used in buildings included that of over 400 years and there were also cases in which over 20 types of female and male antefix were placed on the same building. In addition, the preservation rate of female antefix was relatively high compared to male antefix, and the loss rate of male antefix was high, thus showing that the longer the life of the building, the more male antefix were used. Furthermore, the reason why the survival rate of antefix of the gable was high was because it was protected by soft rock, inclined floors and male roof tiles, and there was a tendency of not being replaced during repairs. On the contrary, male antefix on the eaves lost the filling sand due to direct and indirect freezing and rupture, thus being damaged and lost due to falling. Loss and repair of antefix in buildings was an ordinary phenomenon and action, and small-scale repairs occurred regularly, while the replacement cycle per roof position were different, and therefore, large-scale remodeling was presumed when the replacement cycle of all four sides coincided. Thus, the replacement pattern of roof tiles from the perspective of loss and repairs can be understood. By applying the above results for building remains excavation studies, it is possible to presume the roof structure of buildings according to the distribution mode of antefix and the direction of the building. There are many prerequisites and exceptions, but based on buildings directed south, if the old antefix are concentrated in the east, west and southern sides, while the latest antefix is excavated from the north, then there is a high probability that it is a hipped roof. Also, if the oldest antefix is excavated in the east and western sides and antefix of medium periods is found in the south and the latest antefix is excavated in the north, there is a high probability of it being a gable roof. Also, if antefix from the same period is excavated in the east, west and southern sides and antefix from the earliest period is excavated on top of it, while the latest antefix is excavated from the north, there is a high possibility of it being a hipped and gabled roof. Based on the above contents, it appears that it is necessary to reconsider records issues on antefix distribution during building remains studies, which is the consuming site, and to set a floor era through associated relics in chronological recording of antefix.

본 연구의 목적은 실질적인 출토복식의 보수를 통해서 보수방법의 합리적인 방안을 모색하는데 있다. 출토복식의 경우 유기물이라는 특징으로 인해 출토되는 순간 이미 위약한 상태이므로 출토복식에 대한 상태를 철저히 조사한 후 가능한 물리적 힘을 가하지 않는 방법으로 최소한의 보수만을 진행하였다. 그리고 다음과 같은 과정으로 보수하였다. 보수는 출토복식의 상태에 따라 보수 가능한 것을 분류하여 출토복식 직물의 상태를 고려하여 최대한 안정하게 적용시켰다. 보수용 실의 경우는 강도가 약한 정련한 얇은 주아사의 실을 뽑아서 사용하거나 광열화시킨 명주실을 사용하였다. 보수용 직물은 직물의 종류에 따라 셀룰로오스 계 직물은 면직물을 견직물은 주아사나 명주를 정련하여 사용하였으며 일부는 비슷한 색을 내기위해 오리나무 염색과 감 염색을 하였고 방충·방균 처리를 위해 정향으로 염색한 천을 사용하여 보수하였다. 보수의 방법은 손상형태 및 복식의 구성양식에 따라 구분하여 실시하였다. 보수의 바느질법은 시침질, 홈질, 박음질, 공그르기, 감침질의 방법을 사용하여 훼손 부위와 상태에 적합한 바느질법을 선택하였다.

The purpose of this study is to find the reasonable plan for the restoration method through the practical repair of excavated costume. The minimal repair only without adding the physical force as far as possible after investigating the state of excavated costume has been progressed in case of excavated costume since it is already degraded and weak due to the characteristics of organic matter at the moment when it is excavated. Moreover, it has been restored as the following course; The restoration has been applied according to the state of excavated costume with the maximum stability by classifying items capable of being restored considering the fabric state of excavated costume. The drawn thread from the weak in strength and the refined thread of the Juasa(simple gauze) or the light degraded silk thread has been used in case of thread for restoration. The cotton fabrics has been used in the fabric of cellulose system, the Juasa or the silk has been used in the silk depending on the kind of fabric in connection with the support fabric, some parts have been dyed with Alnus firma fruit and the persimmon, has been repaired by using the dyed fabric with the clove for the purpose of mothproof-antibacterial treatment. The method to repair has been carried out by classifying according to the state of damage and the way of formation of costume. The needlework method suitable for the part and state of damage by using the basting, the broad-stitching, backstitch, the blind stitch and the hemming stitch in connection with the needlework method for restoration.

This study is to diagnose causes of damage and defects on external walls of brick structures, focused on「Naju Noahn Catholic Church」 of Modern Architectural Properties. The causes of crack and deflection are overloading, shortage strength of arch. Among those, main cause is cauesd by shortage strength of arch because center of arch is dislocated and skew back of arch is small angle. The causes of damage and elimination are weathering, plants of friction, freezing and thawing, durability decrement of material and attach defection. This defects and damage is caused by high-moisture that occurs in soil. The causes of discoloration are change of soil moisture and flimsy brickwork. These defects and damage are mainly occurred in coping of cornice, weathering of window sill.

동관왕묘(보물 제142호)는 조선시대(1602)의 건축물로서 관우, 장비, 우장군, 주창 및 조자룡 등의 소조상이 안치되어 있다. 이 소조상들의 채색층은 먼지 등 무기오염물로 인해 안료의 원색이 손상되었으며, 수차례의 보수 및 덧칠로 인해 원형이 훼손되어 있다. 소조상의 채색안료에 대한 정밀분석을 위해 X-선 회절분석, SEM-EDS, P-XRF 및 색도 측정을 실시한 결과, 적색과 갈색의 안료는 진사, 석간주, 연단이며, 연적색은 석고를 첨가하여 조색하였다. 흑색과 금색은 각각 흑연과 금(Au)박이 사용되었으며, 녹색 안료에서는 공작석, 염화동 및 해록석이 동정되었다. 매우 선명하게 발색된 청색은 현대 안료로 보채한 것으로 판단되며, 백색은 백악, 석고, 연백이 모두 검출되었다. 석황과 밀타승은 각각 황색과 연황색 채색에 사용되었다.

The Donggwanwangmyo Shrine was built in the period of Joseon Dynasty in 1602. There are Clay Statues (Gwanwo, Jangbi, Woojanggun, Juchang, Jojaryoung and so on) enshrined in the inside of the main hall. Original color of these Clay Statues are deteriorated by inorganic pollutant like dust. And the origanal forms were damaged during several process of restorations and repaintings. This study carried out XRD, SEM-EDS, P-XRF and chromaticity measurement for characterization of pigments which painted on Clay Statues. As a result, cinnabar, hematite and red lead were used to paint in pigments for the red and brown colors. Light red pigment was made by gypsum with these minerals that make colors. Graphite and gold were used to color of black and gold pigment, respectively. Green pigment is identified of malachite, atacamite and glauconite. Blue pigment which is clearly painted on Clay Statues is interpreted a modern industrial pigment that were painted at repair work. White pigments are detected calcite, gypsum and silver white. Orpiment and litharge were used to color of yellow and light yellow pigment.

This study sought to evaluate DNA damage and repair in porcine postovulatory aged oocytes. The DNA damage response, which was assessed by H2A.X expression, increased in porcine aged oocytes over time. However, the aged oocytes exhibited a significant decrease in the expression of RAD51, which reflects the DNA damage repair capacity. Further experiments suggested that the DNA repair ability was suppressed by the downregulation of genes involved in the homologous recombination (HR) and nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) pathways. The expression levels of the cell cycle checkpoint genes, CHEK1 and CHEK2, were upregulated in porcine aged oocytes in response to induced DNA damage. Immunofluorescence results revealed that the expression level of H3K79me2 was significantly lower in porcine aged oocytes than in control oocytes. In addition, embryo quality was significantly reduced in aged oocytes, as assessed by measuring the cell proliferation capacity. Our results provide evidence that DNA damage is increased and the DNA repair ability is suppressed in porcine aged oocytes. These findings increase our understanding of the events that occur during postovulatory oocyte aging.

In EVAR procedure using long time C-arm, we studied exposure dose reduction and effeciency through measuring surgical staff's ESD by installing lead curtain operating table next to. The height 3 the spot (50cm, 100cm, 150cm) dose was measured on 2 locations for 600sec in the X-ray radiation considering the surgical staff's movement. To install the curtains, we compared before and after the dose. As a result, it can confirm that dose of the installation former of 50cm height and after is reduced about 75% and 91% in 2 locations. In 100cm height, the reduction of the dose was a bit confirmed. There as to dose value, measured on 150cm height the installation former and after was nearly no change. This research examined the exposure dose about the radiation of the surgical staff during EVAR procedure in which the operation time is the long time. It was implemented in the object that it reduces the radiation exposure. It could confirm the certain effect of the experimental result The height 3 the spot (50cm, 100cm, 150cm) dose was measured on 2 locations for 600sec in the X-ray radiation considering the surgical staff's movement. To install the curtains, we compared before and after the dose. As a result, it can confirm that dose of the installation former of 50cm height and after is reduced about 75% and 91% in 2 locations. In 100cm height, the reduction of the dose was a bit confirmed. There as to dose value, measured on 150cm height the installation former and after was nearly no change. This research examined the exposure dose about the radiation of the surgical staff during EVAR procedure in which the operation time is the long time. It was implemented in the object that it reduces the radiation exposure. It could confirm the certain effect of the experimental result exposure dose reduction.exposure dose reduction In EVAR procedure using long time C-arm, we studied exposure dose reduction and effeciency through measuring surgical staff's ESD by installing lead curtain operating table next to.

Ischemic monomelic neuropathy (IMN) is a rare type of peripheral neuropathy presenting with sensory and motor impairment after vascular surgery.1 It is particularly rare for one to experience IMN following thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR); however, we have recently experienced such a case. A 56-year-old male with traumatic aortic dissection underwent TEVAR. One day after, he suddenly complained of numbness of the left hand with reduced grip strength and wrist movement. Upon physical examination, weak left radial arterial pulse and significantly low blood pressure in the left arm (85/60 mmHg) compared to right arm (130/85 mmHg) were observed. Electrophysiologic findings were compatible with left radial, median and ulnar neuropathy. On follow-up 1 year later, his motor weakness was mildly improved, but constant neuropathic pain and ulnar claw deformity were observed.

Objective To compare the clinical outcomes following conservative treatment and arthroscopic repair in patients with a rotator cuff tear.Methods In this retrospective study, patients aged >50 years with a symptomatic rotator cuff tear were reviewed. The rotator cuff tendons were evaluated using ultrasonography, shoulder magnetic resonance imaging or MR arthrography, and the patients with either a high-grade partial-thickness or small-to-medium-sized (≤3 cm) full-thickness tear were included in this study. The primary outcome measures were a pain assessment score and range of motion (ROM) at 1-year follow-up. The secondary outcomes were the rate of tear progression or retear along with the rate of symptom aggravation after the treatments.Results A total of 357 patients were enrolled, including 183 patients that received conservative treatment and 174 patients who received an arthroscopic repair. The pain assessment score (p<0.001) and the ROM in forward flexion (p<0.001) were significantly improved in both groups. The ROM in internal rotation did not significantly change after conservative treatment and arthroscopic repair. The pain assessment score and ROM were not significantly different between the two groups. Retear was observed in 9.6% of patients who had an arthroscopic repair and tear progression was found in 6.7% of those who underwent conservative treatment. The proportion of aggravation for pain and ROM did not significantly differ between the two groups.Conclusion The effectiveness of conservative treatment is not inferior to arthroscopic repair for patients >50 years old with a less than medium-sized rotator cuff tear in a 1-year follow-up period. Further study is warranted to find the optimal combination of conservative treatment for a symptomatic rotator cuff tear.

This paper explores the asymmetry in repair by ellipsis between IP and VP ellipsis. The former renders amnesty effects to violations of the Subjancency condition when the ‘record’ or star(*)-marking of the violations is included in the elided IP. In contrast, the latter does not, even though it is included in the elided VP. In addition, it is noted that the elided VP is a simple one when extraction takes place out of it. On the basis of this asymmetry, this paper has advanced three points. First, movement proceeds in a cyclic fashion, and the chain formed by movement undergoes adjustment in the mapping from Overt Syntax to Logical Form. In particular, argument Wh-movement forms an operatorvariable chain, deleting other intermediate traces. Second, ellipsis also proceeds cyclically, especially in meeting the identity/parallelism condition on ellipsis. It is proposed in this paper that the size of ellipsis is determined by the minimal constituent requirement for the identity condition on ellipsis. Third, various elements in the antecedent clause of the ellipsis construction, such as overt and covert indefinite expressions, universally quantified expressions and focused elements, take different scope-taking strategies. It is noted that their different scope possibilities in the antecedent clause affect the scope of Wh-movement in the ellipsis clause.

Objective To investigate the utility of ultrasonography to objectively examine morphological changes (i.e., muscle atrophy and fatty infiltration) of the supraspinatus muscle. Methods Thirty-four patients were prospectively enrolled in this study. The degrees of muscle atrophy and fat infiltration were measured using ultrasonography 3?4 months after arthroscopic supraspinatus tendon repair. Shoulder function (i.e., shoulder active range of motion, visual analogue scale, and constant score) was examined. Using the symmetricity of the muscles in the human body, the degrees of morphological changes of the supraspinatus muscle were quantitatively measured. The associations between the morphological changes of the supraspinatus muscle and shoulder function were identified. Results There were statistically significant differences in the cross-sectional area (CSA) and echogenicity between the surgery and non-surgery sides (p<0.001). The CSA ratio, which represents the degree of muscle atrophy, was associated with shoulder forward flexion, external rotation, and constant score; however, the echogenicity ratio, which represents the degree of fat infiltration, was not associated with shoulder function after surgery. Conclusion This study demonstrated that shoulder function could be predicted by evaluating the morphological changes of the supraspinatus muscle using ultrasonography and that objective evaluation is possible through quantitative measurement using the symmetricity of the human body.

This study attempted to investigate how Korean speakers produce English final consonant clusters by using repair strategies. Based on the preservation principle in interphonology, three main points were examined. The first point focused on the most used repair strategy by Korean speakers, such as deletion, insertion, and substitution. The second point was whether any age difference existed in using repair strategies when pronouncing various final consonant clusters. The third point concentrated on the specific patterns of repair strategies used in certain syllable structures. For the production test, twenty-four target words were pronounced by eight Korean speakers and the data were statistically analyzed by 3-way mixed ANOVA to see if there were any variable interactions. The major findings of the study were exhibited as follows: First, most Korean speakers employed deletion for repair strategies, and the highest error rates were presented in fricative-fricative combined clusters. Second, the younger group made fewer errors in stop-# and nasal-# combined clusters. Third, all kinds of the repair strategies were used in fricative-fricative clusters, and insertion was primarily used by the older group in fricative-stop clusters. According to the findings, it could be assumed that productions of English clusters by the younger group have been in progress by maintaining certain English phonetic features.