Earticle

The applicability of the two types of magnetic separation system, high gradient magnetic separation (HGMS) and Magneto Archimedes method were studied considering the magnetic susceptibility of targeted substances. It was noted that the combination of the two methods can control the almost all the substances, paramagnetic and diamagnetic in addition to ferromagnetic substances. The principle of the methods was given and the conceput of the magnet force control technology is discussed. The practical applications of the technique were introduced together with the new application of HGMS.

본 논문은 폐차제도가 도입시행된 초기부터 현업에 종사하면서 현재 우리나라에서 행해지고 있는 폐자동차의 회수처리 및 재활용 실태조사를 통하여 파악작성된 자료통계를 기본토대로 하여 준비되었다. 이외에도 지난 수년간 국내 자동차제작사를 위시한 환경관련학회 등의 폐차관련 연구보고서를 참고하였으며 또 외국의 폐차제도와 재활용 실태에 대한 자료와 현지방문을 통하여 수집된 자료와 본인이 기 발표한 폐차실태보고서를 적극 활용하였다. 본 연구의 결론을 얻기 위하여 현 폐차실태를 먼저 파악분석하고 그 문제점을 도출한 후 우리 실정에 맞는 개선방안을 모색해나가는 귀납법적 연구방법을 채택하였다.

In the last year, the number of registered vehicles in Korea surpassed the 15 million mark, and increase in number continuously. Nowdays, this tendency has raised some problems inevitably in the view of expansion of ELV(End of Life Vehicles) and earth environment pollution resulted from it. A foreign country is strengthening law about a car recycling for to solve this problem. Car recycling technology in Japan was introduced in this paper.

본 연구는 “세계 최대 배터리 시장인 중국은 한국과 비교했을 때 폐배터리 재활용 분야 육성을 위해 어떠한 노력을 하고 있을까?”라는 문제의식에서 시작되었다. 중국은 폐배터리 재활용 분야에서 세계 최대 규모의 시장을 형성하고 있으며, 이미 다양한 업체들이 시장에서 활동하고 있다. 분석 결과, 중국 정부는 체계적으로 배터리 생산부 터 판매, 사용, 회수까지 전 주기에 걸쳐 관리를 위한 데이터베이스 플랫폼을 구축하고, 지자체에 회수 시범지역을 규정하였다. 한국 역시 현재 배터리 수급과 사용 주기 만료 도래, 그리고 EU 배터리법과 같은 대외 환경의 변화 등 여러 대내외 요인으로 인해 폐배터리 재사용, 재활용에 대한 제도적 정비를 시작하고, 관련 업체들도 사업을 시작 하는 단계이다. 한국 역시 중국의 사례에서 시사점을 얻어 폐배터리 업체와 관련 벨류 체인을 강화하기 위해 정책적인 지원을 이어가고, 폐배터리 재활용에 있어 관련 특허 건수를 보다 많이 확보하여 생태계 구축을 위한 노력을 이어갈 필요가 있다.

This study started with the question, What kind of efforts is China, the world’s largest battery market, making to foster the waste battery recycling field compared to Korea?It started with a sense of problem. China is forming the largest global market for waste battery recycling, and various companies are already active in the market. As a result of study, The Chinese government systematically established a database platform for management over the entire cycle from battery production to sales, use, and recovery, and defined recovery pilot areas in local governments. Due to various internal and external factors such as the supply and demand of batteries, the expiration of the usage cycle, and changes in the external environment such as the EU Battery Act, Korea is also starting systematic maintenance for waste battery reuse and recycling, and related companies are also starting businesses. Learning lessons from the case of China, Korea also needs to continue its policy support to strengthen its waste battery companies and related Velho chains, and continue its efforts to build an ecosystem by securing more related patents in recycling waste batteries.

Wasted meat & bone has generated as byproducts in the slaughtering process of livestock and also faced with demands for its recycling and environmental protection. Many studies have been conducted to recycle byproducts and carried out mainly on the crushing of bones and the vacuum packing technology of products. In this study, the crushing unit, transporting unit, separated unit and packing unit have designed for development of the crushing and packing systems. Also, to confirm the performance of this system, the experimental verification were carried out the working noise and packing weight.

본 연구는 재활용 의무 대상 제품 포장재의 재활용 분리 체계에 대하여 사용자 관점에서 새로운 디자인 가이드라 인을 제시하는 것이다. 국내 사례는 현행법과 재활용 분리배출에 대한 문헌을 사전 연구하였고, 국외 사례는 아시아, 유럽, 북아메리카 대륙에서 재활용 분리배출에 대한 성과를 거둔 도시를 각각 1개씩 선정 조사하였다. 사용자의 긍정적 인 참여 결과의 피드백과 올바른 분리배출에 관한 보상이라는 사용자 중심 디자인관점에서 ID(Identification) 사용자 분리배출 체계를 제안한다. 이 체계는 명시된 개인식별 코드가 부착된 분리배출 전용 용기와 개인용 애플리케이션을 이용한다. 사용자는 분리배출 전용 용기에 기재된 분리배출 표시와 분리배출 요령에 따라 해당 분리배출 품목을 전용 용기에 배출하며, 선별처리 결과가 사용자에게 통보되고, 이에 따른 보상이 이루어지는 체계이다. 이 분리배출 체계는 사용자의 적극적인 참여를 유발할 수 있는 분리배출 체계라는 의미를 가진다.

This study suggests focused in user-centered design which are new separate discharge system that must recycle in paper materials. I searched cases in Korea’s current law and regulation in recycling disposal guidelines and already succeed cases in each city that are Asia, Europe, and North America. Suggesting focused in user-centered design of ID(Identification) separate discharge system due to user’s good participations, feedbacks of participation’s results, and well-organized in awarding. This system consists of visual individual’s ID(Identification) that are stickered in only used bag. User must recycle in separate discharge system only used bags, and results must visualized in each user and rewards to user. This separate discharge system is meaning to stimulate user’s good participations.

국내 음료 제품 대부분은 페트병을 사용하고 있다. 최근 환경부에 따르면 페트병을 재활용하는 과정에서 페트병에 부착되는 라벨이 문제가 되고 있다. 그래서 본 연구는 재활용에 문제가 되고 있는 생수 주스음료라벨의 구조를 비교 분석하여 재활용을 어렵게 하는 문제점을 확인할 수 있었다. 최근 몇몇 기업에서는 환경문제와 재활용 분리배출 과정에서 페트병 라벨의 분리 제거가 쉽도록 구조를 개선하여 절취선을 적용한 제품을 판매하고 있다. 그러나 본 연구 결과 관련 기업에서 적용하고 있는 주스음료의 절취선은 제 기능을 못하고 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 현재 페트병의 라벨은 접(점)착식과 비 접착식 2가지 방식을 적용하고 있다. 첫째, 접(점)착식은 생수병에 적용되며 라벨은 폴리프로필렌(PP)소재를 사용하여 부착한다. 그러나 제품마다 부착방식이 다르며 분리 제거가 쉽지 않은 구조로 되어 있었다. 둘째, 비 접착식은 주스음료에 적용되며 폴리에틸렌 테레프타레이트(PET)소재를 사용하여 부착한다. 그러나 절취선이 적용된 제품은 절취선의 기능을 하지 못하고 있음을 확인할 수 있었으며 절취선이 적용되지 않은 제품은 라벨 분리 제거가 불가능하다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 그러므로 본 연구결과 생수와 주스음료의 페트병에 부착되는 라벨은 구조개선이 필요하며 재활용의 용이성을 위해서는 국가표준안 마련을 위한 기초연구이다.

Most of domestic beverage products are using PET bottles. According to the Ministry of Environment recently, the labels attached to PET bottles have become a problem in the process of recycling PET. This study has figured out the problem that makes recycling difficult through a comparative analysis of labels of bottled water and juice beverages that has been problematic in recycling. Recently, several companies are selling products that have improved bottle structure with cut-off line, which make it easier to separate and remove the labels of the bottle in the recycling process. However, through the research of this study, we found out that the cut-off line used in those companies are not fully functioning. Currently there are two ways used in labeling the PET bottles; adhesive or inadhesive. At first, adhesive way is used with mineral water bottles, and the labels are attached using polypropylene(PP) material. However, different products had different ways of attachment, and it was not easy to separate and remove the labels. Second, inadhesive way is used with juice beverages, and the labels are attached using terephthalate(PET) material. However, the study found out that the cut-off line of cut-off lined products were not functioning properly, and the products without cut-off line were unable to separate and remove the labels. Therefore, as a result of the study, the labels attached to PET bottles of bottled water and juice beverages need to be improved, and the national standard is needed for the ease of recycling.

인쇄하지 않은 복사용지에 대해 침지, 탈수, 건조등 일련의 리사이클링 사이클의 반복횟수에 따라 얻어지는 재생지의 광학적 성질의 변화와, 리사이클링 횟수를 달리한 펄프를 이용하여 고지를 제조한 후 하여 고지의 탈묵성 변화를 살펴보았다. 그 결과, 리사이클링 횟수 증가에 따라 얻어진 재생지의 백색도는 원래보다 약10% 저하되었으나, 섬유간 결합감소에 따른 비산란계수의 증가로 불투명도는 약10%정도 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 또한, 리사이클링 횟수에 따른 고지의 탈묵성은 섬유의 표면 자유에너지 감소, 즉 섬유의 소수화 증가로 인하여 약간 저하되는 것으로 나타났다.

This study examined the effects of recycling on chemical pulp fibers from multiple recycles. Firstly, water-pretreated alkaline photocopy paper was disintegrated by TAPPI standard disintegrator at room temperature. After dewatering, this pulp was dried in oven at 80℃ for 24hrs. A sequence of wetting, disintegrating and drying was one recycling cycle and this cyclic treatment was repeated from zero to five times. The recycled handsheet dropped to 90% of the original brightness after five cycles, and lost the most brightness in the first two cycles. However, it had a gain of 10% in opacity after five cycles. And, in this study, the method for determining residual ink(toner) content in recycled handsheets were estabilished by means of SEM-EDX and atomic absorptive photometer. The change of residual ink percentage on recycled paper showed the effect of recycling numbers on deinkability of waste paper. A slight decrease in deinkability was noted for the recycled handsheets, which may be due to the change of fiber surface free energy connected with fiber swelling.

본 연구는 상품 포장지의 색상이 상품에 대한 환경친화적 인식과 용기의 재활용 의도에 미치는 영향 을 알아보았다. 또한 포장지 색상에 의한 상품 용기의 재활용 의도가 기업 유형(영리 기업 vs. 사회적 기업)에 따라 조절되는지를 살펴보았다. 본 연구는 2(포장 색상: 초록 vs. 빨강) × 2(기업 유형: 영리 기업 vs. 사회적 기업) 요인 설계로 디자인되었으며, 편의점 도시락을 가지고 온라인 유사실험 연구를 진행했다. 국내 리서치 회사에서 보유한 전국 단위의 온라인 패널 중 만 18∼39세의 성인 430명을 대 상으로 진행한 본 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 참여자들은 상품 포장이 초록색일 때(빨간색일 경우에 비해) 환경친화성을 높게 인식하였으며, 환경친화성 인식을 매개로 재활용 의도가 높아졌다. 한편 포장 지 색상과 기업 유형은 재활용 의도에 상호작용 효과가 있었다. 포장지 색상이 재활용 의도에 미치는 영향은 영리 기업인 경우에만 유의적이었으며, 사회적기업의 경우에는 포장지 색상에 따른 재활용 의도 에 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 영리 기업의 도시락은 빨간색 포장지에 비해 초록색 포장지를 사용했을 때 재활용 의도가 높았다. 본 연구는 상품의 포장지 색상이 재활용 의도에 미치는 영향을 규명함으로써 상 품 포장지의 디자인을 통해 상품 용기의 재활용 의도를 높일 수 있는 방안을 모색하였다.

This study investigated the effect of product packaging color on environmentally friendly perception and recycling intention. In addition, it examines whether the relationship between the intention to recycle the lunch box container and the color of the lunch box packaging is moderated by business type. Among the nationwide online panels owned by a domestic research company, 430 adults aged 18 to 39 participated in the study. A2 (packaging color: green vs. red) × 2 (business type: private business vs. social business) factorial design was applied to an online quasi-experiment. When the packaging of the lunch box was green (compared to red), environmental friendliness was highly recognized, and recycling intention was increased through environmental friendliness perception. On the other hand, the color of the packaging and the business type interacted on the intention to recycle. The effect of the packaging colors on the recycling intention was significant only for private business: participants had a higher intention of recycling when the packaging color was green, compared to red. This study suggests that when developing products for convenience store lunch boxes, even product packaging design should be considered to influence consumers’ recycling behavior.

Deserts around the world mostly do not have plants and are ever- expanding their area each year. There is shortage of food and prevalent hunger around the world mostly in the African countries that have desert. The waste water is not properly managed in those places and it causes disease outbreaks. So, the problems of desertification, waste water management and hunger have to be addressed by the world community. This thesis work tries to explore a possibility of reclamation of deserts with regular application of waste water. The results obtained from a four months long test are very encouraging and it can be easily concluded that the deserts can be reclaimed by application of waste water and it will relieve the desert community from the burden of costly treatment of waste water as well. In turn, they will, to some extent, get rid of water borne diseases and the reclaimed land could be used in future to produce more food to feed the hungry community- positively impacting directly to food security of the focused community.

The cosmetics industry faces a significant challenge in addressing the decreased recycling rate of cosmetic containers due to the composite materials used to meet consumers' aesthetic satisfaction. To address thees issues, ecofriendly packaging solutions such as refill packaging and single-material use have been developed. However, the market for eco-friendly cosmetics packaging requires a product that meets consumers' demands for aesthetics, sensitivity, and eco-friendliness while also performing as well as existing products. This study presents a solution to the challenge of the decreased recycling rate of cosmetic containers by developing a new cosmetic packaging product for cream formulations. The product features an easily separable and dischargeable internal refill container, while maintaining the design aesthetics of the external container. Through various tests, the product was shown to be of equivalent quality and performance to existing cream cosmetic packaging, with no leakage or defects observed. Furthermore, the use of a single- material polypropylene refill container is expected to contribute to the improvement of the plastic recycling rate.

환경 지속 가능성에 높아진 관심에 기반하여 다양한 친환경 제품이 출시되고 있다. 소비자 들이 구매하는 친환경 제품은 제품의 단순 재활용을 의미하는 리사이클링 제품과 추가적 가치를 부여한 업사이클링 제품으로 구분할 수 있다. 이에 기반하여 본 연구는 친환경 제품 유형 과 메시지 프레이밍의 상호 작용 효과를 검증하였다. 실험 결과, 단순 재활용 제품인 리사이클링 제품의 경우, 향상 초점 메시지에 비해 예방 초점 메 시지로 제시되었을 때 참여자들은 제품과 광고 메시지에 더욱 긍정적인 태도를 보인 반면, 추가 적 가치가 부여된 업사이클링 제품의 경우, 예방 초점 메시지에 비해 향상 초점 메시지로 되었을 때 제품과 광고 메시지에 더욱 긍정적인 태도를 보이는 것으로 나타났다 (실험 1). 또한 친환경 제품 유형과 메시지 프레이밍의 상호작용이 제품과 광고 메시지에 보이는 태도를 처리 유창성이 매개하는 것을 검증하였다 (실험 2). 마지막으로 연구 결과를 바탕으로 이론적 시사점과 실무적 시사점, 그리고 미래 연구 방향을 제시하였다.

Growing concerns about environmental sustainability are driving companies to develop various eco-friendly products in the market. Eco-friendly products could be divided into recycling products which refer to simple recycling of products, and upcycling products which add additional values beyond simple recycling. Despite the increased interest in eco-friendly products, researches on effective marketing communication for eco-friendly products are insufficient. Therefore, this research examines the interaction effect between eco-friendly product types and message framing on attitude toward advertisement and products. Study 1 showed that participants showed a more positive attitude toward advertisements and products for recycled products when presented with prevention framing messages (vs. promotion framing messsages), whereas for upcycling products, participants showed a more positive attitude toward when presented with promotion framing message (vs. prevention framing message). In addition, the process fluency and fit (feeling right) mediates these effect (Study 2). Based on the results, the research provides theoretical implications, practical implications, and the directions for future research.

Advances in food packaging play an important role in keeping food manufacturing and food supply safe. Food packaging facilitates the storage, handling, transportation and preservation of food, and also contributes to the minimization of food waste. On the other hand, food packaging materials have high production volumes, short usage times, and accelerate the occurrence of environmental problems related to waste. The circular economy has already been introduced to pursue sustainability through resource conservation and recycling, and to reduce waste and carbon emissions. By activating an eco-friendly economic system that minimizes resource depletion and environmental pollution, reducing, reusing, recycling and redesigning the goals of the circular economy will reduce the impact of food packaging on the environment. This review focused on the safety aspects of recycled food packaging as recycling is currently considered an important means of packaging waste management. Assessing the safety of recycled packaging is very important because recycling can increase the levels of potentially hazardous chemicals in packaging and in the food after they are migrated. Various food packaging materials such as plastic, paper and cardboard, aluminum, steel, and multi-material multi-layers packaging are commonly used, but only the recycling safety of plastic food packaging materials, which is the most used and has a significant increase in post-use problem, is discussed in this review.

In this study, the following conclusion was derived from the evaluation of the engineering nature of CLSM using a large amount of CA. First, the result was confirmed that it is effective in ensuring a flow for field application if the unit quantity is set to 370 to 385 (kg/m3) and the AE agent is mixed to 0.3~0.35 (kg/m3), when the c/a ratio is set to 35% or more. Second, when the ratio of c/a is set to 35% or more, it was confirmed that the AE agent is mixed to be effective in suppressing the bleeding rate if the unit quantity is set to 385 (kg/m3) or less. Third, CLSM with 30% and 35% c/a ratios set, respectively, showed the most intensity motion for field application. Fourth, it was confirmed that a fine amount below the acceptable standard was detected for heavy metal ions such as As, Pb, Cd, and Se other than Cr, resulting in no effect on the surrounding environment by the use of CA.

정부의 ‘LED 조명 2060 계획’에 의거 국내에서는 LED 등기구 보급률 60%를 달성하기 위해 LED 등기구의 보급을 확대하였다. LED 등기구 보급에 따라 금(Au), 은(Ag), 갈륨 (Ga), 인듐(In) 등의 희소금속 사용량 또한 증가하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 LED 등기구가 공공기관의 건물과 도로에 100% 보급될 때까지의 연도별 희소금속 사용량을 분석하였다. 공공기관 건물의 LED 등기구는 2024년에 100% 보급되며, 공공기관에서 관리하고 있는 도로의 LED 등기구는 2038년에 100% 보급되는 것으로 가정하였다. 2038년을 기준으로 건물과 도로의 LED 등기구 보급량을 파악하였으며, 신규로 보급되거나 교체되는 LED 등 기구로 인한 희소금속 사용량을 파악하였다. 연구결과, 희소금속 사용량은 2038년까지 Au 가 5,424 kg, Ag가 85,246 kg, Ga가 717 kg, In이 614 kg으로 나타났다. 본 연구결과는 LED 등기구 재활용 기술이 부족한 우리나라에서 LED 등기구 폐기로 인한 희소금속의 재활용 기술개발의 활성화와 재자원화 정책과 연계할 수 있을 것이다.

In accordance with the government’s ‘LED Lighting 2060 Plan’, the supply of LED luminaires was expanded to achieve a supply rate of 60% of LED luminaires in Korea. As the use of LED luminaires increases, the rare metals such as Au, Ag, Ga and In contained in LED luminaires also increase. This study was analyzed the amount of rare metal used in LED luminaires in public government’s building and roads yearly by identifying the year until the LED luminaires were supplied to 100%. It is supposed that LED luminaires in buildings will be 100% supplied in 2024, and LED luminaires on roads will be 100% supplied in 2038. By 2038, the amount of newly supplied and changed LED luminaires in buildings and roads was calculated and rare metals by newly supplied and changed LED luminaires in buildings and roads was calculated. As a result of calculation, the amount of rare metal was calculated 5,424 kg of Au, 85,246 kg of Ag, 717 kg of Ga and 614 kg of In. The result of this study will be connected with activating the development of recycling technology in rare metals and recycling policy by disposing LED luminaires in Korea.

In this study, a real-sized experimental equipment (pilot plant) was built at the site based on the preliminary research data to develop a movable separator for the mixed construction waste that can be implemented in agricultural areas to review its feasibility through the evaluation of its separation efficiency by waste types. The final construction of the movable separator and experimental results of the separation efficiency are summarized as follows. 1) The separation performance according to the blade type was the best for the combustible wastes either with 26 numbers of L-type blades and 32 numbers of pin type blades. As far as combination of blade types, when the L-type and pin-type were combined, the best separation efficiency was achieved. 2) The separation efficiency for waste wood by the conveyor type and angle of inclination (slope) of the trommel was the best when the conveyor had ribs of seagull shape with the angle of inclination 45°. 3) The separation efficiencies by process showed that 65.9% was separated as inorganic demolition wastes, 18.2% as waste woods, and 16.0% as combustible wastes at conveyor speed of 2-3 rpm, and the error rate was the least from the waste types generated in the dismantle site.

본 연구에서는 FA를 주 사용재료로 활용한 CLSM의 기초적 물성을 파악하여 현장적용을 위한 기초적 자료로 제안하고 나아가 CLSM의 확대적용 및 실용화를 위한 자료로 활용하고자 실험을 통해 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 첫째, 단위시멘트량이 10(kg/m3)씩 증가함에 따라 단위수량은 약 0.96배 정도 증가하는 것으로 확인되었다. 둘째, 플로우시험결과 현장적용 기준치인 200mm 이상을 만족하였으나, AE제의 적정 혼입을 통한 유동성 개선이 필요한 것으로 확인되었다. 셋째, 블리딩은 3% 이하로 현장적용 기준을 만족하였고 또한, f/a를 30%로 설정하는 경우 AE제를 0.1(%, kg/m3) 정도 혼입하면 블리딩 제어에 유효한 것으로 확인되었다. 넷째, 단위시멘트량 10(kg/m3) 증가에 따라 재령 28일 기준 약 98% 강도증가비율이 나타났고 또한, 구조물 주변의 되메움 및 유효 강도거동에 있어서는 C20 및 C30이 가장 적합한 것으로 확인되었다. 다섯째, SEM 촬영결과에서는 잔골재 주변으로 FA가 밀실하게 분포되어 미세공극이 거의 없는 것으로 파악되었다.

This study In this study, an experiment was conducted to propose the basic assessment data for the expanded application, commercialization, and field application of Controlled Low Strength Materials (hereinafter, CLSM) in Korea through the assessment of the basic physical properties of CLSM by utilizing FA, and the following conclusions were arrived at. First, it was confirmed that the unit quantity increases by approximately 0.96 fold with each increase in the unit cement quantity by 10(kg/m3). Second, regarding the results of the flow test, the field application standard of more than 200mm was satisfied. However, it was confirmed that there is a need for improvement of liquidity through appropriate mixing of AE agent. Third, bleeding was less than 3%, thereby satisfying the field application standards. Moreover, in the event of setting f/a at 30%, it was confirmed that a mixing of about 0.1 (%, kg/m3) of the AE agent is effective in bleeding control. Fourth, there was a manifestation of a strength increase rate of approximately 98% on the basis of the 28 days of material age in accordance with the increase in the unit cement quantity of 10(kg/m3). Moreover, regarding refilling and effective strength motion in the surroundings of the structure, C20 and C30 were confirmed to be most appropriate. Fifth, regarding the results of the SEM imaging, it was confirmed that there is no clear relevance with the surface apertures and internal, minute apertures that occurred in the test specimen of CLSM.