Earticle

이 연구는 웰슬리 대학 한국어 프로그램을 사례로 미국 대학 내 한국어 전공의 현황을 살피고, 그 발전과 활성화 방안을 모색하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이를 위해 형성 평가 방식을 도입하고 요구, 과정, 결과의 세 단계를 통해 프로그램의 현황을 진단하고 개선이 필요한 영역을 밝히며 효율적 개선방안을 고찰하기로 한다. 연구의 성과물로 ‘학습자 요구도’, ‘한국어 교육과정 운영’, ‘한국어 교수학습 방법’, ‘자원 활용’의 평가 영역을 중심으로 해결 방안을 제시한다. 구체적 개선 방안으로는 말하기 수업 비중의 확대, 언어와 내용(콘텐츠) 융합을 통한 교육과정 및 운영 방법 구성, 한국어 전공 활성화, 테크놀로지와 휴먼네트워크를 활용한 학습자 주도 학습, 인사 조직 관리 체계 구축 및 전문 강사진의 역량강화, 교수학습 자료의 공유 체계화 등이 포함된다. 이러한 평가 방식은 교과 과정뿐만 아니라 비교과 과정을 아우른 것으로 미국 내 한국어 프로그램의 운영과 제반 문제점들을 미시적 관점에서 조명하는 도구로 기능한다. 나아가 프로그램의 장기적 질적 성장 모델을 구축하거나 한국어 전공의 새로운 시작과 발전을 기획하는 데도 도움이 될 것으로 기대한다.

This study examines the problems and challenges for developing Korean programs abroad and provides formative evaluation for stabilizing and vitalizing the Korean major with a case study of Korean Program at Wellesley College in the U.S. The current status of the program and immediate issues for improvement will be assessed by focusing on three distinct aspects including needs, process, and outcome. As a result, the study highlights four areas for improvement; learners’ needs, Korean curriculum, pedagogical methodology and resource application. Practical recommendations have been made for each area, which include 1) expanding ratio of speaking activities, 2) renovating the program curriculum and vitalizing Korean major through integration of language and content courses, 3) promoting learner agency of learning by utilizing technology and human network, 4) systematizing human management, professional development and training of instructors, and shared program resources. The formative evaluation involves both curricular and extra-curricular activities of the Korean program. This evaluation methodology may serve as a tool to examine the management and related issues of other small Korean programs abroad at the micro level. Additionally, the outcome of the study will be useful for Korean programs seeking further development of Korean major or planning to launch new Korean major.

그린인프라스트럭처(Green Infrastructure)의 개념은 자연 시스템과 도시 사회 시스템 간의 밀접한 관계를 강조하며, 생태 환경을 보호하고 인간의 삶의 질을 향상시키는 서비스를 제공한다. 녹시율은 도시의 녹지 공급을 측정하는 중요한 지표로, 녹피율보다 더 많은 3차원 공간 요소를 포함한다. 가로 녹지는 도시 그린인프라스트럭처의 중요한 부분이며 가로 녹시율의 개선은 도시 기후 위기에 대처하고 인간의 복지를 향상시키는 데 매우 중요하다. 본 연구는 중국 쓰촨성(四川省) 청두시(成都市)의 3순환가로 이내 지역을 중심으로 한다. 연구 목적은 첫째, 스트리트뷰 이미지 데이터를 활용하여 가로 녹시율의 공간 분포 특성 및 도시 공원 녹지 시스템과의 상관관계를 분석하는 것이다. 둘째, 낮은 녹시율 가로의 특성을 분석한다. 셋째, 공간 구문론을 활용하여 도로 교통과 가로 녹시율의 연결성을 분석한다. 연구 결과를 살펴보면, 첫째, 연구 범위 내에서 남서부 가로 녹시율은 북동부보다 높다. 가로 녹시율의 공간적 분포는 도시 공원 녹지와 상관관계가 있다. 둘째, 낮은 녹시율의 가로 이미지는 주로 상업 시설 집적 지역, 도시 신규 건설 지역, 고가가로 및 주변, 도시 4급 이하 가로, 교차로 지역에 집중되어 있다. 셋째, 도시 교통과 인구 집중 지역에서 높은 통합도와 낮은 녹시율의 가로는 주로 1순환가로 중심 지역에 집중되어 있다. 이는 향후 쓰촨성 청두시 가로 녹시율를 개선하기 위한 기초자료를 제공할 수 있다.

The concept of "green infrastructure" emphasizes the close relationship between natural and urban social systems, thereby providing services that protect the ecological environment and improve the quality of human life. The Green View Index(GVI) is an important indicator for measuring the supply of urban green space and contains more 3D spatial elements concerning the green space ratio. This study focused on an area within the Third Ring Road in the city of Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China. The purposes of this study were three-fold. First, this study analyzed the spatial distribution characteristics of the GVI in urban streets and its correlation with the urban park green space system using Street View image data. Second to analyze the characteristics of low GVI streets were analyzed. Third, to analyze the connectivity between road traffic and street GVI using space syntax were analyzed. This study found that the Street GVI was higher in the southwestern part of the study area than in the northeastern part. The spatial distribution of the street GVI correlated with urban park green space. Second, the street areas with low GVI are mainly concentrated in areas with dense commercial facilities, areas with new construction, areas around elevated roads, roads below Class 4, and crossroads areas. Third, the high integration and low GVI areas were mainly concentrated within the First Ring Road in the city as judged by the concentration of vehicles and population. This study provides base material for future programs to improve the GVI of streets in Chengdu, Sichuan Province.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a self-esteem improvement program on self-esteem and peer attachment in elementary school children with observed problematic behaviors. Methods: This study is a quasi-experimental study with a nonequivalent control group pretest-post-test design. A total of 47 fourth grade elementary school students participated in this study. The program was provided for 45 minutes once a week; a total of 12 sessions were completed with a group in the classroom for the experimental group. Child Problem-Behavior Screening Questionnaire was used to measure problematic behavior. Self-esteem was measured using the Rosenberg's Self-esteem Questionnaire, and peer attachment was measured using the Inventory of Parent and Attachment. Measuring was performed right after the program was done (post 1) and 1 month after the program was finished (post 2). To compare the differences in self-esteem and peer attachment between groups, repeated measures analysis of variance was used. Results: Most participants in the experimental group were 10 years old (62.5%, range 10e11), male (52.0%) and with middle grade point average (64.0%). The self-esteem scores in the experimental group were significantly higher than those of the control group (F = 26.64, p < .001). The peer attachment scores in the experimental group were significantly higher than those of the control group (F = 6.48, p = .014). Conclusions: The self-esteem improvement program in this study improved the self-esteem and peer attachment in elementary school children. The self-esteem program helped acknowledge the peer's name and increased their connections. The program needs to be considered as a formal and consistent program.

Purpose: This study was conducted to develop and evaluate the Psychological Adaptation ImprovementProgram (PAIP) for international marriage migrant women in South Korea. Methods: A total of 43 international marriage migrant women who were enrolled in six rural multiculturalfamily support centers in South Korea were included in this study. They were randomlyassigned to the intervention group (n ¼ 21) or to the control group (n ¼ 22). The intervention groupreceived 10 sessions of PAIP, 1 or 2 sessions per week for 8 weeks. The dependent variables were selfesteem,depression and social problem solving ability. The data were analyzed by Fisher's exact test, ttest, and repeated measures analysis of variance using SAS program. Results: PAIP was effective in increasing self-esteem and reducing depression, and partially showedsignificant positive effects on participants’ social problem solving ability, suggesting increased levels ofpositive problem orientation and decreased avoidance style in the social problem solving abilitysubscales. Conclusion: PAIP might be used as an effective intervention to improve psychological adaptation amonginternational marriage migrant women in the rural community of South Korea.

Purpose: Sedentary office workers lack physical activity and have a high prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS). This study attempted to develop a remote physical activity improvement program for sedentary office workers and verify its effectiveness by applying it to male workers in their 30s and 40s with MetS. Methods: This study used a randomized control group pretest-posttest design, and the study sample was 75 male workers recruited from an information and technology company. They were randomly assigned to either the intervention (n = 38) or control (n = 37) group. The remote physical activity improvement program was constructed based on the self-regulation theory emphasizing autonomy, and was conducted through non-face-to-face Zoom once a week for a total of 12 weeks. Health education, exercise training, small group meetings, and individual counseling were provided, and tailored text messages were sent to participants every day to encourage them to reflect on their lifestyle and practice exercise. Results: The remote physical activity program significantly increased basic psychological needs (Z = -7.55, p < .001), intrinsic motivation (Z = -6.94, p < .001), health promotion behavior, (Z = -6.63, p < .001), and physical and physiological indicators (p < .05) in the intervention group compared to those in the control group. Conclusions: In managing MetS among office workers, it was found that remote education using the Zoom platform was effective, even during the coronavirus pandemic. As a strategy for health education in the workplace, remote education content needs to be developed and applied.

Purpose: Digital health literacy is essential for health management among children and adolescents, with multicultural youth being particularly vulnerable to challenges in ac cessing, appraising, and using digital health information. This study aimed to develop a digital health literacy improvement program (DHL-Up) tailored to multicultural chil dren and adolescents and evaluate its effectiveness. Methods: Guided by the Transactional Model of eHealth Literacy and the ADDIE (Anal ysis, Design, Development, Implementation, Evaluation) model, a five-session program was developed to strengthen functional, communicative, critical, and translational digital health literacy. A non-equivalent control group pretest?posttest design was used. The participants included 31 multicultural children and adolescents aged 10?15 years (exper imental group: 14; control group: 17). The experimental group participated in a 5-week online program (60 minutes per session) delivered to small groups via Zoom. Data were collected before and after the intervention and analyzed using descriptive statistics, inde pendent t-tests, Mann-Whitney U tests, chi-square tests, and Fisher’s exact tests. Results: The experimental group showed significantly greater improvements in digital health literacy (t=2.73, p=.011) and the usefulness of Internet health information (t=3.11, p=.004) than the control group. No significant difference was found for information over load (t=-0.17, p=.854). Conclusion: This study developed and validated a tailored digital health literacy inter vention for multicultural children and adolescents, demonstrating its applicability in schools, public health centers, and community settings. These findings provide founda tional evidence to support the institutionalization of digital health literacy education and highlight its potential to mitigate digital health information disparities among vulnerable populations.

Purpose: This study was conducted to identify the effect of a multicomponent cognitive stimulation program (MCSP) on the improvement of older people's cognitive abilities. It also aimed to determine whether the effectiveness of the MCSP is related to age. Methods: A one-group pretest-posttest design was used. The program was conducted once a week for 10 weeks. The Korean-Montreal Cognitive Assessment (K-MoCA) was used to measure cognitive functions before and after the MCSP. Participants included 37 people aged over 65 years with normal cognitive functions and living in I city. A paired t-test was used to compare K-MoCA scores before and after the MCSP, and a two-way analysis of variance was performed to confirm whether there is an interaction between the MCSP and age. Results: It was found that the MCSP had a significant effect on improving cognitive functions (t = ?5.15, p < .001). Regarding the subdomains, visuospatial/executive ability, recall, naming, and language ability showed significant effects; however, abstractive ability?which was not a focus of the program?showed no significant effect. There were differences in visuospatial/executive functions, language skills, and memory between the 65-79 years age group and the aged over 80 group. Further, regarding the relationship between the MCSP and age, it was found that their interaction was significant only with regard to visuospatial/executive ability. Conclusion: The MCSP helps to improve the cognitive functions of the elderly; however, its effect differs between the young-old group and the old-old group. Therefore, age should be considered when developing MCSPs.

정신보건법 개정 이후 정신질환자 탈원화와 지역사회 유입에 대한 우려가 커지고 있으며 최근 정신 질환자에 의한 살인 사건이 잇따르면서, 정신질환에 대한 편견은 더욱 심화되고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 정신질환자에 대한 부정적인 태도를 개선하기 위하여 영화기반 정신질환 인식개선 프로 그램을 개발하고 예비의료인인 간호대학생에게 적용하여 효과를 검정하고자 하였다. 본 연구는 간 호대학생을 위한 영화기반 정신질환 인식개선 프로그램을 개발 및 적용하고, 효과를 검정하기 위한 비동등성 대조군 전·후 설계를 이용한 유사실험 연구이다. 영화기반 정신질환 인식개선 프로그램에 참여한 실험군은 대조군보다 정신질환자에 대한 권위주의, 사회생활 제한 점수가 감소하였고, 자비 심, 지역사회정신보건 이념 점수가 증가하였다. 영화기반 정신질환 인식개선 프로그램은 간호대학 생의 정신질환자에 대한 태도 변화에 효과적인 중재임이 확인되었다. 본 연구 결과를 바탕으로 전 국민적 인식개선을 위하여 다양한 집단을 대상으로 확대 적용할 필요가 있으며, 개인의 성향 차이를 고려하고 반복측정을 통해 프로그램 효과의 지속성을 검정하는 추후연구를 제언한다.

The purpose of this study is to develop and apply a movie-based program to university nursing students to improve their negative awareness of mentally ill persons. The study used a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest design with a nonequivalent control group. The program decreased the scores of authoritarianism and social restrictiveness toward mentally ill persons and increased the scores of benevolence and community mental health ideology among the experimental group than the control group who did not participate in the program. The movie-based mental illness awareness improvement program was found to be an effective intervention in improving the attitude of university nursing students toward mentally ill persons. Based on the results of this study, it is necessary to expand the application of this program to various groups to promote national awareness. In addition, it is suggested that long-term follow-up studies should be conducted to consider individual personality differences and verify the persistence of the effects through repeated measurements.

The purpose of this study was done to determine the effect of a Parent-ing Efficacy Improvement Program (PEIP) to mothers of cerebral palsy. To investigate the PEIP on parenting efficacy and parenting stress. 60 subjects were composed with experimental group (n=30) and control group (n=30). The study was performed in the rehabilitation ward and rehabilitation daytime ward of National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital in Goyang, Gyeonggi-do, Korea. The data were analyzed by chi-square test, independent t-test, and two-way repeated analysis of variance design using IBM SPSS Statistics ver. 20.0. Experimental group showed significantly improved parenting efficacy than that of control group (F=295.79, P<0.001) and experimental group showed sig-nificant decrease parenting stress than that of control group (F=138.76, P<0.001). The effect of a PEIP in this study was certainly improve par-enting efficacy, decreased the parenting stress of cerebral palsy pa-tient’s mothers. This program can be deployed as a proper nursing in-tervention on mothers of patients with cerebral palsy.

The present study aimed to comparatively analyze the effects of the whole-body vibration exercise health promotion program on the agility, the quick reaction ability, and the flexibility of the test-takers. Total 30 test-takers had been prepared for the practical test as the subjects. They were divided into the three groups: the practical college entrance examination group with whole-body vibration exercise, the practical college entrance examination group, and the control group. The mea-surements of each item were made before and after the program appli-cations of the side steps, the standing long jump, the standing high jump, the sitting trunk flexion, and the trunk forward flexion for 60 min 3 times a week. The side steps showed the significant differences among the groups. Although the standing long jump did not show any significant differences among the groups, the standing high jump showed the significant differences among the groups. Although the sit-ting trunk flexion showed the significant differences among the groups, the trunk forward flexion did not show any significant differences among the groups. But, the practical college entrance examination pro-gram group which carried out the whole-body vibration exercise at the same time showed the highest average value compared to the other groups. It was proven that, to the test-takers who had been preparing for the preparing examination for applying to a physical education-affili-ated department, the whole-body vibration exercise program is helpful to the promotion of the health, including the agility, the quick reaction ability, the flexibility, etc.

본 연구는 해상위험물의 안전한 운송을 위한 제도적 장치로서 운영 중인 위험물컨테이너 점검 제도(CIP)의 국내 운영현황과 제도적 구조를 분석하고, 특히 수입 위험물컨테이너 점검의 부재 라는 구조적 공백을 중심으로 문제를 제기하였다. 이를 위해 국제해상위험물규칙(IMDG Code), SOLAS, MARPOL 등 주요 국제규범과 국내 관련 법령, 고시를 문헌 분석을 통해 검토 하고, 미국, 일본, 캐나다, EU 등 주요 선진국의 CIP 운영사례를 비교 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 한국의 CIP 제도는 수출 컨테이너에 국한된 점검 운영, 점검정보 미통합, 법적 근거 미비, 민간 자율참여 부재 등의 문제를 안고 있으며, 이를 개선하기 위해 수입 점검의 법제화, 점검정보 통합관리체계 구축, 국제 기준과의 정합성 강화, 민간 자율인증제 도입 등 네 가지 정책적 대 안을 제시하였다. 본 연구는 기존 문헌이 간과해온 수입 컨테이너 위험관리의 중요성과 정책 공백을 확인함으로써, 항만안전 강화, 국제신뢰 제고, 산업경쟁력 확보라는 실무적 함의 또한 제시하고 있다.

Purpose : This study analyzes the institutional limitations of Korea’s Container Inspection Program (CIP) for dangerous goods transported by sea, particularly the lack of inspections for imported hazardous cargo. It proposes improvement measures based on international regulatory comparisons. Research design, data, methodology : This study employs a qualitative literature review of international conventions such as the IMDG Code, SOLAS, and MARPOL, along with Korean domestic laws and guidelines. It also includes a comparative analysis of CIP operations in the United States, Japan, Canada, and the European Union. Results : The result shows that Korea’s CIP primarily targets export containers, leaving imported hazardous cargo mostly uninspected. Structural issues include weak legal mandates, poor infrastructure, fragmented coordination, and lack of digital data integration. Conclusions : The result of the study highlights four key policy directions: mandating inspections for imports, building a national hazardous goods database, aligning with global inspection standards, and promoting voluntary private-sector participation. These changes can strengthen Korea’s port safety and international credibility.

We investigated the effect of exercise rehabilitation based on fine mo-tor movement for the elderly with mild dementia. Using electroenceph-alogram (EEG), the change of brain wave of them based on fine motor movement and comparing the improvement level of cognitive ability and performance capability in daily living activity was recorded. The subjects were the elderly with mild dementia living in a sanatorium in Incheon city. Mini-Mental Status Examination, activity of daily living (ADL), and the influence on depression were examined. After 8-week exercise program, significant difference in cognitive function and ADL was observed, however, and there was no significant difference in de-pression. In the EEG, there was a significant difference in α-wave. This study suggests the chance to remind the necessity of exercise programs for improving cognitive function and ADL of the elderly with dementia.

재난의 발생 유형은 다양하지만, 재난의료지원 체계는 소방을 중심으로 하는 긴급구조통제단의 지 휘 하에 보건소 신속대응반과 재난거점병원의 재난의료지원팀이 협업하여 대응하는 비교적 일관된 형태를 가지고 있다. 재난상황에서는 응급의료기관들과 보건소, 소방 및 경찰 등 여러 기관들의 공동 대응이 요구되므로, 재난의료지원에 관하여 공동으로 숙지하고 이용할 수 있는 통합적이고 지역의 실정에 맞는 매뉴얼이 필요하다. 이러한 매뉴얼이 실제 상황에서 제대로 활용되기 위해서는 각 기관 의 실무자들이 함께 참여하는 재난의료지원 교육이 필수적이다. 충청남도는 매년 시행한 재난의료 지원 교육에 참여한 교육참여자들의 재난이해도와 교육 만족도 등을 분석하고, 토론된 내용을 검토 하며 매년 지역의 응급의료환경의 변화에 맞추어 업무매뉴얼을 개선 및 보완했다. 업무매뉴얼을 활용한 재난의료지원 교육 프로그램은 매년 유관기관의 재난담당자들의 재난이해도와 업무매뉴얼 인지도를 높이고, 유관기관간 정보공유를 이루어냄으로써 실제 재난의료지원에서도 실용성 있는 업무매뉴얼로 개선할 수 있다.

Every disaster may occur as different forms, but the system of disaster medical response or assistance is relatively consistent. It is a cooperative response where a rapid response team of community health care center and disaster medical assistance team (DMAT) have to care disaster-related patients under the control of the fire service headquarter. This system also includes different institutions such as emergency medical facilities, police, army, and so forth. Thus, there is a need of integrated and regionalized task manual that all these institutions should use in common. For the practical application of this manual, it is essential to offer the education program of disaster medical assistance which practitioners should participate in. For the purpose of improving the practicability of the task manual, it has to be updated annually as the community-based disaster-related medical response environment changes every year. The education program of disaster medical assistance should utilize this manual and involve relevant institutions. The education program should be strengthened in simulation-based training and with more education opportunities, and their results should be reflected in the task manual.

현재 우리는 경쟁적으로 삶을 영위하면서 사회 전반적 기능이 고속화·첨단화로 양적 발전이 이루어지고 있는 가운데 대부분의 사람들은 자신만이 사회적으로 도태 된다는 불안감과 차별이 심화되어 있다고 판단하고 도덕적 해이 현상들이 수반되면 서 이러한 요인들이 범죄로 이어져 사회 전체적으로 범죄발생이 증가하고 있고, 이 와 함께 사태의 심각성을 요하는 잔인한 범죄도 함께 증가하게 됨에 따라 국민들은 보다 질 높은 치안서비스를 강력하게 원하고 있으며, 사회적 환경에 대한 불안감 해소와 가족과 개인적 안전에 대한 욕구도 증가하고 있다. 그러나 제한된 공공안전 기능의 경찰 인력과 자원만으로는 증가하는 치안수요와 다양화된 욕구 충족에 시기 적절하게 대처하기 어려운 현재 상황에서 민간경비 영역의 확대는 해결방안의 대안 으로 제시되고 있다. 1950년부터 우리나라에서 민간경비 산업의 시작되어 폭발적으로 성장을 해왔으 며, 양적·질적인 면에서도 단순한 인력수급 경비에서 최첨단 기계와 인공지능 장비 기술을 활용한 복합적인 경비방식 형태로 발전하고 있고, 이러한 복합적이 경비 방 호시스템의 선진적인 모델로 운영하고 있는 곳이 공항과 항만의 보안검색 시스템이다. 우리나라의 공항은 다양한 공공기관·사법기관과 특수 임무를 부여 받은 민간 경 비업체가 협업하여 공동으로 테러와 안전관리 업무를 분업화하여 체계적으로 담당 하고 있다. 대부분 국내선·국제선을 함께 운영하는 공항에서는 민간경비 업체가 보 안검색 업무와 시설방호 경비 업무를 담당하고 있다. 하지만, 첨단화되어 있는 시스 템의 발전과 같은 물적 성장과 달리 시스템의 운영과 관리를 선진화 할 수 있는 인 적인 성장에 있어서 문제들이 나타나고 있다. 특히, 민간경비에 대한 제도적 정책과 경비원 인력 양성에 대한 체계적인 교육 시스템이 전문적으로 정착이 되지 않아 문 제되고 있다. 따라서 이 연구에서는 민간경비업의 전문성 및 질적 향상을 위하여 신임교육 프로그램의 문제점 및 개선점을 찾기 위해 현재 시행되고 있는 특수경비 원 신임 교육 훈련 당사자인 교육생들 대상으로 실증적 분석을 통해 개선방안을 제시하고자 한다.

At present, we are living in a society where the overall function of the society is accelerated and advanced and quantitative development is carried out while running a competitive life. In this situation, the anxiety of being socially slaughtered is increasing, leading to crime. With the increase of such crimes, the people strongly desire higher quality policing services, and the desire for the family environment and personal safety is also increasing. However, it is difficult to cope with increasing diversified needs by limited police manpower and resources, and the expansion of the private security area is suggested as an alternative solution. Since 1950, private security industry has been started in Korea and explosive growth has been made. In terms of both quantitative and qualitative aspects, it has been developed into a complex security system that utilizes state-of-the-art machinery and artificial intelligence equipment technology in the supply and demand of personnel. Airport and port security search systems are operated as advanced models of complex security systems. In Korea, various public and judicial institutions and private security companies that have been given special duties jointly work in charge of terrorism and safety management. In the airports where domestic and international flights are mostly operated, private security companies are in charge of security search service and facility protection guard services. However, unlike physical growth, such as the development of advanced systems, there are problems in human growth that can advance the operation and management of the system. In particular, there is a problem because the systematic education system for educating security personnel and the institutional policy on private security is not specialized. The purpose of this study is to present the improvement plan through the empirical analysis of the students who are the new education training participants of the special security guards that are currently being implemented to find out the problems and improvements of the new education programs in order to improve the professionalism and quality of the private security industry.

오늘날 사용자는 성과가 현저히 낮은 근로자의 업무능력 향상을 위해 일정기간동안 성과향상프로그램(Performance Improvement Program, 이 하 ‘PIP’라 한다)에 참여하여 성과를 향상시키도록 하고 있다. 최근에는 근로자의 업무능력 결여를 명백히 입증하여 해고사유의 정당성을 확보 하는 방법으로 활용되고 있어 사회적으로 논란이 되고 있다. 사용자의 PIP 참가명령이 실제로는 근로자의 업무능력 향상보다는 저성과 근로자 의 퇴출을 목적으로 하는 경우가 많기 때문이다. PIP 평가는 노무급부와 관련된 내용으로서 기본적으로 사업장질서와는 관련이 없다. 다만, 취업규칙의 계약적 성질에 근거하여 저성과자에 대 한 징계를 취업규칙에 규정하더라도 무방할 것이다. 그러나 PIP가 하위 평가라는 이유만으로 곧바로 징계해고로 나아갈 경우에는 정당성이 인 정되기 어렵다고 본다. 해고의 최후수단성이 인정되어야 하기 때문이다. 법원의 판례를 살펴보더라도 저성과자에 대한 징계해고는 저성과 평가 후 사용자의 PIP 참가명령에 불복종하거나 PIP에 전혀 노력하지 않아 개선가능성이 없는 경우에 한해 징계해고를 인정하고 있다. PIP 하위평가가 징계의 정당성 판단의 근거가 되더라도 그 내용에 대 한 법적 판단이 확립되어 있지 않다는 문제점이 있다. 그 이유로는 첫째, PIP의 실행취지와 징계의사의 관련성을 입증하기가 쉽지 않은 점, 둘째, PIP가 절차상 타당성을 가지더라도 PIP의 내용통제나 행사규제가 용이 하지 않은 점 등이 제기될 수 있다. 사용자의 PIP 참가명령은 권리남용에 해당하지 않는 한, 사용자 지시 권으로서 인정된다. 더욱이 PIP 참가명령은 근로자에게 징계처분으로 나아가지 않고 역량향상의 프로그램을 제공해 줌으로써 근로자에게 개 선의 기회를 주는 효과가 있어 실무에서도 용이하게 사용하고 있다. 다 만 사용자 지시권으로서 PIP 참가명령이 권리남용에 해당하는지 여부는 사용자의 경영상 필요성과 근로자의 불이익을 구체적으로 비교형량하여 판단하여야 할 것이다.

PIP evaluation is related to labor benefits and is basically not related to the workplace order. However, it would be safe to stipulate disciplinary action against low-performing persons in the employment rules based on the contractual nature of the employment rules. However, it is difficult to recognize justification if the PIP is immediately followed by disciplinary dismissal just because it is a sub-evaluation. This is because the last resort of dismissal must be recognized. Even if we look at the court's precedents, disciplinary dismissal for low-performing persons is recognized only in cases where there is no possibility of improvement because they disobey the employer's order to participate in PIP after performing low performance evaluation or do not make any effort to PIP. On the other hand, even if the PIP sub-evaluation is the basis for judging the legitimacy of disciplinary action, there is a problem that legal judgment on the content has not been established. The reason for this may be that first, it is difficult to prove the relationship between the purpose of implementation of the PIP and the intention to discipline, and second, even if the PIP has procedural validity, it is not easy to control the content or regulate the exercise of the PIP. Finally, the user's PIP participation order is recognized as a user instruction right as long as it does not constitute an abuse of rights. Moreover, the PIP participation order is easily used in practice because it has the effect of giving workers an opportunity to improve by providing a program for capacity improvement without proceeding to disciplinary action. However, whether or not the PIP participation order as a user instruction right corresponds to an abuse of rights should be determined by specifically comparing the management necessity of the user and the disadvantage of the worker.