Earticle

재산권의 불완전성은 재산권의 본유적 특성이다. Arrow-Debreu 경제학(이후 AD경제학)은 재산권 불완전성이라는 제도 문제를 다루기 위해서 게임(game), 확률변수(stochastic), 관계적 계약 등의 접근방법을 사용하여 문제에 접근하고 있다. 그러나 사람들의 인지능력은 이들 분석이 요구하는 정치성 수준에 미치지 못한다. 사람들은 재산권의 본유적 불완전성에서 발생하는 기회주의의 문제에 대처하기 위해서 관계적 네트워크를 구축한다. 관계교환 접근방법은, 사람들이 인지능력에 한계(bounded rationality)가 있어서, 복수 개인간의 공감-동의 [i]를 통해서, 제도 불완전성에서 발생하는 기회주의 행태에 대처한다고 본다. 복수 개인간에 공동적 행위(holistic decision making)가 존재한다고 보고 방법론적 개인주의를 견지하지 않는다. 관계교환 접근방법에 의하면 시장 가치교환도 공감-동의 [i]의 보완적 역할에 의해서 성사되게 된다. 공감-동의 [i]는 경로의존적 패턴(path dependence)을 보인다. 공감-동의 [i]의 도움으로 이루어지는 시장 가치교환과 가격-물량의 집합 p-q는 경로의존적이 된다. 공감-동의 [i]는 시장 가치교환 p-q 및 가치교환 거래 S(p-q) 보다 더 근원적 존재이다. 관계교환이 시장 가치교환 보다 근원적이라는 것은 공리주의 논거와 무관하게 공감-동의의 기본요소인 성실, 근면, 신뢰성 등의 가치가 근원적 사회구성요소임을 말하는 것이다. 관계교환 개념은 경제학과 다른 사회과학간의 연결 통로(interface)를 제공하며 경제학 연구의 새로운 지평을 열어준다.

Institutional imperfection is innate problem to property rights. Along the tradition of Arrow‐Debreu economics (AD economics hereafter), analytic approaches such as game theory, stochastic analysis, and relational contract theory have been developed to investigate the problems of opportunistic behaviors which arise from imperfect property rights. The problem of such approaches in AD economics consists in the required capacity of human intelligence, which can hardly attained by human cognizance. In real life, human beings tend to build relation networks with others to cope with the problems of opportunistic behavior. According to relation exchange approach, people are considered to make use of public consent [i], which is built upon the sympathy and consent among multiple individuals, to combat the problems of opportunistic behavior. Public consent [i], i.e. holistic decision making among multiple individuals, is considered operative, so that methodological individualism is not upheld. Value exchanges in the market are carried out only upon the complementary role of public consent [i]. On the other hand, the operation of public consent [i] reveals patterns of path dependence. Consequently, the value exchanges of market and the set of all p‐q’s, which were determined by market transactions, cannot but unfold path dependence. Public consent [i] relation is more deeply grounded in economic actions than value exchanges p‐q in the market and market transactions S(p‐q). The alleged deeper ground of position for relation exchange actions than the ground for value exchange actions in the market amounts to claim that basic elements of trust relations such as fiduciary duty, industriousness, credibility and so on are elementary composite of social fabric even without reference to utilitarian value. The concept of relation exchange seems to provide new analytical dimension to economics which provides gateways to the interface with other disciplines of social sciences.

본 논문은 경로의존 논리를 적용하여 초기 한일회담의 구조적 한계를 분석한다. 당시 핵심 현안 중 하나였던 재일 한국인의 국적 문제는 당사자들의 남북지지 여부에 대한 입장차뿐 아니라 일본 내부의 여러 의견 대립으로 인해 복잡한 쟁점으로 부상했다. 특히 한국전쟁 중에 한일회담이 시작되면서 한반도의 정부의 정통성을 둘러싼 일본 내의 논쟁이 있었고, 이는 한일회담 전반에 북한 변수가 지속적으로 개입하는 계기가 되었다. 그 결과 재일한국인의 국적 처리는 장기적으로 표류했으며 다수의 무국적자가 발생하는 구조적 문제가 형성되었다. 이와 같은 ‘북한 변수’의 지속적 작동은 일본의 대한 정책을 한국에만 집중하지 못하게 만들며 경로의존적 제약으로 고착되었고, 결국 한일회담은 여러 핵심 사안을 ‘미해결의 해결’로 남긴 채 타결되었다. 본 논문은 한일 수교 60년이 지난 현재에도 양국 간 현안이 확대되는 원인을 역사적 경로의존성에서 찾음으로써 일본의 북한 변수에 의한 경로의존적 대한 정책이 갖는 한계를 규명한다.

This paper applies the path dependency logic, a concept not previously addressed in previous research on the Korea-Japan talks. The early Korea-Japan talks focused on the issue of Korean nationality in Japan. At the time, Koreans in Japan were divided between those who supported South and North Korea, and the Japanese government and Diet also had differing perceptions of Koreans in Japan. Furthermore, the talks, which began during the Korean War, involved a debate between the Japanese government and Diet over which government should be the sole government on the Korean Peninsula. This, coupled with the emergence of the North Korea factor in the talks, made it difficult to address Korean nationality in Japan and resulted in a large number of stateless individuals. The emergence of the North Korea factor forced Japan’s policy toward Korea to consider the North Korean factor, preventing it from focusing solely on South Korea. Ultimately, the talks ended in an “unresolved but resolved” situation. Therefore, this paper analyzes why, 60 years after the establishment of diplomatic relations between Korea and Japan, issues have proliferated between the two countries, and why Japan’s path-dependent approach to Korea, driven by the North Korea factor, has become limited.

この論文は、既存の韓日会談関連研究で言及されていなかった経路依存論理を適用して作成した。初期韓日会談は在日韓国人国籍処理が主要懸案の一つだった。この時在日韓国人の中には韓国と北朝鮮を支持する勢力に分かれていたが、日本政府と国会も在日韓国人に対する認識の違いが存在した。そして韓国戦争中に始まった韓日会談は、日本政府と国会が朝鮮半島に唯一の政府がどこかを置いて論争したりもした。これは韓日会談で北朝鮮変数の登場で在日韓国人国籍処理が難しくなり、多数の無国籍者が量産された。北韓変数の登場は、日本の大韓政策が韓国に集中できず、北朝鮮変数を考慮しなければならない状況となり、韓日会談は結局｢未解決の解決｣に至るようになった。そこでこの論文は韓日修交60年が過ぎた今、なぜ両国間で懸案急増と日本の北朝鮮変数による経路依存の對韓政策が限界だったのかを分析している。

각국의 인재양성 정책을 보면, 과거 경제발전을 위한 외화 획득 목적의 개도국형 해외취업에서, 현재 경제성장을 이룩한 후 선진국형 일경험 기반의 글로벌 인재양성 사업으로 변화해 가고 있다. 글로벌 인 재양성 정책은 한 국가에서 다른 국가로의 인력이동을 수반하므로 제도 발전에 있어서 국경을 벗어난 해 외 요인도 고려해야 한다. 각국은 글로벌 인재양성 정책을 추구해 왔지만, 글로벌 인재양성 정책이 어느 국가에서나 성공적인 것은 아니다. 본 연구에서는 각국의 글로벌 인재양성 제도를 통합 또는 분절적 관 점에서의 경로의존성에 관한 이론적 논의를 살펴보고, 비교분석을 위한 분석틀을 도출했다. 5개국의 사례 비교분석은 각국의 글로벌 인재양성 제도가 한 방향으로 수렴하는가, 혹은 각 국가의 특성을 반영한 나 름의 독자적인 발전경로를 개척해 나가는가에 대해 경로의존성 이론의 적용 가능성을 살펴보고, 한국의 글로벌 인재양성 정책 발전을 위한 정책적 시사점을 도출하는 데 초점을 맞추었다.

In the past, South Korea pursued a developing country-type overseas employment policy for the purpose of acquiring foreign currency for economic development. However, after achieving economic growth, South Korea is pursuing a global talent development policies based on work experience in an advanced country. Global talent development policies entail the movement of manpower from one country to another, so foreign factors beyond national borders must also be considered in the development of the system. Countries have pursued global talent development policies, but not all countries have successfully achieved this. In this study, theoretical discussions on path dependence from an integrated or fragmented perspective of each country's global talent development policies were examined, and an analytical framework for comparative analysis was derived. The comparative analysis of cases in five countries examines the applicability of the path dependence theory to whether each country's global talent development policies converges in one direction or develops its own development path reflecting the characteristics of each country, and It focused on deriving policy implications for the development of global talent development policies.

본 연구에서는 캐나다가 다문화주의를 국가 공식 이데올로기로 천명한 1970년대 이후부터 오늘날까지, 국제 적·국내적 정책환경의 변화에도 불구하고, 난민우호적이고 친화적인 정책 기조를 유지하고 있는 현상에 대하여 경로의존성을 활용하여 분석하였다. 난민정책의 지속 및 확장에 불리한 정책환경의 변화, 예를 들어 캐나다 보수 정부의 10년간의 집권과 난민에 대한 국내외 여론의 악화라는 정책 기조 변화의 계기가 있었음에도 불구하고 오 히려 난민 정책의 규모는 지난 50여년간 지속적으로 확장되었다. 이 현상을 분석한 결과, 난민제도의 경로의존 성은 조절변수로 역할하였고, 시민사회와 디아스포라 집단의 역할, 캐나다의 국제적 위상, 이를 유지하기 위해 노력하는 시민들, 그리고 우연한 역사적 사건의 발생 등이 만들어내는 제도의 자기강화가 캐나다 난민 정책의 유 지 및 확장에 기여한 것을 살펴보았다. 본 연구는 캐나다 난민정책의 지속적인 발전과 유지라는 현상을 역사적 신제도주의 이론을 활용하여 새로운 시각으로 분석하고자 시도함으로써 난민정책과 제도 연구에 기여하고자 하 였다. 궁극적으로 오늘날에도 캐나다의 난민 정책 기조가 지속되고 있는 현상의 장점 뿐만 아니라 우려되는 점들 을 지적하여 정책적 시사점을 찾고자 하였다.

This article analyzes the refugee policy of Canada developed and maintained since the 1970s through historical institutionalism with path dependence as a theoretical framework. Multiculturalism was stated as an official ideology at the time, and since then, there have been changes in international and national policy environments that were likely to adjust the direction of refugee-friendly policy. However, the policy has been maintained and expanded due to its path dependence. This article presents the environmental changes as an independent variable, current refugee policy as a dependent variable, and regime change in the federal government as a parameter that may serve as a momentum to bring about policy change. However, as moderating variable, the roles of Canadian civil society and diaspora groups, the rising international status of Canada and people internalizing the meaning of Canada’s status, and an accidental historical event makes the refugee policy dependent on the existing path.

자사의 제품을 무료로 경험할 기회를 제공하고 추가 기능에 대해 기꺼이 비용을 지불할 만큼 그 이용을 가치 있게 생각하는 소비자들에게 premium 기능 및 제품을 판매함으로써 수익을 창출하는 freemium은 오늘날 IT 기업들이 빠른 시장침투를 위해 사용하는 대표적인 전략이다. 기업들은 유료 premium의 구매를 유도할 시에 대체로 구독이나 단위 서비스당 구매방법을 제시하며, 최초에 무료로 소비자들에게 서비스를 제안하는 단계에서 모든 기능을 다 쓸 수 있는 완전 버전으로 제공한 다음 일정 기간 후에 이를 축소하는 정책을 시행하거나 애초에 제한된 버전을 제공하고 프리미엄 기능에 대해 구매를 유도하는 방법을 쓴다. 기업이 프리미엄 서비스에 대해 구독과 단위 당 구매 옵션을 둘 다 제시하는 전략을 취한다면 최초로 제공할 무료서비스에 대해 완전한 품질과 제한된 품질 사이에서 어떠한 서비스를 제공할지 선택의 문제가 발생한다. 본 연구는 무료와 유료 서비스가 공존하는 환경에서 구독과 단위당 구매의 탐색비용의 상대적 크기와 무료서비스 유지비용의 부담도에 따른 고품질과 저품질 무료 전략의 적합도를 분석한다. 나아가 경로의존적 소비자와 경로독립적 소비자군으로 구분된 확장 모형 분석 결과, 각 옵션 탐색비용의 상대적 크기에 따라 구독과 단위당 구매의 최적 가격이 결정됨을 보여준다. 구독의 탐색비용이 상대적으로 작은 경우에 경로의존적 소비자가 많아지고 경로독립적 소비자들의 유료전환에 대한 민감성이 커질수록 고품질의 무료서비스 제공이 우월한 전략임을 보인다. 반대로 구독의 상대적 탐색비용이 클 경우에는 경로의존적 소비자 수와 경로독립적 소비자들의 가격 민감성이 커질수록 저품질의 무료서비스 제공전략이 우월한 전략임을 확인한다.

The freemium model, widely used by IT companies today for rapid market penetration, offers consumers the opportunity to experience their products for free and generates revenue by selling premium features or products to those willing to pay. Typically, companies induce purchases for premium services through subscription or pay-per-use methods. They may initially offer a full version for free, then scale it down or offer a limited version encouraging purchases for premium features. This study highlights the suitability of high-quality or low-quality free strategies based on the relative exploration costs of subscription and pay-per-use in environments where free and paid services coexist. It further extends the model to path-dependent and path-independent consumer groups, showing that the optimal pricing for subscription and pay-per-use is determined by the relative size of search costs. When the search cost of a subscription is relatively small, the number of path-dependent consumers increases and the greater the sensitivity of path-independent consumers to paid conversion, high-quality free services dominate. However, when subscription search cost is high, low-quality free service strategies become more effective.

우리나라의 교정학계는 오랫동안 범죄인에 대한 교정을 주로 법적, 행정적 관점에서 많이 접근해왔다. 그러나 여기에서는 그러한 행정으로의 교정을 보는 것과 달리 교정을 하나의 복지적 패러다임으로 접근해야 한다는 교정복지적 관점과 경로의존이론에 기초해서 오랫동안 한국을 지배해온 경로의존적 교정정책의 내용과 그로인한 문제점들을 언급한 다음에 한국교정의 바람직한 방향들을 경로혁신적 관점을 통하여 교정이념, 교정행정, 교정프로그램, 복지사법론을 교정복지의 관점에서 언급하였다. 이러한 주장은 기존의 단선적인 논문들과는 배치되지만 교정복지에 대한 다양한 학제적인 새로운 관점을 줄 것이다. 가령 교정이념에서는 기존의 형식적 합법성 대신에 클라이언트인 수형자의 수요에 대응하는 고객지향적인 교정이념의 필요성을 언급하였으며 교정행정에서는 기존의 경직적 행정구조 대신에 유연한 교정행정구조를 주장하였다. 교정프로그램 부분에서는 기존의 행동주의적 토큰이코노미 대신에 클라이언트의 실질적 변화와 관계되는 교정모형을 주장하였다. 그리고 복지사법론에서는 기존의 형사사법학에서 논의 되어온 회복적 사법이념 대신에 중심부적 수형자보다도 주변부에 위치한 소외층 수형자에 더 유리한 가치차별적 이념이 되어야 할 것을 주장하였다. 그리고 결론적으로 기존의 경로의존의 상징세뇌에서 벗어나는 강력한 경로혁신적 교정이념의 당위성을 언급하였다.

Little is known about correctional social welfare study in korea in connection with the historical institutionalism theory which contains path-dependence theory and veto point theory and path-breaking theory. For a long time korea correctional academic world have maintained the administration aspect in the study of correction and now under way. But, in this study, after the analysis of the several problems of "path-dependence" correction policy which have dominated for a long time correction system in korea, I asserted the desirable development approach of the korea correctional social welfare with "path-breaking" theory, such a path-breaking correctional idea, a path-breaking correctional administration, a path-breaking correctional program and so on. My opinion in this study does not tally with the existing correctional welfare study which is armed with traditional aspect but it shows the new integrated aspect of korea correctional welfare through combined science which contains social welfare science, psychology, economics, administration science, policy, and so on. For instance, I asserted the client-oriented correction ideology in responce to the client's need in place of the existing formal correctional ideology. And I asserted de-bureaucratism in correction administration instead of the existing bureaucratic correction administration. In the same manner, I asserted diverse correction program to client's individualization instead of the existing behavioral correction program which is armed with token economy program. In conclusion, path-breaking correction ideology which contains breaking out "prison regime" was the conclusion I have come to after asserting it this way and that.

This study intended to analyze whether the system of voucher system, which was introduced as a policy tool to expand social services, was dependent or evolving through the research methodology of historical institutionalism. The voucher system is being introduced to emphasize the user's focus in the existing suppliercentered service provision system, but problems with the existing system have been found so far. We found that despite the shift in welfare paradigm from the remaining welfare supply to universal welfare in the past, the company was partially following the existing supplier-centered social service system. However, We found that new instruments for establishing legal systems and the path evolution factors are now being developed and matured within the voucher system. In other words, it was possible to predict that the voucher system would become more positive and mature in the future through logical changes in the system. Based on the results of the analysis of the voucher system, policy suggestions for policy values and objectives that were initially oriented toward the system were presented.

This study is to explain the process of Chinese telegraph regulations change from the perspective of historical institutionalism. The theoretical concept "Path Dependence" in historical institutionalism is very useful in explaining dynamic and abrupt policy change processes such as Chinese telecommunication regulations. The results of analysis are as follows: First, ideologies and relations between actors are important contexts which influenced on evolving path dependence in telecommunication policy regulations change. Second, Chinese telecommunication regulations have been intermittently changed by crises, external pressure and critical junctures. Regulations policy change in the period of planned economy occurred with internal political events. Third, Chinese telegraph regulations reform was designed to break down monopoly and mitigate restrictions to induce competition.

This article explores the logic of path emergence as a challenge to the logic of path dependence. The logic of path dependence has been widely applied to social and political phenomena to explain self-reinforcing institutional dynamics. However, it is not theoretically competent in accounting for social emergence that arises in the linkage between micro-level of human action and macro-level of social structure. In order to remedy this theoretical deficiency, the logic of path emergence incorporates morphogenetic fields, social resonance, self-organized criticality and co-evolution as key components underlying institutional dynamics. On the basis of this new perspective, this article examines the Helsinki process as an example of path emergence. The Helsinki process significantly contributed to the end of the Cold War in 1989 as a result of institutional development and transnational network building. This article argues that the unanticipated “Helsinki effect” can be better grasped by the logic of path emergence than by the logic of path dependence.

The Vietnam economy observes stark contrasts in its regional economies, particularly the North-South economic structure. How and from when did these patterns of the North-South regional imbalance appear? This study attempted to trace grounded reasons for this regional divergence from a comparative historical political economy approach, focusing on the French colonial era. The main finding shows a significant dependence of the North-South’s regional development on its past economic structure during the colony, which could be named a socalled path dependence. Differences in colonial policies by region widened the economic discrepancies between the North (Tonkin) and the South (Cochinchina) and provided limited socioeconomic synergy among sectors by region. The limited labour movement and market integration also reinforced regional production patterns. On the one hand, the South promoted specialisation in agriculture, with rice production, industrial crops, trade, and commercial activities, which became the primary sources of its prosperity. In contrast, the northern pattern of diversification of productions essentially sustained the North's autarkic and closed economy. The colonial industry showed a low level of development, especially a lack of linkages between agricultural and industrial production, which left an indelible imprint and legacy on the post-colonial economy. Equally important, the impact of a limited transportation network might have been strong because the freedom to choose a variety of locations was absent, and communications must follow limitedly existing routes.

Analyzing the agendas of the North Korean military negotiations, we see that they were varied according to situations, but their objective for negotiations toward South Korea, “maintaining the North Korean system” did not change. In the early 1990s, proposals for “important military negotiations,” such as nonaggression and disarmament were mainly on the table, but they used to end up as declaratory military issues showing the characteristics of pseudo-military negotiations. However, in the early 2000s, such general military negotiations as connecting railways and roads and building military confidence were proposed and carried out to make them look like realistic negotiations, though they were still locked in the box of maintaining the regime. Therefore, the change was not in the character of the negotiations, but simply the negotiation items varied in favor of the situations in order to achieve the goal of “protecting the system.” As Thelen pointed out, the change was not targeted for the core element of maintaining the North Korean regime. Instead, the change was made in the military negotiation agendas in order to secure the regime in terms of the North’s strategy toward South Korea’s negotiation, thereby keeping up its path dependence.

이 연구는 1990년대 미국의 주요 중심도시들(central cities)의 성장과 쇠퇴에 나타난 경로의존성을 파악하고자 한다. 특히 성장과 쇠퇴 경로의 비대칭성, 도시자산으로서의‘유증자본(legacy capital)’과‘집적경제’의 영향 등을 일련의 회귀분석을 통하여 검증하고 있다. 이론에 따르면 도시의 성장과 쇠퇴는 과거로부터 물러 받은 유산들, 즉 건물, 도시 인프라, 제도등에 의해 깊은 영향을 받는다. 도시가 성장할 때는 새로운 개발의 산물이 기존의 자산에 빠르게 더해질 수 있지만, 일단 그러한 자산이 한번 생성되고 나면 그 필요가 사라지거나 줄어든뒤에도 한참 동안 남아서 이후의 도시성장 혹은 쇠퇴 경로에 영향을 미치게 된다. 이 연구의결과는 도시의 성장과 쇠퇴 경로에 존재하는 이러한 비대칭성을 실증적으로 보여줌으로써, 쇠퇴가 단지‘부(負)’의 성장이 아닌 고유의 독특한 특성을 갖는 과정임을 암시한다. 또한 도시가과거로부터 물려받은 산업 및 상업 부동산 등으로 이뤄진 유증자본의 재이용과 경제활동의 집적으로부터 발생하는 집적경제가 도시의 성장을 촉진하거나 쇠퇴를 완화하는 효과가 있음을보여주고 있다. 이러한 결과는 쇠퇴하는 도시들도 과거 산업 발달 및 인구성장으로부터 비롯된다양한 고유자산을 적절히 활용함으로써, 산업구조조정 등 외부적 충격과 새로운 환경에 효과적으로 적응하여 재기할 수 있음을 시사한다. 이는 또한 우리나라 수도권 신도시 및 지방 산업도시가 미래에 겪게 될 도시쇠퇴 문제에 대응하는 데 있어서도 유의미한 교훈을 제공한다.

The objective of this article is to investigate the theoretical underpinnings of the eligibility of the Six-Party Talks as a path towards institutionalized security cooperation in Northeast Asia from the perspective of path dependence theory. First, this article demonstrates that the Six-Party Talks can be an institutional candidate for multilateral security cooperation in Northeast Asia in terms of challenges, opportunity and leadership. Second, this article also demonstrates that the Six-Party Talks may be path dependent in institutional reinforcement. Path dependence of the Six-Party Talks is explained by the utilitarian, functionalist, power?centered and legitimate approaches. The utilitarian approach holds valid to account for the institutional reinforcement of the Six-Party Talks in the future in terms of set-up costs, learning effects and coordination effects. The functionalist approach also supports the institutional reinforcement of the Six-Party Talks in that they serve a function of an overall system of Northeast Asia. The power-centered approach shows that the involvement of the regional powers in the Talks can be explained by their own power motives. Third, the legitimacy approach points out that a diplomatic solution of the nuclear crisis via the Talks is regarded as legitimate by most of the member countries. The path dependent explanations strongly support the argument that the Six-Party Talks will be institutionally reinforced in the long term.

This paper presents an analytical study that can predict the path-dependent forming limit of anisotropic sheet materials that experience various combinations of strain paths. To predict the forming limit diagrams(FLD), the proposed analytical procedure is performed within the framework of the Marciniak and Kuczynski(M-K) approach by using the Barlat and Lians non-quadratic anisotropic yield criterion and introducing the effect of the existence of a strain gradient over a stretching punch. The predicted path-dependent forming limit of an anisotropic sheet has been compared with the published experimental results. It has been found that the predicted path-dependent forming limits are in good agreement with the experimental data.

The research examines how federal system has historically been adopted and institutionalized in Asia. After tracing the trajectories back of four formal Asian federations, we found that designing of federalism is determined by the internal dynamics of multiethnic coalition. While the institutionalization of multiethnic coalition in India and Malaysia has committed to a political decentralization, an immediate breakup of multiethnic coalition in Pakistan and Nepal has made the dominant elites hesitant to renounce their entrenched rights. After applying path dependence to this research, we also claim that longevity of multiethnic coalition is rather exogenous. It affects to the fate of federation-candidates in the world.

Via a comparison of two cities in China, Nanjing and Suzhou, this article finds that pre-reform economic structures have had a significant effect on economic performance. While stagnation and the strengthening of dependence on upper levels of government occurred in Nanjing, developmental dispersion and rapid duplication of growth processes took place in Suzhou. The article asserts that the economic role of local governments and government-enterprise relations are being superseded by a greater focus on existing relations between different levels of government. Still, such relations are developing under the influence of regional differences in China's transitional economy.

This paper examines and evaluates the Obama Administration’s policy stance on the interpretive regime of the UN Charter, in comparison to previous administrations. Historically, the policy stance of U.S. administrations on the U.N. Charter can be roughly classified into three typologies: (1) oligopolistic (2) self-restraint, and (3) unilateral model. With regard to the potential conflict of Article 2(7) and Chapter 7, the framers of the UN Charter granted the supremacy of political will of P5 in the Security Council. However, some U.S. administrations were extremely cautious about a broad interpretation of the Charter 7 and even accepted the delegation of critical cases to the International Court of Justice (ICJ). Moreover, some US administrations went far beyond the plain meaning of UN Charters and muddled through the opposition from other P5 members in crucial military operations. The Obama administration’s track-record of the UN Charter interpretive regime was not necessarily reconstructive.

본 연구는 지난 40년간(1983-2023) 우리나라 첨단재생의료 연구개발 정책의 변화 과정을 역사적 제도주의 관점에서 분석함으로써 제도 변화의 요인을 파악하여 향후 첨단재생의료 연구개발 제도의 변화 논의에 함의를 도출하고자 하였다. 내·외부적 환경 변화에 따라 본 시기를 총 4개로 구분하여 경로 의존과 경로진화의 통합 모형으로 정책 변화의 양상을 분석하였다. 분석 결과 결정적 시기로 인한 경로 창조(1983-1993) → 층화(layering)를 통한 경로 진화(1994-2005) → 자기강화적 전개에 따른 경로 의존(2006-2019) → 대체(displacement)를 통한 경로 진화((2019-2023)'으로 요약될 수 있다. 경로 변화에 영향을 미친 요인으로는 주요 행위자(stakeholder)와 법 등의 제정을 통한 제도적 맥락으로 꼽을 수 있다. 최근 제도 변화가 경로 운영자의 낮은 재량권과 정치적 거부 가능성이 큰 것이 특징으로 보이며, 첨단재생의료 연구개발 정책의 변화를 위해서는 관련 전문가인 주요 행위자와 관련 법 제·개정이 수반되어야 함을 알 수 있었다.

This study is to analyze changes in Korea's advanced renewable medical R&D policy as an integrated model of path dependence and path dependence focused on historical institutional perspectives. From 1983 to 2023, this period was analyzed by dividing it into a total of four according to internal and external environmental changes. As a result of the analysis it can be summarized as path creation (1983-1993) → path evolution through layering (1994-2005) → path dependence through self reinforcement (2006-2019) → path evolution through displacement (2019-2023). Factors that influenced the path change can be cited as an institutional context through the enactment of major actors and laws. Recent system changes are characterized by low discretion and high possibility of political rejection of route operators, and it can be seen that changes in advanced renewable medical R&D policies must be accompanied by related experts, major actors, and related legislation.

장애인 활동지원 서비스는 장애인이 선택권‧자기결정권을 기반으로 자립생활을 유지 하는 데 필수적인 사회서비스이다. 본 연구는 장애인 활동지원 서비스의 경로변화 과정 을 역사적 제도주의 관점에서 분석함으로써 장애인 자립생활과 활동지원에 대해 통시적 으로 접근하였다. 역사적 제도주의의 경로의존 및 경로진화 관점에서 장애인 활동지원 서비스를 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 일본으로부터 도입된 장애인 자립생활 이념 이 중대한 전환점(critical juncture) 역할을 하면서 장애인 활동지원 서비스의 경로가 형성되었다. 둘째, 경로진화 관점에서 분석한 결과, 중대한 전환점을 통해 제도의 경로가 형성되었으나 관련법률 제정 이전까지는 시범사업 등의 형태로 표류(drift)하였다. 이후 「장애인활동 지원에 관한 법률」 제정 및 장애등급제 폐지(장애인 서비스지원 종합조사 포함)를 통해 기존제도에 새로운 지침 등이 추가되는 가겹(layering) 현상이 나타났음을 확인하였다. 현재도 정책집행자(정부, 국회 등), 장애계, 서비스수급자 등 다양한 이해관 계가 나타나고 있으므로 장애인 활동지원 서비스의 경로진화는 여전히 진행 중이라 할 수 있다. 역사적 제도주의 관점을 적용한 장애인 활동지원 서비스 관련 정책적 제언으로 서 급여 확대, 시행규칙 개정을 통한 선택권 확대, 연계차감제도 폐지(활동지원 - 발달장 애인 주간활동서비스), 활동지원인력의 처우개선 및 서비스 질 향상을 제시하였다.

Personal Assistance Service for disabled persons are essential social services for disabled persons to maintain independent living based on the right of choice and self-determination. This research attempted to approach the independent living and activity support of disabled persons in a holistic manner by analyzing the path change process of Personal Assistance Service for disabled persons from the viewpoint of historical institutionalism. The results of an analysis of disability Personal Assistance Service from the perspective of path dependency and path evolution of historical institutionalism are as follows. First, the concept of independent living for disabled persons introduced from Japan played a role as a critical juncture, forming a path for activities support services for disabled persons. Second, as a result of analysis from the viewpoint of path evolution, the system path was formed, but it drifted in the form of a pilot project until the relevant laws were enacted. After that, through the enactment of the Act on Support for Activities of disabled persons and the abolition of the disability grading system (including the Comprehensive Survey of Support for Services for disabled persons), it was confirmed that new guidelines were added to the existing system(‘Layering’). Even now, various interests such as policy makers (government, parliament, etc.), the disability community, service recipients, etc. are emerging, and the evolution of the path of support services for disabled persons is still in progress. As policy proposals for the independent living of disabled persons, he proposed an increase in wages, an increase in the right of choice through the revision of enforcement regulations, abolishment of system of deductions for cooperation(between ‘Personal Assistance Service’ and ‘weekly activity services for developmental disabilities’), improvement in the treatment of activity support personnel, and improvement in the quality of services.