Earticle

In Korea, education for the gifted students in science has been carried out nationwide since the spring of 2002. Twenty five Institutes under University supervision were established since then, and special classes for the gifted students were assembled in several primary and junior high schools under the supervision of Provincial Office of Education. Instead of selecting students by conventional stepwise knowledge-based tests, Korean Government advised to screen students based on their performance in the classroom. Here we present a few guidelines of what to consider for screening the gifted students. In general, gifted students possess several virtues including intelligence, perseverance, originality, creativeness, and imagination. However, to excel in science there are more characteristics desired. Basic knowledge, tenacity to overcome hardship, lifetime interests and passion for science are among them. We will discuss how and why these properties helped the great scientists to succeed in the history through case studies. Some of crucial points are used as items for the checklist tables in judging students for their prospect to be scientists. Finally, we present two tables of checklists as examples which may be helpful in judging students of their scientific potentialities.

본고는 루만의 관찰 개념을 적용하여 스포츠에 대하여 살펴보고 필요한 시사점을 도출하는데 목적을 두었다. 이를 위해, 루만이 자신의 이론을 통해 설명하려고 했던 ‘관찰’이 어떤 의미를 갖고 있는지 살펴보았으며, 이와 함께, 관찰의 개념을 스포츠의 상황과 사례에 접목해 보았다. 연구결과는 관찰과 스포츠, 관찰자의 관찰과 스포츠로 구분하여 제시하였 다. 먼저, 관찰과 스포츠이다. 루만의 관찰 개념의 핵심은 차이에 의한 구별, 구별된 것의 명명, 그리고 명명된 것과 명명되 지 않는 것들 사이의 연쇄적 관계성인 것을 알 수 있었다. 이러한 관점을 스포츠에 접목한 결과, 스포츠와 관련된 지식은 우리의 생각만큼 객관적이지도 중립적이지도 않을 수 있었다. 그것은 오히려 가치적인 것이며 선택의 문제에 가깝다고 볼 수 있었다. 다음으로 관찰자의 관찰과 스포츠이다. 관찰자의 관찰 관점에서는 관찰자가 관찰할 수 없는 것을 드러냄으 로서 관찰자 시선의 복잡 다양성에 대한 숙고를 가능하게 하였다. 이러한 관점은 스포츠에 시선을 고정시킨 관찰자를 관찰 수 있고, 관찰자가 어떤 구별을 사용하여 스포츠를 관찰하는지를 관찰할 수 있으며, 결과적으로 관찰자의 관찰이 만들어내는 스포츠의 실재를 관찰할 수 있다는 것이다.

The purpose of this study is to apply Luhmann's concept of observation to examine sport and derive necessary implications. To this end, this study examined the meaning of 'observation' that Luhmann tried to explain through his theory, and in addition, the concept of observation was incorporated into the situation and case of sport. The study results were presented by dividing them into observation and sport, observation by observers and sport. First, observation and sport. It can be seen that the core of Luhmann's concept of observation is the distinction by difference, the naming of the distinct, and the serial relationship between the named and the unnamed. As a result of incorporating this perspective into sport, knowledge related to sport could not be as objective or neutral as we think. It was rather valuable and could be seen as a matter of choice. Next is the observer's observation and sport. From the observer's observation point of view, it was possible to consider the complex diversity of the observer's gaze by revealing what the observer could not observe. This point of view is that it can observe observers who have fixed their eyes on sport, observe what distinction the observer uses to observe sport, and consequently observe the reality of sport created by the observer's observation.

본 연구는 간호대학생이 시뮬레이션 실습 시 동료 팀의 만성폐쇄성폐질환 환자 시나리오 구현 동영상을 실시간 으로 관찰하면서 구조화된 동영상 관찰 기록지에 기록한 간호술 영역의 내용을 분석한 질적 연구이다. 4개의 세부영역 으로 구분하여 기록된 내용을 효과적, 비효과적 측면으로 구분한 후 내용분석 방법을 사용하여 분석하였다. 연구결과 절차의 정확성에 있어서 효과적 측면은 필요한 물품준비와 증상완화를 위한 중재, 비효과적인 측면은 원칙 미준수, 부적 절한 처방 이행, 이론과 수행의 연계 미흡으로 나타났다. 무균술 준수에 있어 효과적 측면은 내과적 무균술 적용과 외과 적 무균술 적용, 비효과적 측면은 내과적 무균술 미수행과 외과적 무균술 미수행이었다. 안전과 안위 고려에 있어 효과 적 측면은 심리적 안위 고려과 물리적 안전 고려, 비효과적 측면은 안위에 대한 실재감 부족과 환자안전 인식 미흡으로 나타났다. 설명 및 교육의 효과적 측면은 목적 설명과 방법 교육, 비효과적 측면은 설명 부족과 환자수준 미고려이었다. 본 연구에서 간호대학생은 관찰을 통하여 얻은 시각적 정보를 기록하는 과정을 통해 학습에 집중하고 기억을 강화시킬 수 있었을 것으로 사료된다. 또한 본 연구는 시뮬레이션 기반 실습을 통한 간호술 교육의 효율성을 높일 수 있는 요소들 을 제시하였다는 점에서 의의가 있다.

This study is a qualitative study in which nursing students analyzed the contents of nursing skills recorded on a structured video observation record sheet while observing a colleague team's real-time video of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease scenario implementation during simulation practice. As a result of the analysis using the content analysis method, categories and topics of effective and ineffective aspects were derived in the areas of observation record: accuracy of procedures, adherence to aseptic technique, consideration of safety and safety, explanation and education, and purpose explanation and method education. This study is meaningful in that it presents factors that can increase the efficiency of nursing education through simulation-based practice.

본 연구의 목적은 종합병원 응급실 임상실습을 경험한 간호 대학생의 경험의 의미를 이해하고 서술함으로 써 간호교육에서 효과적인 임상교육 전략을 개발하고 임상실습의 질을 향상하기 위함이다. 4학년 간호 대학생 30명 에게 응급실 임상실습 동안 응급실의 상황에 대한 관찰경험을 서술하도록 한 후 서술 내용을 분석하여 의미를 도출 하고 실행학습을 통하여 성찰학습의 의미로 분석하였다. 간호 대학생들의 응급실 임상실습 참여관찰 경험의 내용을 분석한 결과 도출된 주제는 ‘역동적인 간호사’, ‘응급상황에 맞는 의사소통’, ‘응급실 간호사는 교통정리 담당자’라는 긍정적인 주제와 ‘임시방편적인 사고’, ‘환자보호자와 간호사의 갈등’, ‘기계적인 움직임’ 등의 부정적인 주제가 도출 되었다. 연구의 활용과 관련하여 간호 대학생들의 응급실 관찰경험은 간호학생 측면에서는 자신의 미래 모습을 구체 적으로 생각해보고 올바른 간호중재법에 대해 생각해보는 계기를 마련할 수 있으며, 간호교육측면에서는 효과적인 임상실무교육 전략 개발에 도움이 되는 기초적인 자료가 될 것이다.

The research about nursing students' experience on the clinical environment observation is essential to developed effective strategy for clinical education and to improve quality for clinical practice of nursing education. This study is aimed to above goal by the report about nursing students' experience on emergency room environmental observation. The number of participants is 30 nursing students who are senior in the practicing at emergence room. Data analysis was centered on scrutinizing the contents of the participants' replies in order to deduce any relevant meaning. Also, data were analyzed by the meaning of learning based on self-examination through the practical learning. The positive and negative topics stated. Nursing students' experience on emergency room observation will supply the thinking about their own self-portrait in near future, and will give self reflection about correct nursing interventions to nursing students.

오용록은 현지조사를 통해 전통음악의 본질을 파악하려고 노력한 학자이다. 오용록의 현지조사 방법론 은 서구의 (음악)인류학에서 통상적으로 수행하는 것이 아니었다. 그는 우리 학계와 민속음악 현장과 부합 하는 우리식 현지조사 방법론을 개발하고자 하였고, 현지조사를 통해 민속음악을 충실히 기록하고자 하였 다. 오용록의 현지조사 방법론과 현지조사 자료의 검토를 통해 한국적 현지조사 방법론의 가능성과 당대 민속음악 현장의 모습을 재구할 수 있다. 오용록은 20세기식 서양학문 방법론에 입각한 학계의 연구방법론을 비판했다. 그는 외부자적 관찰과 내부자적 관찰이 종합을 이루는 시각을 중요하게 여겼고, 내부자적 감수성의 회복을 위해 민속음악 현장을 중요시 했다. 오용록은 1년 이상 현지에 체류하면서 음악문화를 참여관찰하는 (음악)인류학의 현지조사 방법론보다는 장기적 지속적 관찰을 시도했다. 그는 관찰자적 입장으로 객관적 기록을 추구했다. 그리고 그의 기록에 대한 진정성은 조사자와 제보자 사이의 라포 형성에 중요한 동인이 되었다. 오용록의 자료는 20세기 후반에서 21세기 초반의 민속음악 현장과 변화양상을 알 수 있는 자료이다.

Oh Yong-rok is a scholar who search for the deep structure of Korean music through field-work. His method of field research did not follow the conventional method of field research in ethnomusicology. He tried to develop a new method to suit the condition of the Korean musicology and to record the folk music as deep as possible. Through the examine of his field-work method and material, we can develop a new methodology of field research and reconstruct the folk music world of the time. Oh Yong-rok criticized the conventional methodology and orient of Korean musicology which is heavily relied upon the Western academic trend of the 20th century. He emphasized the synthesis of views of outsider and insider and the field of folk music in order to recover the insider’s susceptibility. Oh did not follow the conventional field research methodology of ethnomusicology which needs a year’s participant observation. Rather, his research was a long-term consistent observation. He tried to record the music in objective observer’s view. His sincerity was the key to establish rapport with the informants. His field material is a valuable source to uncover the situation and change of folk music in the late 20th and early 21st centuries.

제 4차 산업혁명에서 모든 기기들과 사람들이 상호 연동되어 새로운 부가가치를 창조하는 시대이다. 무엇보다 도 중요한 것이 소프트웨어이기 때문에 초등학교에서 소프트웨어 교육이 필요하다. 그러나 지금까지 초등학교에 서 소프트웨어를 교육하기 위한 교수 학습 방법이 부족하다. 본 연구에서는 이런 문제를 해결하기 위하여 소프 트웨어 교육을 위한 IDOL 모델을 제안하다. 본 모형은 구현하기(implement), 다변화 시키기(diversify) 관찰하기 (observe)를 통해서 학습하는(learning)것이다. 구현하기 단계에서는 초등학생들은 빨리 만들어 보는 것에 초점을 두었고, 다변화시키기 단계에서는 만든 것을 다양하게 변경하여 보는 것이고, 관찰하기 단계에서 변경된 것이 어 떻게 다른지 관찰하고 평가하는 단계이다. 본 모형은 전문가 집단을 통한 덜파이 검증한 결과 타당하다고 판별 되었다.

In the 4th Industrial Revolution, it is a time when all the devices and people interact to create new added value. Software education is necessary in elementary school because what is more important is software. However, until now there is a lack of teaching and learning methods for software education in elementary school. In this paper, IDOL model is proposed as a method to solve this problem. statements for elementary students. The idol model is learning through observe, to implement, to diversify. In the implementation, the elementary students are to make it quickly, In the diversification, it is variously changing the things that have been made, and observation how the changed things are different. A model is verified by a group of experts consisting of elementary school teachers.

이 글은 畵意를 생성하는 ‘游’와 의료에서의 돌봄(care)과 치유(cure)가 유비될 수 있다는 점에서 ‘游’가 함의하는 돌봄[치유]의 실천적 요소를 고찰하였다. 고대 중국의 지식인들은 회화를 창작하고 감상하는 목적을 사물의 眞과 本性을 인지하는 것에 두고, ‘游’로 회화이론을 구성한 바가 있다. 의료적 돌봄[치유]을 위한 의료진의 ‘진단과 임상적 결정’이 유효하면 그 결과로 환자는 건강을 회복한다. 즉, 화가가 畵意를 판단하고 결정하는 활동단계인 ‘游’는 의료진이 환자를 진단하고 임상적 결정을 하는 활동 단계에 상응할 수 있다. 고찰의 내용은 첫째, 현대 의료가 행위수행과 관련된 知의 습득과 환자의 고통에 관심을 두고, 간호학에서 돌봄은 공감(sympathy)을 통하여 타자의 곤경을 파악하여 그를 보호하는 것에 두고 있음을 살펴보았다. 둘째, 『圖畵見聞誌』, 『林泉高致』의 창작이론에서 畵意를 생성하는 ‘游’의 함의를 인지방식, 실천적 요소, 예술적 가치 요소 측면에서 고찰하였다. 인지 방식에서 ‘游’는 體驗이다. ‘游’의 실천적 요소는 관찰과 관찰의 ‘반복적 실천’이다. 관찰은 ‘察’, ‘精究’, ‘好’, ‘勤’, ‘看’, ‘瞰’, ‘照’, ‘見’과 관련되고, 관찰의 ‘반복적 실천’은 ‘得自天機’, ‘自心原’, ‘熟’, ‘養得’과 관련되며, 실천 과정에서 思의 규율로 畵意의 예술적 가치는 심화하고 성숙하였다. 필자는 ‘游’의 근간을 이루는 요소는 관찰과 관찰의 ‘반복적 실천’이며, 이는 행위수행을 통하여 知를 얻는 방법론에 상당한다고 본다. 이 지점에서 ‘游’와 의료적 돌봄[치유]은 관련이 있고, ‘游’의 근간요소는 의료와 간호에서의 돌봄[치유]에 필요한 知를 얻는 실천적 방법론으로 제안될 수 있다.

This study investigated the practical elements of care[cure] that ‘YOU(游)’ implies. East Asians in ancient times set the purpose of creating and apprehending paintings as perceiving truth(眞) and nature (本性) of things and structured theory of paintings with ‘YOU’. If ‘diagnosis and clinical decision’ of medical staff for medical care[cure] works effectively, the patient would be recovered as a result. That is, ‘YOU’ which is an action stage of an artist to judge and decide the meaning of a painting corresponds to the action stage of a doctor to diagnose patients and make clinical decisions. This study investigated the followings. First, modern medicine is interested in intelligence(知) related to medical performance, acquisition of the intelligence, and individuality of patients. Caring in nursing science, the focus is to grasp hardship of patients through sympathy and taking care of them. Second, in investigating implications of ‘YOU’, it was investigated if the nature of ‘YOU’ contains practical intelligence, acquisition of intelligence, individuality, chance to acknowledge the individuality, and how to acquire the individuality. The study was focused on ‘YOU’ and emotions, as well as ‘YOU’ and structure and characteristics of practical intelligence. According to creative painting theories that 『Tuhua Jianwenzhi』 and 『Linquan Gaozhi』 revealed, the intelligence that is equivalent to the meaning of a painting that artists obtained through ‘YOU’, is a practical intelligence obtained through experience. It consists of ‘observation’ of objects, ‘practice at time dimension’ of observation, and artistic values. These factors are related each other organically and ‘YOU’ creates practical intelligence only when observation is practiced at time dimension. Such intelligence contains artistic values. Herein, observation is related to ‘precise research(精究)’, ‘being fond(好)’, ‘diligence(勤)’, ‘seeing(看)’, and ‘investigating(瞰, 照, 見)’, while ‘practice at time dimension’ is related to ‘learning from the secrets of nature(得自天機)’, ‘from the bottom of one’s heart(自心原)’, ‘mature(熟)’ and ‘nurture(養得)’. As such, reasoning(思) underwent a series of deepening and maturing process. My perspective in this study is that the fundamental factors of ‘YOU’ from which artists obtained lies in observation and ‘practice at time dimension’ of observation at which point ‘YOU’ and medical care[cure] is related each other. It is because practical intelligence can be matured and advanced through observation and practice of observation. This study suggests that observation and practice of observation that ‘YOU’ implies can be an alternative in nursing that should be done through sympathy and caring.

본 연구는 관찰과 추천을 통한 영재판별에 대한 교사들의 인식과 태도에 대해 알아보았다. 지금까지 영재성검사와 같은 지필고사를 통해 판별되던 영재들이 앞으로는 관찰과 추천을 통해서만 판별되는데, 이 영재판별방식은 무엇보다도 영재담당교사의 역할이 중요하다. 이에 관찰·추천 영재판별을 위한 교사연수에 참여한 영재담당교사 374명을 대상으로 이 방식의 영재판별에 대한 인식과 태도를 알아보았다. 그 결과, 교사들은 학급담임의 추천을 받은 영재들을 대상으로 심층관찰과 직접 면담을 하는 방식을 선호하였고, 창의성, 과제집착력, 인지적인 특성 등을 중요한 영재성 요소로 꼽았다. 영재 행동에 대한 체크리스트와 같은 판별도구의 개발과 실습 위주의 교사 연수 또한 성공적인 관찰·추천 영재판별에 필요하다고 보았다. 이 연구는 관찰·추천을 통한 영재판별 방식이 교육현장에 정착되고, 보다 많은 학생들이 영재로 판별될 수 있도록 그 기반을 구성하는 데 도움을 준다.

The purpose of this study is to explore teachers' recognitions and attitudes toward identifying gifted students through observations and nominations. The role of teachers will be more emphasized in this new approach because gifted students will be identified through only teachers' observation and behavioral assessments in learning settings, and students' work. The participants of this study were 374 teachers who attended to professional development for identifying gifted students. The results show that the teachers prefer to observe the gifted students in a classroom setting who are recommended by their classroom teachers. They regard creativity, task commitment, cognitive characteristics as important facts for identifying giftedness. They also agree that identification instruments such as checklists for giftedness, and in-service teacher programs for gifted identification are needed for settlement of this identification system. This research will be helpful to establish identification system through observation and nominations, and to identify more gifted students who were seldom identified in previous identification system.

현대사회에서 이미지는 도처에 존재한다. 오늘날, 이미지나 시각문화에 대한 관심이 증가하는 것은 이와 무관하지 않다. 과학적 글쓰기도 예외가 아니다. 과학교과서나 논문은 이미지, 시각적 표상에 크게 의존한다. 그런데 과학에서 시각적 표상은 대상에 대한 오롯한 반영으로 간주되기 십상이고, 그 역할은 발견에 도움을 주는 차원이나 교육적ㆍ보충적 차원으로 취급되기 쉽다. 그러나 시각적 표상의 속성과 기능은 이처럼 안이하게 취급되어서는 곤란하다. 이러한 문제의식을 바탕으로, 본고에서는 ‘과학적 관찰에 대한 재고’, ‘과학에서 시각적 표상의 역할’에 주목한다. 먼저 관찰은 감각의 차원을 넘어선 문제라는 점을 ‘시각’이 차지하는 비중과 결부시켜 논의한다. 둘째, ‘시각적 표상의 구성’문제는 시각적 표상들이 단순히 생산되는 것이 아니라 구성될 가능성이 있다는 점을 검토한다. 셋째, 시각적 표상들의 역할은 교육적ㆍ보충적 차원을 넘어서서 과학적 추론의 한 형태이기도 하며, 효과적인 설득의 도구로 기능할 수 있다. 이를 위해 관련 이론연구들을 살펴보고, 간략한 사례를 들어보고자 한다.

Nowadays, we can find lots of images, everywhere. Therefore, the concern about image and visual culture has been increased in contemporary society. Scientific writing that is a key theme in this article come to the same thing. A science textbook and article depends on image and visual representation. However, visual representation often regards it as heuristic, educational, and supplementary tool. But its property and function should not be regarded like that. From this critical mind, I’ll describe three things in this article. First, ‘reconsideration of scientific practice’, especially observation. We cannot narrow its definition down to only physiological level. I’ll consider this problem in connection with a complexity and a superiority of visual sensation. Second, ‘construction of visual representation’. In this part, I’ll describe about not the production of visual representation, but the possibility of the construction of it. Third, ‘the various function of the visual representation’. I’ll notice its function, especially, a rhetoric tool and a type of scientific inference. I’ll introduce and quote several scholars and exemplify it.

A survey on a catholic church was undertaken based on the human behavioral investigation. Several methods of collecting behavioral data were accomplished including Reference research, interviews, observation, questionnaire. Also, specific data analyses were carried out using several charts considering area, role, activity and user and administrator's point of view. Relationship chart of activity and adjacency was made to configure out the space correlation. Simultaneous use chart was also made by observers and used to remodeling of the spaces of the church. As a result, a new design was suggested which satisfy users with more contentment as well as administrators. This kind of research methods could be a model of current remodeling of building based on the human behaviour.

정보보안의 중요성에 관한 인식이 증가함에 따라 다양한 보안대책이 조직에 도입되고 있다. 하지만 대부분의 경우 이들 보안대책은 전략적으로 운영되지 않고 있다. 따라서 본 논문은 조직에서의 정보보안 전략은 무엇인가에 대해 개념적으로 연구한다. 이를 위하여 다양한 문헌에서 정보보안 전략이 어떻게 소개되었으며, 어떠한 전략이 제시되어 왔는지 연구한다. 본 논문은 조직의 정보보안에 있어서의 전략 자체에 초점을 맞추어, 개념을 정립하고, 지금까지 제시되어 온 다양한 전략을 식별하여 체계적으로 분류하였다는데 의의가 있다.

As the importance of information security increases, organizations are employing various security countermeasures into their information systems. However, they are not being adapted based on a strategic framework. Therefore this paper researches on the concept of the strategy in organizational information This paper studies literatures to find out how information security strategies have been discussed and what types of them have been until now. This paper contributes to the formation of concept of strategy and classification of them by focusing on strategies them-selves in organizational information security.

Observational methods to evaluate postural load have an intrinsic week point that is the problem of reliability in observing postures subjectively, although they have been widely used in assessing risk factors of work-related musculoskeletal disorders in the industry. In this study, observational reliability was discussed based on reviewing several previous studies. Practical guidelines was presented to reduce the observational errors when using video recording for the assessment of risk factors. In addition, previous studies on observational reliability were summarized and analyzed according to body parts to be observed, media for observation, objective measures, analysis, statistics, etc. It is expected that this basic study can be used to increase the applicability and accuracy of the observational methods.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of direct observation-linked multiple monitoring learning on the job skills of elderly residential assistants for high school students with intellectual disabilities. Method: In order to achieve this research purpose, three high school students attending a special school for intellectual disabilities were composed of research participants. The research design used multiple probe design across participants by a single subject research, and the experimental design was also used, reflecting the four experimental conditions of baseline, intervention, maintenance, and generalization. The experimental environment consisted of a kitchen in the elderly's residential home and a kitchen in the participants' residential home, and intervention and evaluation were conducted. The intervention program, an independent variable, consisted of procedures and methods in which participants directly observe scenes of nursing care workers performing target actions in the kitchen of the elderly's home, and in conjunction with this, a combination of three clues, such as picture-word-sentence. Target behaviors, a dependent variable, was defined as the performance of participants visiting the home of the elderly living alone and cooking meals to assist them. Results: As a result of the study, it was found that participants with intellectual disabilities effectively acquired and generalized target behaviors through intervention. Conclusin: Through this, this study was able to enhance the aspect that vocational transition education at home through direct observation and multiple monitoring learning can have a positive effect on the acquisition and generalization of job skills centered on residential life for students with intellectual disabilities.

The poultry industry, which produces excellent sources of protein, suffers enormous economic damage from diseases. To solve this problem, research is being conducted on the early detection of infection according to the behavioral characteristics of poultry. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential of a non-movement behavior observation method to detect sick chickens. Forty 1-day-old Ross 308 males were used in the experiments, and an isolator equipped with an Internet Protocol (IP) camera was fabricated for observation. The chickens were inoculated with Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum A18-GCVP-014, the causative agent of fowl typhoid (FT), at 14 days of age, which is a vulnerable period for FT infection. The chickens were continuously observed with an IP camera for 2 weeks after inoculation, chickens that did not move for more than 30 minutes were detected and marked according to the algorithm. FT infection was confirmed based on clinical symptoms, analysis of cardiac, spleen and liver lesion scores, pathogen re-isolation, and serological analysis. As a result, clinical symptoms were first observed four days after inoculation, and dead chickens were observed on day six. Eleven days after inoculation, the number of clinical symptoms gradually decreased, indicating a state of recovery. For lesion scores, dead chickens scored 3.57 and live chickens scored 2.38. Pathogens were re-isolated in 37 out of 40 chickens, and hemagglutination test was positive in seven out of 26 chickens. The IP camera applied with the algorithm detected about 83% of the chickens that died in advance through non-movement behavior observation. Therefore, observation of non-movement behavior is one of the ways to detect infected chickens in advance, and it appears to have potential for the development of remote broiler management system.

This paper presents field experiment results that illustrate the impact of cross-link interference on the cell search procedure in a 5G time division duplex system. We initially show how cross-link interference affects to the cell search procedure from an analytic aspect. An example of an experimental result provided in this paper shows how the user equipment wrongly estimates the symbol timing offset due to cross-link interference. Furthermore, we propose a modified cell search algorithm which is robust against the strong influence of cross-link interference. The proposed modification efficiently suppresses the effects of cross-link interference by applying selective energy normalization to the correlation process. The experimental results show that the modified algorithm can accurately estimate the symbol timing offset with a negligible increment in computation time.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to develop a Korean version of the Scale for Observation of Agitation in Persons with Dementia of the Alzheimer-Type [DAT] (K-SOAPD) that reflects the Korean context of this problematic behavior and to evaluate its reliability and validity. Methods: This study was prepared based on the guidelines for translation and application of measurement scales presented by the World Health Organization. A total of 200 subjects from two nursing homes were included in this study. Exploratory factor and confirmatory factor analyses were performed to verify validity. Results: In the exploratory factor analysis (EFA), the K-SOAPD consisted of seven items with two factors: "physical movement" and "negative word". The K-SOAPD presented satisfactory validity and reliability (Cronbach’s ?=.86 (p<.001), test-retest=0.83 (p<.001), inter-rater=.91 (p<.001)). This finding shows the K-SOAPD is a valid and reliable scale for measuring agitation, the behavioral problem of dementia. Conclusion: This research can contribute toward establishing global standards by enabling international comparative studies of agitation among patients with dementia.

Purpose: This study aimed to assess hand hygiene (HH) compliance among visitors at a long-term care hospital in South Korea. Methods: The study was conducted at a 502-bed long-term care hospital located in Gyeonggi-do Province. From July 1 to August 15, 2017, including more than 6 weekends and one holiday, a trained observer covertly assessed visitors’ HH at all five units (360 beds in total) of the study hospital building until the completion of 1,000 HH opportunities (i.e., 200 opportunities per unit). The modified World Health Organization (WHO) HH observation form was used. Instead of professional categories and the “before clean/aseptic procedure” moment, the estimated age range for each visitor were recorded in four categories: children (<14 years old), adolescents (14~18), adults (19~64), and the elderly (≥65). The collected data were analyzed using SPSS 22.0. Results: A total of 1,000 HH opportunities were observed from 766 visitors (an average of 1.31 per visitor) and the overall HH compliance rate was 20.3%. Overall, 53.7% of the HH cases were performed with soap and water. Among the 4 HH moments, the “after body fluid exposure risk” moment showed the highest compliance rate (83.5%); 93.9% used soap and water. The most commonly exposed potential body fluid among visitors was saliva (48.1%). Conclusion: For hospital visitors in long-term care hospitals, HH education programs including HH moments need to be developed and implemented. Further studies are necessary to evaluate visitors’ HH compliance in various hospital settings and find the related variables influencing visitors’ HH.

This study investigates the sublimation characteristics of carbon dioxide (CO₂) capture across various concentrations using Cryogenic Carbon Capture (CCC) technology and evaluates CO₂ capture effectiveness under different temperatures through practical experimental setups. CCC, which captures CO₂ by cooling mixed gases to cryogenic temperatures and separating CO₂ as solid, is recognized as a promising carbon capture technology. The research used two experimental methods—Closed Type and Continuous Type—across CO₂ concentrations of 10%, 20%, and 30%, observing temperature-based sublimation characteristics for each concentration. Each concentration exhibited unique sublimation behavior under varying temperatures, and continuous gas injection experiments simulated practical applications. The results demonstrate CCC's efficiency, suggesting further research into process design for practical CCC systems.

우리나라에서는 홍수기 유량조사에 전자파를 이용한 표면유속 측정이 일반적이다. 상대적으로 안전한 비접촉식 유량조사의 확대를 위해, 본 연구에서는 하천과 수로 등에서 표면유속을 평균유속으로 환산 하는 계수의 신뢰성을 조사하였다. 표면유속과 평균유속을 조사한 대상은 농업용 저수지 방수로, 자갈 하천 및 관개수로이고, 농업용 저수지를 대상으로는 용적량을 확인하였다. 조사 결과, 하상경사나 하상 재료에 따른 평균유속 환산계수는 0.61, 0.90, 0.52, 0.88 등으로 매우 다양하게 나타났다. 상기 결과는 하상재료의 특성에 따라, 조사지점마다 고유의 환산계수를 가지고 있음을 명확히 한다. 다시 말해, 정확한 유량조사는, 각 지점 고유의 환산계수를 알아야 가능하다는 것이다. 기후변화로 인한 물 관리의 중요성은 하루가 다르게 증가하고 있다. 하천 및 수로에 대한 정확한 유량은 향후 정량적인 수자원 관리의 필수 인자로 사용될 것이다.

Surface velocity measurement using electromagnetic waves is common in flood season discharge surveys in Korea. In order to expand the relatively safe non-contact discharge survey, this study investigated the reliability of the coefficient that converts surface velocity to mean velocity in rivers and waterways. Surface and mean velocity were investigated for agricultural reservoir spillways, gravel rivers, and irrigation canals, and the volumetric capacity of agricultural reservoirs was confirmed. As a result of the investigation, the mean velocity conversion coefficients according to the riverbed slope or riverbed material were very diverse, such as 0.61, 0.90, 0.52, and 0.88. The above result makes it clear that each investigation point has a unique conversion coefficient according to the characteristics of the bed material. In other words, accurate discharge investigation is possible by knowing the unique conversion factor to each point. The importance of water management due to climate change is increasing day by day. Accurate flow rate for rivers and waterways will be used as an essential factor for quantitative water resource management in the future.

수자원 손실의 많은 부분을 차지하는 증발량은 정확하고 지속적인 데이터 생성이 어렵기 때문에 거의 모니터링 되고 있지 않다. 특히 자유 표면 증발은 아직 표준화된 모니터링 방법이 없기 때문에 경험적 공식을 사용하여 추정된다. 본 연구에서는 증발이 가장 활발했던 6월부터 9월까지 저수지 내 수면 증발량을 모니터링하기 위해 증발량 모니터링 시스템을 이용하였으며, 모니터링 결과와 실제 수면 증발량을 비교하여 실제 수면 증발량과 실험식을 사용하여 계산된 추정 값의 차이를 조사 하였다. 두 대상 유역인 쌍암저수지와 한계저수지의 예상 수면 증발량은 실제 모니터링 결과보다 작은 것으로 나타났다. 이는 실험식이 바람의 영향을 정확히 반영하지 못하며 실험식을 이용한 수면 증발량 모니터링에는 한계가 있음을 보여준다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 실험식을 이용한 계산 결과와 모니터링 데이터를 비교하여 수면 증발량을 모니터링하고 수면 증발 메커니즘을 조사하는 방법을 제시하고자 한다.

Monitoring natural evaporation is difficult because of the need for accurate and continuous data. Free surface evaporation is estimated using an empirical formula because of the absence of a standardized monitoring method. The evaporation monitoring system has been used to monitor the volume of water surface evaporation from reservoirs from June to September when the evaporation rate is high. The difference between the actual and estimated volume of water surface evaporation has been estimated by comparing the monitoring results with the values calculated by using the empirical formula. It appears that the estimated volume of water surface evaporation from two basins was less in comparison to the actual monitoring results. This shows that the empirical formula does not accurately reflect the effect of winds which is a major limitation of the empirical formula. Thus, this study suggests ways to monitor water surface evaporation volume and investigates the mechanism of water surface evaporation by comparing observed data with the results of the empirical formula.