Earticle

실무상 우리나라 무역의 일선을 담당하는 수출입기업들이 국제물품매매계약을 충분히 이해하 고 능숙하게 잘 체결하는 것은 중요한 일이지만 자금이 넉넉지 못한 중소기업들은 그럴 수 있는 형편이 못되는 실정이므로, 본고는 무역실무자들이 실무상 활용할 수 있도록 ICC 모델국 제(공산물)매매계약서(ICC Model Contract - International Sale (Manufactured Goods)를 살펴봄으 로써 실무상 조금이나마 도움이 되고자 한다. 이에 본고는 모델매매계약서 중 준거법조항과 정형거래조건 선택조항을 고찰한다. 본고는 먼저 ICC 모델국제매매계약서를 개괄하면서 이 계약서의 목적과 특징, 구성, 적용범위를 간략히 살펴본다. 이어 본고는 이 모델계약서의 준거 법조항을 검토하면서, CISG를 준거법으로 지정하면서 아울러 보충적 준거법으로 매도인국법 을 지정하는 모델계약서 규정이 실무상 구체적으로 어떤 의미와 효력을 갖는지를 들여다본다. 나아가 본고는 모델계약서상 정형거래조건을 선택하는 문제를 검토하면서, 운송방식, 물품인 도장소, 운송계약체결, 보험계약체결 등 정형거래조건을 선택할 때의 고려요소들을 살펴본다.

In practice, it is important for exporters and importers to fully understand and skillfully conclude international contracts for sale of goods, though small-and medium-sized businesses with insufficient funds are not in good position to do so. Accordingly, this paper aims to provide them with some practical help by examining the ICC Model Contract - International Sale (Manufactured Goods). For this purpose, this paper looks into the model contract focusing on the applicable law clause and the choice-of-trade-term clause. Regarding the applicable law clause, this paper analyses contractual provision of the model contract and finds out the specific meanings and effects of the provisions that designate first CISG as the applicable law and secondly the law of the seller's country as the supplementary governing law. Furthermore, this paper examines the issues concerning the choice of proper trade term under the model contract and then provides factors to be considered by the parties to the contract when choosing their trade term properly, such as the mode of transport, the place of delivery and the contracts of carriage and insurance.

본 논문에서 논자는 국제물품매매계약에서 정형거래조건(인코텀즈)이 갖는 의미와 기능을 검 토하고, 계약체결시 계약당사자가 유의할 사항을 고찰하였다. 이러한 연구를 위해 논자는 ICC모델계약서를 기본으로, 또한 최근에 개정된 인코텀즈를 중심 으로, 그리고 준거법으로서 CISG를 전제로 하여 이들 상호간의 관계와 적용상의 우선순위를 파악 했으며, 이러한 상호관계에서 계약당사자의 유의점을 살펴보았다. 본 논문은 국제계약실무에서 개별 계약조건과 인코텀즈 그리고 준거법 선택시 도움이 될 것으로 기대된다.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the expressed and implied meanings and functions of the Incoterms® 2010 in the international sales contract in relation to the CISG(as a governing law) and ICC Model International Sale Contract. First, this author reviewed and analyzed the functions and limitations of the key words in this paper : CISG, Incoterms and ICC Model Contract, for the purpose of further understanding the characteristic features of the latest version of Incoterms, Incoterms® 2010. Second, in the main chapter Ⅲ, this author examined the functions of Incoterms in seven sections. In view of the practical aspect, the prominent value of Incoterms is the criterion of the price, but the intrinsic value is related to the delivery term which is called the legal aspect. This author emphasized the significance of a comprehensive understanding of the Incoterms® 2010 including the price terms and delivery terms in this paper. Finally, in section 8 of Chapter Ⅲ, this author mentioned several points on contracting, considering the relationship with the CISG as a governing law and ICC Model International Sale Contract(556E) as a contract model. In conclusion, the business strategies in selecting the specific term were examined and emphasized in relation to a real business scenario.

A Futuristic Operating transactions Reaching beyond Territorial borders In blockchain Smart contract model (Fortis-amyna) for cross border transactions in a quantum setting is proposed. A simple hybrid classical-quantum model has been described whose main ingredients are a classical blockchain capable of handling stateful smart contracts with quantum defence. This hybrid payment model uses quantum states as bank transactions and a classical blockchain to settle disputes and keep track of the valid reference numbers. The proposed model fortis amyna has several desirable properties like de-centralized, requiring no trust in any single entity; Quick payments as quantum communication, regardless of the total number of users to speed up the transactions. In addition, fortis amyna handles the situation in lighting speed in quantum bank-transaction if failed or has error due to connectivity, helping the initiator to track back the transaction from origin. This fortis amyna model has tremendous advantages regarding speed, security, and authentication, guarding against quantum breaches. Ensuring more authenticity to customers and creating by linking a Distinct (De-Centralized) Identifier with blockchain’s current transaction state eventually leads to the updated digital ledger.

ICC Model Turnkey Contract for Major Projects(Pub.659)는 공급자와 구매자간의 균형을 우선적으로 하는 모델계약서로써 산업플랜트 뿐만 아니라 소프트웨어와 같은 서비스 분야와 도시 기반시설 구축 등의 토목 공사까지 다루는 모델계약서로써 계약서를 작성하는 데 소요되는 시간과 노력을 절감 하게 한다. 국제턴키수출계약 체결 시 공급자는 공급한 계약 물품을 구체화 하는 것에서부터 계약의 본격적인 이행단계 그리고 대금 회수에 이르기까지 발생할 수 있는 위험을 최대한 고려하여 계약서를 작성하여야 한다. 그리고 계약의 이행이 완료 된 후 하자 보수의 규정에 대하여도 최대한 구체적으로 작성하여 추후에 문제가 발생하지 않도록 방지해야 하며, 문제 발생 시 해결방법에 대하여 준거법 및 중재 조항 등을 삽입하여 원활히 해결할 수 있도록 하여야 한다. 향후 국제턴키수출계약을 진작시키고 해외 수출을 장려하기 위하여 ICC모델 계약서를 비롯한 이 분야에 대한 연구가 더욱 활발히 진행될 것으로 기대한다.

ICC Model Turnkey Contract for Major Projects(Pub.659) makes as a model contract primarily a balanced between suppliers and buyers and includes service sectors such as software issues as well as industrial plants. When closing a international turnkey export contract, A supplier has to draw up a contract considering the available risk from shaping up the works, implementation of the contract to collection of the price for turnkey exports. And a supplier prescribes the part of defect correction concretely in order to stop the contract causing troubles and includes governing law and arbitration articles to solve the problem smoothly. From now on, It's hope to study further about this thesis including ICC Model Contract in order to promotion international turnkey export contracts and foreign exports.

본고는 ICC 모델국제（공산물）매매계약서’’（ICC Model Contract - International Sale (Manufactured Goods）상 대금지급조건을 고찰하며，특히 계약상 신용장방식과 사후송금방식, 추심방식을 선 택할 때의 고려사항들을 살펴본다. 이를 위하여 본고는 각각의 대금지급방식별로 먼저 모델계 약서의 규정내용을 소개한 후 각 방식의 특징을 검토하고 이어 각 방식을 선택하고자 할 때 당사자들이 유의할 점들을 제시한다. 먼저 신용장방식에 관하여는 신용장의 종류를 선택할 때， 확인신용장을 선택하고자 할 때, 신용장개설시기를 약정할 때의 유의사항과 신용장의 독립성 과 서류거래성에서 비롯하는 서류에 관한 유의사항을 검토한다. 이어 사후송금방식에 관하여 는 매수인의 신용위험에 대비한 유의사항으로 신용조사의 필요성，소유권유보조항의 삽입, 지 급보증의 활용을 검토하고, 추심방식에 관하여는 매도인의 신용조사의 필요성과 매도인이 환 어음을 매각（네고）하고자 할 때 및 확정일출급환어음을 사용하고자 할 때의 유의사항을 검토한다.

This paper looks into the payment conditions in the “ICC Model Contract - International Sale (Manufactured Goods),’，and especially finds out some practical considerations that need to be taken into account when selecting the documentary letter of credit (L/C), payment on open account and documentary collection as a method of payment of the price of goods. Further, this paper presents certain points for the parties to keep in mind when choosing each method of payment. First, regarding L/Cs, this paper presents the points to be considered when choosing the type of L/C and the confirmed L/C, and when agreeing on the time of L/C advice. Second, concerning the payment on open account, this paper cautions the need for a credit investigation of buyer, and recommends insertion of retention-of^title clause in the contract and use of payment guarantee issued in form of a demand guarantee or a standby L/C against the buyer's credit risk. Finally, regarding documentary collection, this paper also cautions the need for a credit investigation of buyer and presents points to keep in mind concerning the negotiation by the seller of a draft and the use of a draft payable at a future date.

본 연구는 기업의 국제화의 과정으로 현재 가장 활발하게 이용되고 있는 가맹사업에 대하여 검토하고 있다. 기업들은 자신의 사업영역을 국제적으로 확장하기 위하여 보다 안전하고 확실한 방법으로 가맹사업을 이용하며, 국제가맹점 희망자 또는 가맹점들은 가맹본부의 사업적 성공의 노하우를 이용하여 안정적으로 사업을 수행하고자 한다. 그러나 현실적으로 국제가맹점 사업에 대한 법리적 접근은 아직 미비한 상태이다. 따라서 국제가맹점계약의 당사자들은 국제가맹사업을 수행함에 있어 법률적 장벽들과 조우하게 될 것이 다. 본 연구는 이러한 부분에 있어서 국제가맹본부와 국제가맹점 희망자 또는 가맹점들에게 계약 상의 법리적 고려 대상들을 제시하고 있다.

This study examined franchise business that has now been most frequently used as a process of corporate internationalization. Corporations take advantage of the franchise business as a safer and more reliable way in order to expand their own business fields, and international franchise applicants or international franchisees aim to do stable business by taking advantage of franchiser's know-how. However, realistically legal approaches to the international franchise business has been inadequate. Therefore, parties to international franchise agreement will meet legal obstacles in doing international franchise business. This study presents contractual legal considerations to international franchiser, international franchise applicants and international franchisees in this regard.

클라우드 컴퓨팅에 대한 관심이 높아지면서 다수의 클라우드 서비스 제공자와 클라우드 사용자를 중개하여 관계를조율하거나 사용자의 요구에 맞는 클라우드 서비스를 추천하는 클라우드 서비스 브로커(Cloud Service Broker, CSB)라는 개념이 제시되었다. CSB가 등장하고 연구됨으로써 CSB의 근본적인 목적인 사용자에게 가장 적합한 클라우드 서비스를 찾고 중개해주는 기술 등은 많이 제시되고 있지만 CSB를 구성하는 주요 요소들을 식별하고, 이들을 CSB내에서 관리 및 활용하여 CSB의 중개를 지원하는 기술은 여전히 부족한 실정이다. 현재 대부분의 CSB는서비스 제공자와 사용자간에 맺는 서비스 품질에 대한 계약을 의미하는 SLA(Service Level Agreement)를 기반으로 클라우드 서비스 제공자와 클라우드 사용자를 중개한다. SLA는 CSB에서 사용자와 제공자간 협약을 통해 사전에 정의된 수준의 서비스를 사용자가 제공받을 수 있도록 해주는 중요한 역할을 한다. 따라서 CSB내에서 제공자와 사용자 사이에서 서비스를 계약하고 계약을 실행하고 파기하는 등 계약을 체계적으로 관리하는 메커니즘이 필요하다. 본 논문은 CSB의 중개를 지원하기 위한 CSB 운영 지원 계층을 제시하고 CSB 운영 지원 계층을 구성하는요소 중 CSB의 주요 요소을 통합하여 자원 간 관계성을 통해 중개를 지원하는 자원 모델과 CSB내에서 계약 관리프로세스를 통해 SLA를 관리하는 계약 관리 메커니즘을 제시한다.

With the expansion of interesting of cloud computing, the concept of CSB is presented. The CSB intermediates relationships between multiple cloud provider and multiple users. And it recommends cloud services that fulfills user requirements. By studying the CSB, much technologies to achieve primary goal of CSB about finding and recommending cloud services that meets user needs are presented. However, the research about finding and managing of main elements that make up the CSB are still insufficient. In addition, the mechanism is needed to support the intermediation of CSB using these identified main elements. Currently, most of CSB intermediates between cloud providers and users based on SLA(Service Level Agreement). The SLA means the contract about quality of service between cloud providers and users. It is an agreement between the providers and the users. It acts as a key role in the CSB that allows the user to receive the level of service defined in advance. Therefore, a systematic contract management mechanism is needed such as conclude of service contract, run the contract and destroy of contract. In this paper, the operation supporting layer of CSB is presented to support the intermediation of CSB. In addition, resource model is presented that support the intermediation of CSB by integrating main elements of CSB based on the relationships among resources. Also, contract management mechanism that manages SLAs through contract management process is defined.

4차 산업혁명 기반에서 인공지능(AI), 전기자동차 및 로봇 등의 급속한 기술발전에 있어 반도체가 핵심성능을 좌우하면서, 반도체 경쟁력이 국가 경쟁력과 직결되는 상황을 맞이하였다. 하지만, 한국 반도체 산업은 메모리 반도체를 제외한 시스템 반도체 분야에서 지속적으로 경쟁력이 약화되어, 본 연구에서 침체기에 빠진 한국 팹리스 시스템 반도체 기업의 성장에서 가장 시급한 세계시장 개척을 위해 새로운 스마트계약 기반 블록체인 거래모델인 F-SBM (Fabless-Smart contract based Blockchain Model)을 제안한다. 본 연구는 새로운 F-SBM 모델을 통해 반도체의 Technology, Economy, Reliability 항목의 스마트 계약 기반 컨소시엄 블록체인을 통해 팹리스 업체의 신규고객 확보방안을 검증하였다. 이는 한국 팹리스 시스템 반도체 산업의 숙원인 세계 시장 개척을 위한 신규고객 확보의 높은 진입장벽이 개선됨과 새로운 성장방안을 도출하였다는 측면에서 큰 의의를 가진다.

In the rapid technological development of artificial intelligence (AI), electric vehicles, and robots based the fourth industrial revolution, semiconductors determine the core performance, and semiconductor competitiveness is directly related to national competitiveness. However, the Korean semiconductor industry has continuously weakened its competitiveness in the system semiconductor field, excluding memory semiconductors, so in this study, a new smart contract basedblockchain business model to engage the global market, which is the most urgent need for the growth of Korean fabless system semiconductor industry in recession. F-SBM (Fabless-Smart contract based Blockchain Model) proposed. In this study, through the new F-SBM, it was verified how to engage new customers for fabless firms through smart contract based consortium blockchain regarding technology, economy, and reliability items of fabless. This model has great significance in improving the high entry barriers to engaging new customers for the long-cherished desire of the Korean fabless system semiconductor industry and deriving new growth solutions.

블록체인의 활용이 기업의 비즈니스 분야로 확대되면서 중요 정보의 기밀성 보호에 대한 중요성이 부각되고 있다. 블록체인은 트랜잭션의 공유와 공개에 따른 트랜잭션의 무결성 위협에 대한 보안문제를 해결하고 있으나 기밀성 보호는 취약하다. 따라서 기업에서 블록체인을 비즈니스 처리에 활용하기 위해서는 기업의 중요정보와 개인정보에 대해서 기밀성을 제공할 수 있는 보안 메커니즘이 필요하다. 이의 해결을 위해서 이더리움의 스마트 컨트랙트와 커미트먼트 스킴을 이용한 사설 블록체인 기반 암호화 프로토콜의 응용 모델을 제안하고 구현한다. 이는 사설 블록체인에 기밀성과 무결성이 강화된 스마트 컨트랙트를 통해서 비신뢰 참여자간 비즈니스를 수행할 수 있게 해줌으로써 블록체인 서비스의 활성화에 기여한다.

With the widespread adoption of blockchain in the field of business, the importance of confidentiality of critical information has been emerging. Although blockchain models solve the security problem regarding integrity threat by sharing transactions and making them public, it is vulnerable in terms of confidentiality. Therefore, a security mechanism to provide confidentiality of critical information and private information of a firm is necessary to utilize block chain in the process of work. In order to solve the problem, we suggest Private blockchain based cryptographic protocol application model using Smart contract commitment scheme of the Ethereum. It can contribute to activation of blockchain services by enabling non-trusted participants to perform businesses through application of smart contract enhanced in terms of confidentiality and integrity to private blockchain.

인터넷 쇼핑의 증가와 함께 운송장에 적힌 배송정보를 악용한 범죄가 보이스피싱을 통한 물품 가로채기, 상 해, 성범죄에 이르기까지 갈수록 고도화·세분화 되고 있다. 따라서 고객의 배송정보에 대한 익명성을 보장하기 위해 서 다수 운송업자 상호간에 제품의 배송 구간에 대한 경로 정보를 비밀로 유지하는 배송추적 방지 시스템이 필요하 다. 이를 위해서 인터넷 쇼핑의 대금결제와 개인정보의 연계 분리는 블록체인기반 암호화폐의 익명성 기술을 사용하 여 보호하고 운송정보에 포함되는 배송정보를 암호화해서 익명성을 보호하는 배송추적 방지 모델 제안한다. 우리의 제안 모델은 고객의 배송정보에 대한 익명성을 보장함과 동시에 기업에게 고객의 배송정보를 제외한 제품판매에 대 한 정보를 동시에 제공함으로서 블록체인 기반 인터넷 쇼핑의 활성화에 기여한다.

Along with the increase of internet shopping, crimes that exploited personal information on the invoice of goods are becoming more and more advanced and becoming more and more classified from the interception of goods through voice phishing attack, injury, sexual offense. Therefore, in order to guarantee the anonymity of the customer's delivery information, there is a need for a delivery tracking prevention system which keeps the route information of the product's destination secret among delivery companies. For this purpose, We suggest that delivery tracing protect model based smart contract for guaranteed anonymity to protect the anonymity by encrypting delivery information and by separation of payment and personal information using the anonymity technique of block chain-based cryptography. Our proposed model contributes to expansion of internet shopping based on block chaining by providing information about product sales to company and guaranteeing anonymity of customer's delivery information to customer.

This study aims to analyze factors that affect satisfaction of students in employment-contract information technology master programs, and suggest policy implications to improve management of employment-contract master programs. A survey of students supported by Software master program of National IT Industry Promotion Agency (NIPA) and Knowledge Information Security master program of Korea Internet and Security Agency (KISA) indicates that department administration, department vision, scholarship, adviser, and lecturer affect satisfaction of students in employment-contract master programs in listed order.

Making a contract of small private construction works is very often disregarded important or subsidiary contract details which strongly recommended in standard contract sheet. To have a well fulfilled contract sheet with detailed agreements are very symbolic to promising their rights and obligations to each other until they meet the final objectives of completion, delivery, and receipt of construction payments. Therefore, a almost perfect contract give us less disputes for payments during construction or after completion of work. In this study, a logistic regression model was used to determine the effect of subcontract items from survey. The results show that contract sheet, design alternation and cancellation of contract are the most important contract conditions, and derived a logistic regression model for reducing a dispute between both personal contract.

Smart contract, one of the applications of blockchain, is expected to be used in various industries. However, there is risks of damages caused by attacks on vulnerabilities in smart contract codes. Tool support is essential to detect vulnerabilities, and as new vulnerabilities emerge and smart contract implementation languages increase, the tools must have extensibility for them. We propose a design model for extensible architecture of smart contract vulnerability detection tools that detect vulnerabilities in smart contract source codes. The proposed model is composed of design pattern-based structures that provides extensibility to easily support extension of detecting modules for new vulnerabilities and other implementation languages of smart contract. In the model, detecting modules are composed of independent module, so modifying or adding of module do not affect other modules and the system structure.

In this study, in order to efficiently detect data patterns and outliers in time series data, outlier detection processing is performed for each section based on a smart contract in the data preprocessing process, and parameters for the ARIMA model are determined by generating and reflecting the significance and outlierrelated parameters of the data. It was created and applied to the modified arithmetic expression to lower the data abnormality. To evaluate the performance of this study, the normality of the data was compared and evaluated when the parameters of the general ARIMA model and the ARIMA model through this study were applied, and a performance improvement of more than 6% was confirmed.

In this study, in order to efficiently detect data patterns and outliers in time series data, outlier detection processing is performed for each section based on a smart contract in the data preprocessing process, and parameters for the ARIMA model are determined by generating and reflecting the significance and outlierrelated parameters of the data. It was created and applied to the modified arithmetic expression to lower the data abnormality. To evaluate the performance of this study, the normality of the data was compared and evaluated when the parameters of the general ARIMA model and the ARIMA model through this study were applied, and a performance improvement of more than 6% was confirmed.

본 연구는 프랜차이즈 산업에 있어 가맹본부의 효율적인 가맹점 관리 시스템 도입을 위한 새로운 실무적 관점의 연구이다. 프랜차이즈는 가맹본부와 가맹점사업자 간의 계약에 의해 관계가 형성되고 이후 지속적으로 계약에 의해 규정받게 된다. 따라서 가맹본부는 다수의 가맹점사업자를 효과적으로 통제하고 관리하기 위해서 계약의 체계적인 관리가 필요하고， 외부적으로는 정부의 규제정책에 합법적이고 능동적으로 대처할 필요가 있다. 이를 위하여 프랜차이즈 기엽의 “전사적 계약관리(ECM : Enterprise Contract Management)"라는 개념을 정립하여 가맹점 관리의 시스템화를 촉진시거고자 하였다. 이를 실무적 차원에서 효과적으로 도입하기 위하여 프랜차이즈 전문 IT프로그램인 ECM 기반의 “프랜차이즈 계약관리 · 슈퍼바이정 시스멈 (Franchise Contract Management . Supervising System) - TruFCM"을 개발하였다. 이 프로그램을 통해 프랜차이즈 기업의 지속가능경영의 실현과 프랜차이즈 산업의 질적인 발전에 기여하고자 하는 데 본 연구의 의의가 있다 하겠다.

This practical study is to propose a model for efficiently implementing franchise management by Franchise Enterprise in franchise industry. Franchise system is established and mutual relationship is also fulfilled based on bilateral contract between franchisor and franchisee. After contract and opening the franchisee store, franchisees are continually supervised and administered according to mutually agreed process and procedures. In this regard, franchisor should have well-managed system for supervising and assisting franchisee efficiently and effectively. The purpose of this study is to set-up the concept of enterprise contract management(ECM) in Franchise Enterprise and to promote the systemization of franchise management, and also to present and propose the development tool for franchise-specific IT program which is called “Franchise Contract Management-Supervising System".

The purpose of this research is to show that option contract model played the decisive role in removing the risk. As one of the option types, we design a mathematical model for buy-back contract and provide the optimal solution to maximize the expected profit of buyers. We here deal with four cases by demand scenarios for formulation and derive the optimal solution. And we also examine the effectiveness of model by numerical example comparing with call option and put option models. In the numerical example, we found that availability of the buy-back option model has changed by demand sections. Moreover, we also verified that an initial order quantity of the buy-back is more than call option and less than put option when the expected profits of the call-put-buy-back option model are equal.

The most critical clause for both parties in International Agency Agreement is“ Commission Clause”.As the commission is calculated by applying the percentage stipulated in the Agreement to the Basic Amount, It is crucial for the parties to decide the Basic Amount first, and than the percentage. In addition, both parties should agreed on the cases where the reduced commission may be contemplated and the commission may cover all the agent's expenditure. Next, regarding the time at which the right to commission is earned, there are four alternatives ; when the sales is concluded, when the order is placed, when the order is carried out(or when the delivery is made) or when the payment is made. Among them, both parties should choose one clearly. Beside, in terms of commission both parties should concerned with and make clear about effects of performance of contract after termination of contract and of repeat order. And they should also care about the commission rate in case of direct transaction between the principal and customer under exclusive contract, about adjustment of commission rate under del credere term and about the payment of commission when the non-performance of contract is due to the principal. All these problems shall be dependent upon the governing law unless otherwise agreed in the agreement. Thus as uniform international convention for international agency agreement has not effective, both parties should lay down concretely all these critical points in the agreement or try to choose the ICC Model Contract as their model contracts.

This Work intends to study on some issues of business and law in relation to Contract for Turnkey Base System. The continuing advance of export system of the plant with the importance for efficient and effective management emphasizes the need for business and legal approach to uniform international model contract. ICC Model Contract for Turnkey Supply of Industrial Plant by ICC covers a particular category of turnkey contract, i.e. contracts for the supply of a plant or production line to be erected within facilities which already exist or which are constructed by the purchaser. Furthermore, the application of the ICC Model Contract for Turnkey Supply of Industrial Plant leaves much to be desired from a business and legal point of view. Therefore, there would appear to be room for compromise between the supplier and purchaser in respect to make a contact for Turnkey supply of industrial plant.