Earticle

코로나 19로 전통주에 대한 관심은 더욱 증가하고 있으며 꾸준히 증가하는 판매량을 바탕 으로 이제는 국내 전통주가 해외 주류시장으로 진출해야 될 필요성이 제기되고 있다. 국내 전통주 주류산업의 해외시장 진출을 위한 경영전략을 모색하기 위해서 해외 주류산 업의 현황과 전략에 대한 파악과 분석의 필요성이 대두되었다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 국내 전통주 주류산업의 현황과 해외 대표 주류의 특성 및 경영전략에 대해서 살펴본 후, 향후 국내 전통주 산업의 경영전략 방안을 제시하고자 한다. 연구방법으로는 관세청 자료를 바탕으로 문헌조사를 실시하였다. 연구 결과, 본 연구가 제시하는 국내 전통주 산업의 전략방안은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 전통주의 라벨을 개선하는 방안이다. 라벨은 단순 히 제품의 정보를 알리는 것뿐만 아니라 소비자에게 신뢰를 주는 전략적인 수단이며, 라벨디자인을 통해 소비자에게 신뢰를 형성하는 것이 중요하다. 둘째, 전통주에 대한 등급 제도를 시행해야 한다. 프랑스는 와인에 대한 등급 제도를 시행하고, 이를 라벨에 반드시 표기하여 와인 산업을 성장시키고 해외시장에 진출한 것을 알 수 있다. 셋째, 지역 브랜드화를 통해 지역의 이미지와 전통주의 스토리를 발전시키는 것이다. 지역 브랜 드화를 통해 해당 지역의 재료를 바탕으로 생산된 주류라면 더 신뢰감이 생길 수 있도록 해야 한다. 본 연구의 시사점이 향후 국내 전통주 주류산업의 발전과 정책에 좋은 정보를 제공할 수 있기를 기대한다.

Interest in traditional liquor is increasing further due to COVID-19, and based on the steadily increasing sales volume, the need for domestic traditional liquor to enter the overseas liquor market is now being raised. In order to find a management strategy for the domestic traditional liquor industry to enter the overseas market, the need to grasp and analyze the current status and strategy of the overseas liquor industry has emerged. Therefore, this study aims to present a management strategy plan for the domestic traditional liquor industry in the future after examining the current status of the domestic traditional liquor industry, the characteristics and management strategies of overseas representative liquor. As a research method, a literature survey was conducted based on data from the Korea Customs Service. As a result of the study, the strategic plans for the domestic traditional liquor industry suggested by this study are as follows. First, it is a way to improve traditionalist labels. Labels are not only about product information, but also a strategic means of giving trust to consumers, and it is important to build trust in consumers through label design. Second, a rating system for traditional wine should be implemented. France has implemented a rating system for wine and must indicate it on the label to indicate that it has grown the wine industry and entered overseas markets. Third, it is to develop the local image and traditionalist story through local branding. Liquor produced based on local materials through local branding should be made to create more trust. It is expected that the implications of this study will provide good information on the development and policies of the domestic traditional liquor industry in the future.

Artificial intelligence is increasingly used in language-learning services, yet it remains unclear whether learners evaluate identical educational explanations differently when they are labelled as AI-generated. This study examined the effect of AI labelling on the perceived quality of Korean language explanations by integrating Technology Acceptance Model constructs with source evaluation. A quantitative A/B survey was conducted with 270 Korean language learners, randomly assigned to an AI-labelled condition or a no-label control condition. Participants evaluated identical Korean language explanations using measures of perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, and perceived quality. Reliability analysis, exploratory factor analysis, MANOVA, hierarchical regression, and robustness checks were conducted. Perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness positively predicted perceived quality. The AI label did not directly reduce perceived quality, but it weakened the relationship between perceived usefulness and perceived quality. Language proficiency was not a significant moderator.

This study was performed to investigate the level and recognition and interest in nutrition labeling in restaurants according to consumer interest levels in health and to suggest its application to restaurant lunches. By considering various statistics and data on the frequency of reasons for dining-out, this study examined worker restaurant lunches and investigated the level of recognition of interest in nutrition labeling, the type of nutrition information that is of interest and the preferred format of labeling according to the level of interest in health. According to the results, while the frequency of dining-out by workers was high, their consideration for health and nutrition labeling in restaurants was low. However, a high percentage of consumers responded that nutrition labeling was a customer right and necessary to improve the quality of menu items as well as public health. Therefore, active promotion of nutrition labeling in the dining industry is necessary. Interest levels in additives, product origin and menu ingredients indicated in restaurant menus were higher than for nutritional information such as nutrients and calories. When the preferred format for providing nutrition information was investigated, consumers preferred information written on a menu board, and they wanted to broaden the range of information included in nutrition labeling for menu items beyond calories and nutritional facts. Based on these results, recognition of nutrition labeling in restaurants was found to below and the interest level in health was also lower than expected. However, most consumers responded that nutrition labeling was helpful in choosing menu items can be a tool for nutrition education and can play a role in improving the recognition of nutrition. Therefore, active promotion of nutrition labeling by the dining industry is necessary.

The purpose of this study was to analyze University student's dietary behavior for processed foods and recognition on food nutrition labelling according to the degree of health concern. For this study, 302 University students in Gyeonggi region was surveyed by questionnaire from May in 2016 and it included the questions about general matters, dietary behavior on processed foods, and the food nutrition label system. It was analysed by SPSS win 23.0 program. And the results are as follows. According to the result of the factor analysis, the preference of processed foods were showed 3.21~3.97. There were significant differences in milk and milk products preference according to health concern (p<0.05). Also frequency of processed foods was shown significant differences in milk and milk products, noodles, beverage, and fast food (p<0.05), whereas no significant differences were found in meat products, snack, bread and frozen food (p>0.05). Also, the processed food purchase consideration according to health concern was shown significant differences in nutrition, origin, manufacturing company (p<0.05), whereas no significant differences were found in taste, price, exterior, brand, and shelf life (p>0.05). Thus, it is necessary to do continuing public relations and to provide more opportunities for nutrition education so that the University students may obtain right dietary behavior on processed foods and the system of food nutrition indication be established properly.

This study was conducted to investigate the purchase patterns of processed foods and perception of school dietitians on nutrition labelling in Chonbuk area of Korea. Self-administered questionnaires were collected from a total 156 dietitians. Statistical data analysis was completed using the SPSS v. 11.5 program. The results were summarized as follows. Among the 156 school foodservice systems, 64.7% of schools were operated in conventional system and 35.3% were in commissary system. Among the processed foods, seasoning foods(98.4%) and cereal products(93.3%) were used widely in school foodservice. Among the general characteristics of schools and dietitians, the style(p<0.01), and type of foodservice(p<0.05), career, and age of dietitians respectively affected the purchasing pattern of the processed foods. Approximately 30% of dietitians responded that some fortified foods used for the meal preparation(eg. Ca-fortified yoghurt). Only 57% of dietitians who has more ten year job career was agreed with the important of fortified foods for the menu planning. Despite the levels of education of the dietitians became higher, were no relationship between the confidence on fortified foods and the improvement on health for children. About 96.2% of dietitians knew nutrition labelling of processed foods. Only 25.6% of dietitians checked nutrition labelling of processed food when they purchased these foods for school lunch. The main reason for their checking nutrition labelling of processed foods was for nutrient of products. The dietitians understanding and trust in nutrition labelling of processed foods were not high. But the half of dietitians responded that the nutrition labelling can be helpful for the purchase of processed foods in school foodservice systems. Therefore, it is necessary to activate the mandatory nutrition labelling of processed foods and to prepare its consumer education program for school dietitians.

이 연구에서는 구강관리용품 중에서 치약과 칫솔의 표시․광고 제도에 관한 문제점을 파악하고 개선안을 제시함으로써 구강관리용품 사업의 발전을 도모함과 동시에 소비자에게 건전한 정보를 제공함으로써 국민의 구강건강증진과 더불어 합리적 선택을 유도하고자 연구를 수행하였다. 연구 결과, 현재 치약과 칫솔의 표시 및 광고는 약사법과 표시광고의 공정화에 관한 법률 등 해당 법률에 근거해서 어느 정도 잘 이루어지고 있는 상황이지만, 소비자의 관점에서 볼 때, 아직도 미비한 부분들이 존재하고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 본 연구에서 제시한 정책대안들은 다음과 같다. 1)치약의 마모력 표기를 통한 소비자의 선택권을 함양할 필요가 있다. 2)구강관리용품에 대한 행정부의 전담부서 확립이 체계화되어야 한다. 3)해당 법률의 구체화 및 체계화를 통해 구강관리용품의 무분별한 생산규제와 표시광고 제도에 대한 합리화가 이루어져야 한다. 4)구강관리용품에 대한 인증제도가 확립되어야 한다.

Dental disease is a matter of dental hygiene, which is multifaceted and involves proper care of teeth, gums and regular dental visits. Today, many people find a new meaning in whole health and are concerned about overall oral hygiene. Therefore, dentifrice and toothbrush of various kinds and design among oral care products is on the market. The purpose of this study is search for the best method and to present policy alternatives for labelling and advertising system of oral care products. Judging from this, development of oral care products industry and oral care health of the people will be greatly improved in the quality. The results of study and policy alternatives are as follows. First, abrasiveness labeling of dentifrice must be point out specifically, so that consumers will be solve a choice problem easily. Second, it is necessary to systematize the total mechanism of the relevant government ministries for oral care products. Third, it must be rationalize of labelling and advertising system and product-regulations of oral care products through the embodiment and systematization of related laws. Fourth, it must be establish the authentication system of oral care products.

The purpose of this study is to understand the problem of Labeling System and to present its reform measure through overall arrangement of the dissertation studied so far in regard to Genetically Modified Organic and through research and analysis regarding Genetically Modified Organic Labeling in real market. The preceeding studies have been carried out regarding recognition of Genetically Modified Organic perceived risk and request for labelling subject for consumer. The fact is indicative system has been hardly operated in real market. To reform these problems, first, the government should pursue the unification and synthetic management of food safety management system to manage systematically food safety management regarding Genetically Modified Organic concerning security and health of a people. Second, companies should indicate right mark for consumer to buy the best ideal product, reflecting the fact that the weight of Genetically Modified Organic is increasing in real market. They should recognize that it’s the solution able to enhance their competitive power to offer consumer effective information. Third, consumer should demand their right to realize consumer sovereignty with consumer groups as well. And they need to do active seek and their effort for information and raise consumer safety perception to maximize effective acquired information.

The tyre/road noise becomes aggravated due to the rapid increase of motor vehicles. It has a great effect on the dwelling environment. Therefore we investigate the characteristics and sources of the tyre/road noise through grasping the status of the tyre/road noise. Traffic noise results from the collective contribution of the noise produced by individual motor vehicles. The tyre/road noise varies enormously depending upon its type and mode of operation. In this study, we investigate the noise labelling of EU tire.

Background: Since November 2012, some of over-the-counter (OTC) medications have been sold in convenience store without pharmacist' s supervision. We purposed to examine if the product labels of OTCs provide sufficient information that is appropriate for consumers who may have low health literacy. Methods: We compared the difficulty of words that are utilized in pharmaceutical product labels of interest (intervention) with those in the 6th grade textbook (control). Pharmaceutical products of interest were comprised of 13 OTCs which have been sold currently in convenience stores. We grouped words into the 4 levels of difficulty based on the Korean Vocabulary Classification for Education, and statistically tested words frequency in each level between OTCs and control. Results: The 13 OTC labels included lay language (easier or equal to language used in primary school) about 10% less; professional language about 10% more (p < 0.001 in all). Labels for analgesics had the longest and most difficult information, followed by common cold preparations, muscle pain relievers as plaster or cataplasma and digestives. Conclusion: The 13 OTC labels might fail to provide appropriate information for safety use by consumers in terms of the difficulty level of words. The improvement of labels of OTC medications and consumer education strategies are called for safety use of OTC medications sold in convenience stores.

Objective: This paper was aimed to investigate the current labelling trend of tar color additives in infant’s drugs used in Korea and other countries. Method: The current labelling system of the tar color additives in infant's drugs was investigated using inserted papers for drug information of infant’s drugs as well as three drug information internet sites popular in Korea including internet sites of foreign countries of USA, UK, Japan, and China for infant’s drug information. Results: Among 325 drugs registered as syrup form for infant’s drugs (sources, http://www.health.kr), 4 drugs indicated tar color related information on the internet and only 2 drugs indicated tar color additives’ name. And from the investigated results of 76 inserted papers for infant’s drug information, among 31 drugs containing tar dyes, in only 19 drugs the tar color additives’ names were notated. Among 6 drugs which do not contain tar dyes, only 1 drug was notated as ‘Dye-Free’. Conclusion: For advanced labelling system in Korea, we proposed the below guidelines. [1] The name of tar color additives used in infant’s drugs should be notated even in drug information on internet sites. [2] All drug ingredients used in infant’s drugs need to be separately notated as active and inactive species on both internet sites and inserted papers. [3] ‘Dye-Free’ notation should be mandatory for infant’s drugs which do not contain tar color additives in drug information on the internet sites as well as inserted papers.

오늘날 시장에서 기업 간 경쟁이 심화됨에 따라, 개별 기업은 다양한 제품 공급과 적극적인 촉진활동을 하고 있다. 이에 따라 제품과 관련된 정보의 양이 기하급수적으로 증가하였으며 소비자는 오히려 그들의 정보처리 용량의 한계로 합리적인 의사결정을 하는 데에 어려움을 겪고 있다. 즉 기업이 제공하는 폭 넓은 선택권이 소비자들에게 즐거움을 주는 대신 오히려 혼란을 야기하는 원인이 되고 있는 것이다. 이와 같은 현상은 친환경 제품의 구매를 유도하기 위해 도입된 환경라벨링에서도 예외는 아니다. 친환경 제품들의 대거 등장과 함께 무분별하게 사용되어지는 환경라벨링은 소비자 혼란의 또 다른 원인이 되고 있다. 따라서 환경라벨링에 대한 소비자 혼란에 대해 좀 더 체계적으로 검토하고 그에 따른 부정적 결과 변수와의 관계를 실증적으로 연구함으로써 해결 방안을 모색해야 할 필요성이 있다. 그럼에도 불구하고 아직까지 환경라벨링에 대한 소비자 혼란 연구는 이론적 연구에만 머물러 있는 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 환경라벨링의 무분별하고 과다한 사용으로 발생되는 소비자 혼란이 소비자의 부정적 감정에 어떠한 영향을 미치며, 부정적 감정을 매개로 부정적 구전, 불신 등의 소비자의 부정적 반응에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 실증적으로 연구하였다. 또한 소비자의 내적 귀인이 소비자 혼란과 부정적 감정 간의 관계에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지도 함께 살펴보았다. 연구 결과, 환경라벨링에 대한 소비자 혼란의 세 하위 차원은 모두 부정적 감정에 유의한 영향을 미쳤으며, 부정적 감정은 부정적 구전과 불신에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 환경라벨링에 대한 소비자 혼란과 부정적 감정 간의 관계에서 유사혼란일 경우에만 소비자 내적 귀인의 조절효과가 유의한 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 연구결과는 환경라벨링의 체계적 관리와 그린마케팅 전략을 위한 시사점을 제시한다.

Extensive choices and options of the products provided by the companies can cause serious confusions to the consumers rather than giving them the enjoyments of purchasing. The consumer confusions interrupt the rational purchase processes and lead to the purchase failures. Since the consumer confusions have direct impacts on the economic performances of the companies, the confusion issue has drawn much of the marketer’s attention and has been considered as a critical one. In recent years, as consumers have been particularly concerned about the purchase of environment-friendly products, the confusion issue with regard to eco-labelling began to emerge. Eco-labelling systems having too many ambiguous and similar eco-labels are blamed for creating confusions among the consumers and undermine the credibility of the eco-labelling systems. We proposed the hypotheses that three dimensions of confusions of eco-labelling have impacts on the negative emotion, and then the negative emotion, in turn, has impact on the negative word-of-mouth, distrust. And also, we proposed the hypotheses that consumer’s internal attribution has moderating effects on the relationship between consumer confusions and negative emotion. The results of the structural analyses indicated that three dimensions of confusions had impacts on the negative consequence variable(negative word-of-mouth, distrust) through mediation of negative emotion. Also, the less the consumer’s internal attribution, there seemed to be a positive relationship between similarity confusion and negative emotion. Thus, The purpose of the present study is to examine the consumer confusions of eco-labelling and to provides important implications for the green marketing strategies of companies.

이 연구는 범죄로 인한 국가의 형벌처분을 모두 이행하고 다시 사회로 복귀한 출소자들이 사회, 특히 직장생활에서 받게 되는 인식을 살펴보기 위함이다. 이를 위해 Giorgi의 현상학적 연구방법에 기초하였고, 출소자라는 특수한 신분을 고려하여 법무보호복지공단과 민간단체의 도움을 받아 최종 5명이 본 연구에 참여하였다. 자료수집은 연구 참여자들의 ‘생애’, ‘주제와 관련된 경험’, ‘그 해당 경험에 대한 의미’로 구성하였다. 연구의 결과를 요약하면, 첫째, 출소자들은 어색한 사회와 절박한 현실에서 취업으로 등 떠밀림을 경험하고 있었다. 둘째, 취업 중에 있으면서도 불구하고 여전히 자신의 불안한 삶으로 힘들어하고 있었으며, 전과자라는 사실이 밝혀지는 것에 대해서 극도의 불안감을 느끼고 있었고 다시 범죄를 저지르는 것에 대해서도 여전히 양가감정을 가지고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 무관심한 직장동료에 대해서 자신의 전과자 경력과 관련이 있다고 간주하고 과도하게 의식하고 경계하는 것으로 나타났다. 넷째, 취업후도 여전히 자신의 전과자 경력이 밝혀지는 것에 대해서 염려하는 것으로 나타났다. 다섯째, 연구 참여자들은 출소자라는 신분은 결코 유쾌한 신분은 아니며 국가유공자도 아닌데 출소자라고 정부에서 특별한 혜택을 받는 것에 대해서 불편하다고 하면서도 특히, 전자발찌(Electronic Tagging)에 대해서는 민감하게 반응하였다. 여섯째, 연구 참여자들 중 일부는 나중에 언제라도 다시 교정시설로 갈 수 있다는 생각에 자기 자신에 대해서 두려워하고 있었으며, 나쁜 행위의 주인공이 될 수 있다는 것을 항상 자신에게 주지시킨다고 하였다.

The present study is to explore perceptions and prejudices on released prisoners in work place which they finish some responsibility by crime sentence of court. The study bases on the phenomenological methodology. Korean Rehabilitation Agency and social service group support to find five research participants for this study. A data collection focuses on the ‘life’, ‘experience relating to prejudice’, and ‘meaning of the experience’. Present study highlights three key findings. First, released prisoner had been forced to find some jobs by the pressures of economic situation and awkward community. Second, even they have some jobs for joining good citizens in community, the fact that they were criminals made them to have an anxious state of mind. Sometimes, the feeling support that they are involved in illegal behaves such as crime. Third, released prisoners tend to be on strick watch indifferent colleagues. Because the indifferences of them are from the previous offending careers. Forth, the study highlights that released prisoners still hesitate that their histories share with others, even they are involved in full-time jobs. Fifth, a criminal status is not good social standing and a government does not need to provides some special supports for surviving in society. However, a government need to abolish an electronic tagging for successful living of released prisoners in community. Finally, some of released prisoners tend to consider that they are afraid of the idea which they can repeat an offense.

The purpose of our study is to design datasets for Artificial Intelligence learning for cold sea fish farming. Salmon is considered one of the most popular fish species among men and women of all ages, but most supplies depend on imports. Recently, salmon farming, which is rapidly emerging as a specialized industry in Gangwon-do, has attracted attention. Therefore, in order to successfully develop salmon farming, the need to systematically build data related to salmon and salmon farming and use it to develop aquaculture techniques is raised. Meanwhile, the catch of pollack continues to decrease. Efforts should be made to improve the major factors affecting pollack survival based on data, as well as increasing the discharge volume for resource recovery. To this end, it is necessary to systematically collect and analyze data related to pollack catch and ecology to prepare a sustainable resource management strategy. Image data was obtained using CCTV and underwater cameras to establish an intelligent aquaculture strategy for salmon and pollock, which are considered representative fish species in Gangwon-do. Using these data, we built learning data suitable for AI analysis and prediction. Such data construction can be used to develop models for predicting the growth of salmon and pollack, and to develop algorithms for AI services that can predict water temperature, one of the key variables that determine the survival rate of pollack. This in turn will enable intelligent aquaculture and resource management taking into account the ecological characteristics of fish species. These studies look forward to achievements on an important level for sustainable fisheries and fisheries resource management.

국제사회는 1995년 1월 1일 WTO가 출범하여 ‘통상자유화’가 원칙적으로 적용되면서 먹을거리의 안 전성확보(식품안전정책)에는 사실상 비상이 걸린 상황이다. 통상무역에서 소위 사전예방조치는 극 히 제한적으로만 사용할 수 있게 되었다. 이러한 통상자유화의 시기에 맞물려 공동시장체제를 갖춘 EU도 먹을거리의 안전성확보가 불안하였다. 1997년 영국에서의 광우병(BSE) 위기가 그 시발점이 되 었고, 역내 ‘상품의 자유이동’을 보장하고 있으나, ‘식품법’ 영역에서는 규제완화가 아니라 오히려 규 제를 더욱 강화하고 있는 실정이다. 그런데 광의로서의 식품첨가물은 식품 본래의 구성성분이 아닌 것으로서 기술적인 목적을 달성하기 위해 의도적으로 식품에 첨가되거나 혼입되는 물질로서 일반적 으로 식품의 ‘제조·유통․보존’에 있어서 ‘뚜렷한 사용목적’을 가지고 식품에 첨가되는 화학물질을 말 한다. 정상적인 식품첨가물은 식품의 ‘제조․유통․보존’ 등 과정에서 보통 ‘소량’으로 사용되는 것이 일 반적이며, ‘공중보건’에 유해한 물질이나 식품위생법에 위반되는 일체의 물질은 제외하고 있다. 본문에서 살펴본 바와 같이 공동시장체제를 갖춘 EU는 유럽 내에서의 식품안전성을 확보하기 위하 여 식품첨가물에 관한 E-number를 사용하는 등 “식품첨가물에 관한 통합규칙”을 제정하고, “승인된 식품첨가물 재평가프로그램규칙” 등의 법령을 마련하여 규제하고 있다. 특히 승인된 식품첨가물의 재평가를 위한 체계적인 일정을 통한 관리를 통해 역내에서의 먹을거리의 안전성 확보에 심혈을 기 울이고 있다. 이는 식품위기가 발생했을 경우에 이에 대한 사후적 해결책을 강구하는 방식에서 벗어 나 ‘사전에’ 보다 체계적으로 EU 역내 식품첨가물의 안전성을 관리한다는 데에 큰 의미가 있다. 우리 나라도 식품첨가물을 엄격하게 관리하고, 식품첨가물의 안전성에 대한 인식을 제고하며, 새로운 과 학적 또는 기술적 발전이 반영된 재평가프로그램을 마련하여 자체적인 먹을거리의 안전성 확보(식 품안전정책)에 힘을 기울여야 할 것이다. 식품첨가물을 위시한 식품사고가 발생할 때마다 거론되는 ‘ 사전조치’의 필요성을 재고하여 식품첨가물에 대하여 보다 체계적으로 엄격하게 관리해야 할 것이다 .

Food additives are substances added intentionally to foodstuffs to perform certain technological functions, for example to colour, to sweeten or to help preserve foods. In the European Union (EU) all food additives are identified by an E number. Food additives are always included in the ingredient lists of foods in which they are used. Product labels must identify both the function of the additive in the finished food(e.g. colour, preservative) and the specific substance used either by referring to the appropriate E number or its name. The most common additives to appear on food labels are antioxidants(to prevent deterioration caused by oxidation), colours, emulsifiers, stabilisers, gelling agents and thickeners, preservatives and sweeteners. Under EU legislation, food additives must be authorised before they can be used in foods. Authorisation by risk managers follows a thorough safety assessment carried out by the European Food Safety Authority(EFSA). The EFSA has three main activities in relation to food additives: Evaluating the safety of new food additives or proposed new uses of existing food additives before they can be authorised for use in the EU, Re-evaluating all food additives already permitted for use in the EU before 20 January 2009 and Responding to ad-hoc requests from the European Commission to review certain food additives in the light of new scientific information and/or changing conditions of use. Once authorised, these substances are compiled on an EU list of permitted food additives, which also specifies their conditions of use. They must also comply with approved purity criteria laid down in Regulation 231/2012/EU. In December 2008, existing legislation was consolidated into four simplified regulations covering all so-called food improvement agents(i.e. food additives, food enzymes and flavourings). Regulation 1331/2008/EC introduced a common authorisation procedure for these agents. Regulation 1333/2008/EC on food additives established a Union list of authorised food additives, which was published in full in Regulation 1129/2011/EU. The Korea Republic must also strengthen regulations on food additives, as the EU has done, specially in relation to the reassessment of authorised food additives to prevent food crisis in advance.

EU에서 GMO 관리체제에 대한 논의가 더욱 부각된 이유는 미국과의 GM상품교 역과 관련된 국제통 상법상의 통상 분쟁에서 비롯되었다. 특히 ‘사전예방의 원칙’의 적용과 관련된 양 당사자 간의 상충 된 입장으로 인해 양 당사자 간의 무역 분쟁이 끊임없이 발생하고 있는 사이에 바로 GMO의 위해성 여부와 관련된 WTO 통상 분 쟁인 GMO 사건이 발생하였던 것이다. 결국 이 문제는 환경 및 건강의 보호와 경 제통상의 이익 추구의 관점에서 쟁론이 되었다. 미국은 WTO SPS협정에 기초하여 원칙적 으로 ‘위해성’이 ‘과학적’으로 증명된 경우 금수조치가 가능하고, 매우 예외적 인 경우에 한하여 ‘과학 적 증거’가 불충분할 경우 잠정적으로 ‘사전예방의 원칙’이 적용됨에 비하여, EU는 지침 2001/18/EC (2008/27/EC에 의해 개정됨) 상의 GMO 승인절차에 있어서 ‘안전성’이 먼저 확보되어야 유통이 가능 하다고 하여 그 반대의 태도를 취하였고, 이는 2003년 9월 11일 발효된 ‘바이오안전성에 관한 카르타 헤나 의정서’의 태도와도 맥을 같이 한다. EU는 미국과 함께 자유무역을 표방하는 WTO 의 창설에 적극적이었던 데 비하여, GM식품에 대하여는 신종식품에서도 별도로 구 별하여 매우 신중히·특별히 취급하고 있으며 상품의 자유이동에 있어서도 규제완화 가 아니라 규제강화의 정책태도를 취하고 있다. EU는 GMO법제가 WTO SPS협정 과 충돌할 가능성이 충분함에도 불구하고 계속해서 GMO와 관련하여 ‘GM식품 및 GM사료’에 관한 규칙 1892/2003/EC, ‘GMO의 이력추적 및 라벨링’에 관한 규칙 1830/2003/EC 등을 통해 규제를 강화하는 방향으로 정책을 모색하고 있다. GMO에 대해 국제사회 에서 가장 엄격하게 규율하고 있는 EU규범을 통해 국제통상에서 식품안전 및 환경보호의 필요성을 제고하고, FTA 등 통상정책에서의 GM상품교역 상의 본질적인 측면을 재고하는 것은 의미 있는 일이 다. 그런데 현재로서는 국제통 상자유화의 보장과 인간건강과 환경보호라는 양자 간의 조화를 꾀하 는 방법이 최 선의 대안으로 비춰지고 있다. 우리나라도 GM상품과 관련된 통상 분쟁을 예방·해 결하 기 위해서는 WTO규범과 FTA 규범 내에서 이 문제를 다루어야 한다. 따라서 WTO 통상자유화 속에 서 우리나라 국민들의 건강보호와 환경보호를 위해 EU에서 진행되는 일련의 GMO 관련 논의 및 입 법행위 등은 우리나라에게도 시사하는 바가 상당하다. 우리나라는 세계 경제대국 중에 하나이고, 2011년 7월 1일 한·EU FTA’ 의 발효에 이어 2012년 3월 15일 ‘한·미 FTA’도 발효되었다. 특히 이들 양 자는 GM식품을 포함하여 식품안전분야에 있어서 상충되는 입장을 보여 왔기 때문에, 통 상자유화에 대한 EU의 보건정책과 환경보호 분야에서의 정책들은 한·미 FTA시대 에 있어서 우리나라의 보건문 제와 환경문제를 다루는 데 있어서도 의미하는 바가 크다. GM식품에 대해 상반된 입장을 전개해 왔 던 EU와 미국인 점을 고려할 때, 이는 GM식품과 관련된 우리나라의 경제성장과 이에 따르는 부작용 에 대한 대응책 을 마련하는 데 좋은 참고가 될 수 있다. 그런데 EU의 GMO법제, 특히 GMO 위해성평가제도는 GMO에 내포된 여러 위험 성을 ‘사전에 예방’ 하기 위해 채택된 것이다. EU의 GMO 위해성평가제도의 가장 중요한 특징은 GMO의 평가절차나 기 준을 GMO의 ‘용도에 따라’ 달리 하고 있다는 점이다. 즉 유전자변형미생물(GMM)의 밀폐사용, GMO 의 의도적 환경방출, GM식 품 및 GM사료의 판매, GMO의 국경 간 이동 등에 따라 달리하고 있다. 이 러한 ‘용 도별’ 평가 기준이나 절차의 차이는 국제규범에 특별히 위반되는 것도 아니기 때문 에 허용 되는 방식이라고 할 수 있다. 그런데 EU가 GMO의 ‘용도에 따라’ 위해성평 가 기준을 달리하는 것은 우리나라의 상응하는 제도와는 상당한 차이를 보여주고 있다. 우리나라는 GMO를 ‘산업 용도별’로 구분하고, 그 위해성평가 기준이나 절차 를 개별적으로 달리하고 있다. 즉 GMO를 시험ᆞ연구용 GMO, 농림축산부는 농업 용ᆞ임업용 또는 축산용 GMO, 산업용 GMO, 보건의료용 GMO, 환경정화 용 GMO, 해양용 또는 수산용 GMO 등으로 분류하고 있는 것과는 차이가 크다고 할 수 있 다. 그러나 세계 많은 국가들의 위해성 평가제도나 승인절차는 소위 ‘바이오안전성 에 관한 카르타헤나 의정서’ 라는 토대에서 마련된 것이므로 상당부분 일치할 수밖 에 없다. 하지만 우리나라와 미국 사이에서 후 대교배종의 위해성 여부나 비의도적 혼입율 등에 관해 이견이 나타나는 것처럼 모든 구체적인 부분 에 있어서는 갈등을 완전히 피할 수 없는 것이 현실이다. 결론적으로 우리나라도 GMO 관련국들의 직접적인 교역대상국이자 ‘바이오안전 성에 관한 카르타헤 나 의정서’의 가입국으로서 ‘GMO와 같은 신기술의 도입’과 ‘국 민보건.환경보호’를 ‘조화’시켜야할 국가적 의무가 있고, 결국 이러한 연구는 학계· 실무에 대하여는 국제통상에서 GMO 관련 ‘식품안전’ 과 ‘환경보호’를 중시하는 방 향으로, 교육에 있어서는 GMO에 대한 식품안전과 환경보호에 관한 학 습효과로, 그 리고 실생활에서는 소비자보건의 확보로 이어질 것이다.

The term genetically modified organism(GMO) means an organism in which the genetic material has been altered in a way that does not occur naturally through fertilization and/or natural recombination. GMOs may be plants, animals or micro-organisms, such as bacteria, parasites and fungi. Genetically modified(GM) foods can only be authorized in the European Union if they have passed a rigorous safety assessment. The procedures for evaluation and authorization of GM foods are laid down in Regulation 1829/2003/EC on GM food and feed, which came into force in April 2004, and in Directive 2001/18/EC(amended by Directive 2008/27/EC) on the release of GMOs into the environment, which came into force in March 2001. EU regulation of GMOs aims to ensure strong protection of human life, health and welfare, to protect the environment, to defend consumer interests, and to ensure that the EU's internal market works effectively. In other words, the main objectives of Regulations 1829/2003 and 1830/2003 are to protect human and animal health through stringent safety assessment of GM food and feed before it can be sold, to ensure common procedures for risk assessment and authorization are efficient, transparent and do not take too long, and to ensure clear labelling that responds to the concerns of consumers (including farmers buying feed) and enables them to make informed choices. And Directive 2001/18 lays down the procedure for authorizing deliberate release and marketing of GMOs, the common methodology for assessing environment risks throughout the EU, the common EU-wide objectives for monitoring GMOs, and the mechanism for modifying, suspending or ending authorization when new information on risks becomes available. In certain circumstances, EU countries can ban GMOs that are authorized at EU level. Some have already invoked the so-called ‘safeguard clause’(under Art. 23 Directive 2001/18/EC) where they temporarily restrict or prohibit the use and/or sale of the GM product on their territory. They need to justify this decision i.e. that the GMO in question is a risk to people’s health or the environment. Currently, 6 countries apply the safeguard clause on GMO events: Austria, France, Greece, Hungary, Germany, and Luxembourg. And Regulation EC 1946/2003 regulates trans-boundary movements of GMOs and transposes the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety into EU law. The protocol sets common rules for the trans- boundary movement of GMOs to ensure the protection of biodiversity and human health globally. The Regulation obliges EU countries to take legal, administrative and other measures to implement their commitments under the Protocol. It establishes the procedures for the trans- boundary movement of GMOs including: notification to importing parties, information to the Biosafety Clearing House, and requirements on identification and accompanying documentation. These days, the EFSA maintains close working contacts with a range of international partners active in relevant fields. The EFSA has built dialogue and co-operation with food agencies in different parts of the world and with international organizations. After all the WTO and the Codex are likely to play an increasingly important role in the control of the food industry concerning GMO. And in this situation, all members of the WTO should be able to base their own food safety law on the precautionary principle that ensures that questions of public health and environmental protection are taken into account along with scientific opinion when the WTO members are preparing for their future legislation of food safety and environmental protection, concerning Biotechnology, specially in the fields of GMO.

2012년 6월 29일, 세계무역기구(World Trade Organization) 상소기구는 United States - Certain Country of Origin Labelling (COOL) Requirements (이하 ‘US - COOL’) 사건에 대한 최종 보고서를 회람하였다. US - COOL 사건에 서 패널과 상소기구의 검토 대상이 된 조치는 절단된 형태의 우육 및 돈육에 대한 미국의 원산지 라벨링 요건으로, 제소당사국인 캐나다와 멕시코는 미국의 조치가 기 술규정으로서 무역에 대한 기술장벽에 관한 협정(Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade: 이하 ‘ TBT 협정’) 제2.1조 및 제2.2조와 합치하지 않는다고 주장하였다. 이에 패널은 미국의 원산지 라벨링 조치가 TBT 협정 제2.1조 및 제 2.2조를 위반하였다고 판단하였는데, 상소기구는 패널과는 다른 이 유에서 미국의 조치가 TBT 협정 제2.1조를 위반하였다고 판단하고 제2.2조는 위반하지 않았다고 하 여 패널의 결정을 일부 지지하고 일부 번복하였다. US - COOL 사건은 TBT 협정 제2.1조 및 제2.2조에 대한 심도 있는 분석이 이루어진 최근의 다른 두 사건과 함께 이 조항들의 해석에 중요한 지침을 제시하는 것으로 평가된다. TBT 협정 제2.1조는 기 술규정의 준비, 채택 및 적용에 있어 서의 내국민대우원칙을 명시하고 있으며, 제2.2조는 기술규정이 정당한 목적 수행에 필요한 이상으로 무역 제한적이지 않아야 한다고 규정한다. 본고는 US - COOL 사건에서의 패널 및 상소기구의 결정을 검토하여 TBT 협정 제2.1조와 제2.2조가 어떻게 해석되었는 지 살펴보는 것을 목적으로 하였다. 이를 위해 먼저 문제가 된 미국의 조치가 무엇인지를 검토하고, 다음으로 각 조항에 대한 패널과 상소기구의 판단을 확인하였다.

On June 29, 2012, the Appellate Body of the World Trade Organization circulated its report in United States - Certain Country of Origin Labelling (COOL) Requirements (US - COOL), upholding, in part, an earlier panel finding that the United States' country of origin labelling requirements for beef and pork muscle cuts are inconsistent with the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT Agreement). US - COOL, along with the other two recent cases dealing with the TBT Agreement, provides important guidance as to how to interpret Articles 2.1 and 2.2 of the TBT Agreement. The aim of this paper is to provide a summary of the findings that have been made by the panel and the Appellate Body in US - COOL, thereby presenting how the national treatment obligation under Article 2.1 and the requirement not to be more trade-restrictive than necessary under Article 2.2 are interpreted. To this end, Part II of the paper outlines the content of the United States' measure at issue. Part III provides an overview of the findings by the panel and the Appellate Body with regard to whether the measure is inconsistent with Articles 2.1 and 2.2 of the TBT Agreement. Part IV concludes with a brief reflection on what the case at hand might imply.

Eco-labelling programs contributed to the promotion of international trade of environmentally friendly products. However, it has potential trade implications. From the WTO's point of view, environmental measures relevant to eco-labelling should not discriminate between home produced goods and imported goods. Transparency should be guaranteed in preparation, adoption and application of eco-labelling. Developed countries address that eco-labelling of non-product PPM criteria is included in the provisions of TBT of WTO. However, there are more general afraids that non-product PPM-based eco-labelling can be unfairly discriminately trade measures without transparency Thus, transparency of procedures of eco-labelling, harmonization and mutual recognition of eco-labelling criteria, and technical assistance should be recommended in order to reduce trade-discriminating effects of eco-labelling.

Rose $Bengal-^{131}$ /I, $Hippuran-^{131}$ /I, $H.S.A-^{131}$ /I 등을 효과적으로 합성하기 위해 표지 반응액의 pH, 염의함량, 반응액중의 완충용액의 부피 및 합성장치등에 따르는 표지 반응수율을 검토하였다. Rose $Bengal-^131{ }$I 및 $Hippuran-^{131}$ /I 의 반응수율은 PH 5.6에서, $H.S.A-^{131}$ /I 반응수율은 pH 8.5에서 각각 가장 좋았다. 반응액중에 함유된 염은 $Hippuran-^{131}$ /I의 생성반응을 크게 저해 시켰으며 H.S.A.의 표지수율은 어느 범위안에서 오히려 약간 향상시켰다. Rose $Bengal-^{131}$ /I 나 $Hippuran-^{131}$ /I 를 소규모 합성할 경우는 밀폐된 용기가 효과적이었다. 이상의 결과에 따라 더 높은 표지수율과 좋은 재현성을 얻을 수 있는 반응조건을 확립하였으며 이에 따라 환원제가 함유된 국산 $Na^{131}$ /I를 사용하더라도 Rose $Bengal-^{131}$ /I과 $Hippurn=^{131}$ /I의 표지수율을 높일 수 있었다.

For efficient micro scale syntheses of Rose $Bengal-^{131}I$, $Hippuran-^{131}I$, and $H.S.A.-^{131}I$, the dependence of labelling yields on pH, on salt contents, and on the volume of buffer solution in the reaction mixtures as well as the reaction apparatus were studied. pH of 5.6 was optimum for preparation of both Rose $Bengal-_{131}I$ and Hippuran $-^{13}I$ but pH of 8.5 was optimum for preparation of $H.S.A.-^{131}I$. Salt in the reaction mixtures hindered drastically the formation of $Hippuran-^{131}I$ but it slightly increased the labelling yield of H.S.A.. The compactly closed reaction vessels were effective for preparations of both Rose $Bengal-^{131}I$and $Hippuran-^{131}I$ in small volume. Thereupon, the labelling procedures were modified to bring about higher labelling yields and better reproducibilities. By these newly established procedures, the labelling yields of Rose $Bengal-^{131}I$ and $Hippuran-^{131}I$ could be increased even with the home-produced sodium $iodide-^{131}I$ solution containing reducing agent.