Earticle

최근 마음챙김 명상은 표준화된 프로그램으로 개발되어 여러 임상 영역에서 활용되고 있으며, 다수의 실증연구를 통해 효과성 및 기제가 입증되고 있다. 하지만 마음챙김 명상에 대한 실증연구들은 주로 스트레스 감소 및 정서 조절과 같이 단기적인 심신 치유 효과에 중점을 두고 있다. 마음챙김 명상의 본래 목적인 통찰과 지혜에 대한 연구는 상대적으로 부족한 상황이다. 본 연구의 목표는 첫째, 심리학 관점에서 마음챙김 명상과 통찰, 지혜의 관계에 대한 가설적 모형을 제시하는 것이다. 둘째는 선행연구를 토대로 가설적 모형에 대한 실증적인 근거를 제시하는 것이다. 마음챙김 명상은 내적경험에 대한 탈중심화로서 기존의 자아중심성과 다른 새로운 관점을 채택한다는 점에서 통찰의 연속이다. 이러한 마음챙김 명상은 경험에 대한 비판단적 알아차림을 통해 객관적인 성찰을 유도한다. 지혜는 객관적인 성찰의 결과물로서 삶의 본질을 이해하고 그것에 효과적으로 적응 및 대처하는 성숙한 모습이다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 가설적 모형을 뒷받침하는 실증연구를 소개하였다. 본 연구가 마음챙김 명상과 통찰, 지혜에 대한 후속연구를 이끄는 시발점이 되기를 기대한다.

Recently, mindfulness meditation has been developed as a standardized program and is being used in various clinical areas. Numerous empirical studies have examined the effectiveness and mechanism of mindfulness meditation. However, empirical studies on mindfulness meditation mainly focus on short-term therapeutic effects such as stress reduction and emotion regulation. Research on mindfulness meditation for insight and wisdom is relatively scarce. The purpose of this study is, first, to propose a hypothetical model for the relationship between mindfulness meditation, insight, and wisdom from a psychological point of view. The second purpose is to present empirical evidence for the hypothetical model based on previous studies. Mindfulness meditation is a series of insights in that it adopts a new perspective different from the existing egoism as a decentering of inner experience. This mindfulness meditation induces objective introspection through non-judgmental awareness of experiences. Wisdom, as a result of objective introspection, is a mature personality that understands the essence of life and adapts and copes with it effectively. In this study, empirical studies supporting this hypothetical model were introduced. It is hoped that this study will promote follow-up research on mindfulness meditation, insight, and wisdom.

본 연구에서는 입원환자의 병식 증진에 효과가 있다고 보고된 자기관찰 비디오 개입법이 지역사회에 거주하는 만성 정신분열병 환자들의 임상적 병식 및 인지적 병식의 증진에 동일한 효과가 나타나는지와, 자기관찰과 심리교육이 병식의 변화와 우울감, 정신병리 수준의 변화에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지를 탐색하고자 하였다. 서울과 경기 지역 소재의 정신보건센터와 사회복귀시설을 이용하는 만성 정신분열병 회원 43명을 대상으로 각각 자기관찰 비디오 개입과 심리교육, 유사비디오를 제공하였으며, 인지적병식척도(BCIS) 및 임상적병식척도(ITAQ, SUMD), Beck 우울척도와 간이정신진단검사확장판(BPRS-E)으로 사전-사후 평가를 실시하였다. 본 연구의 주요 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 자기관찰 비디오와 심리교육이 병식에 미치는 영향을 검증한 결과, 세 집단 모두 사후 검사에서 병식의 유의미한 변화가 발견되지 않았다. 둘째, 사전-사후 검사 점수의 차이를 탐색한 결과, 세 집단 모두 병식의 변화는 나타나지 않았으나 정신병리 수준에서 일부 변화가 관찰되었다. 셋째, 병식의 변화와 우울감과의 관계를 확인하고자 하였으나, 병식의 변화가 나타나지 않았으며 우울감의 변화도 유의미하지 않은 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 본 연구의 의의와 제한점, 추후 연구에 대해 논의하였다.

The purpose of this study is to verify that the self-observation video, which is reported as having effect on improving self-awareness on patient’s symptoms, has the effect on improving self-awareness on schizophrenia outpatients’ symptoms on chronic and cognitive point of view and to investigate the effect of the self-observation and psychological education on the change of self-awareness on outpatients’ symptoms, on depression, and on the change of psychopathological level. 43 outpatients meeting the DSM-IV criteria for chronic schizophrenia inhabiting community mental health care center voluntarily participated in this study. Insight and psychopathological symptoms in the subjects were evaluated using BCIS, ITAQ, SUMD, BDI, BPRS-E. The main result of this study is as follows. First, after verification of the effects of self-observation video and psychoeducation on the self-awareness on outpatients’ symptoms, there was no meaningful change of awareness for all three groups. Therefore, we could verify that self-observation and psychoeducation do not have an effect on the outpatients’ self-awareness, unlike the inpatients. Second, even though there was no change of self-awareness, we could observe a change on the psychopathological level. Third, we tried to verify the relationship between the self-awareness and depression, but there was no meaningful change of depression either. The implications, limitations of these findings and suggestions for further research were discussed.

본 연구는 조현병 스펙트럼환자의 병식, 가족지지, 자기효능감, 스트레스가 삶의 질에 미치는 영향요인을 파악하기 위해 시도되었다. 본 연구는 K, S, N 지역의 조현병 스펙트럼 정신장애인 107명을 대상으로 한 서술적 조사연구이다. 수집된 자료를 SPSS 29.0 이용하여 기술통계, ANOVA, t-test, Pearson's correlation coefficient 및 Multiple regression analysis를 사용하였다. 자료수집은 2026년 4월 30일부터 2026년 5월 30일까지 하였다. 본 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 일반적 특성에 따른 삶의 질 차이는 흡연(t=-2.464, p=.015)이 유의하게 나타났고, 삶의 질에 영향을 미치는 요인은 가족지지(β=0.422 p=.000), 병식(β=.272, p=.001), 스트레스(β=-.136 p=.098), 자기효능감((β=.096 p=.000) 순으로 확인되었다. 연구결과는 대상자의 삶의 질 향상을 위해 가족지지체계 강화와 병식증진을 위한 재활프로그램의 개발 및 적용이 필요함을 시사한다. 이러한 중재는 대상자의 사회복귀와 지역사회 적응을 촉진하는 데 기여할 것으로 기대된다.

This study was conducted to identify the factors influencing the quality of life of patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorder, including insight, family support, self-efficacy, and stress. This is a descriptive survey study involving 107 individuals with schizophrenia spectrum disorder from the K, S, and N regions. Descriptive statistics, ANOVA, t-tests, Pearson's correlation coefficients, and multiple regression analysis were performed on the collected data using SPSS 29.0. Data collection took place from April 30, 2026, to May 30, 2026. The results of this study are as follows. Regarding differences in quality of life according to general characteristics, smoking (t=-2.465, p=.015) was found to be significant. The factors influencing quality of life were identified in the following order: family support (β=0.422, p=.000), insight into illness (β=.272, p=.001), stress (β=-.136, p=.098), and self-efficacy (β=.096, p=.000). To improve the quality of life of the subjects, it is particularly necessary to develop and apply rehabilitation programs aimed at strengthening the family support system and enhancing insight into illness. It is believed that this will facilitate the subjects' social reintegration and adaptation to the community.

The Freedom Writers Diary is composed of diary entries by the students and Gruwell. This article aims to examine the therapeutic dimensions of the work. Gruwell encouraged students to read literature and write reflective journals by drawing parallels between the novels and their lives. In order to trace the students’ transformation and investigate the therapeutic impact of bibliotherapy, this study refers to the findings and journal techniques of Kathleen Adams and James Pennebaker. It also introduces the principles and goals of bibliotherapy, along with the concept of “mirror books.” The students, who once struggled to imagine a safe graduation, overcame their hardships, modeled themselves after characters in literature, and achieved their aspirations. They experienced the core processes of bibliotherapy— identification, projection, catharsis, and insight—which enabled them to gain clarity and purpose in their lives. This work illustrates the powerful potential of bibliotherapy, through developmental reading and expressive journal writing, by documenting the healing journey of students whose traumatic and lived experiences echo those found in many American novels. Moreover, Gruwell’s teaching methods, which incorporate a multicultural curriculum, offer an effective model for similarly challenging educational environments.

There are new jobs being born and jobs that are disappearing in our world due to changes of social conditions, the 4thindustrial revolution, digital transformation, artificial intelligence, and advancements in information communication technologies. In the future, we might see robots take over the jobs that human had been performing. Recently, new jobs have appeared, based on individuals’ creative abilities or knowledge. Regarding this phenomenon, first, this study attempts to analyze the concepts, terminologies, and cases related to job creation by examining literature reviews and previous studies. Second, this article proposes insightful conclusions by summarizing the characteristics of job creation in the age of digital transformation.

본 연구는 조현병환자의 삶의 질에 영향을 미치는 요인을 파악하기 위해 시도 되었다. 본 연구는 C시 지역에 거주하 는 조현병환자 125명을 대상으로 한 서술적 조사연구이며 자료는 SPSS 21.0 을 이용하여 t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficients 산출 및 다중희귀분석을 실시하였다. 자료수집은 2016년 6월 1일부터 2016년 7월 31일 까지 였다. 본 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 조현병 환자의 일반적 특성에 따른 삶의 질 차이는 종교와 지지하는 팀의 종류에 따라 유의한 차이(p<.05)가 나타났다. 삶의 질은 자아존중감(r=.270), p<.0001), 가족지지(r=.348, p<.0001)와 유의한 양적 상관관계를 나타 내었다. 자아존중감, 병식, 가족지지는 삶의 질을 49.5% 설명하였으며, 이중 가족지지와 자아존중감이 삶의 질에 의미 있는 영향을 주었다. 조현병 환자의 삶의 질 증진을 위해 가족지지와 자아존중감 강화를 위한 프로그램 개발이 요구된다.

The study was done to compare quality of life by family therapy, self-esteem f teem insight factors which explain quality of life in individuals with schizophrenic patients. A questionnaire survey was conducted with 125 schizophrenia people in C region. The data were analyzed by SPSSWIN 21.0, t-test, ANOVA and Pearson correlation coefficient calculation and multiple regression analysis. The results were as follows. Impact quality of life of clients showed significant difference by religion, support team(p<.05). Quality of life were positively correleated with self-esteem and family support. Multiple regression analysis showed that 49.5% of the self esteem, insight, family support showed the quality of life. Development of programs for strengthening family support and self esteem is required for proper quality of life.

인간의 창조는 주어진 상황에서 출발한다. 무관해 보이는 것들 사이에 새로운 관계를 형성하는 것이다. 미술의 제작과정은 이미지로 떠오른 영감을 구체화하는 창의성을 요하는 작업이다. 폐품을 활용한 조형물의 제작은 주어진 사물을 탈범주화하여 인지하기 쉽다는 장점이 있고 분해된 조형요소들을 새로운 형상에 따라 통합적으로 바라보는 전체적인 시각을 필요로 한다는 점에서 또한 창의적이라고 할 것이다. 학생들은 항상 무엇인가 찾으려고 하는 호기심, 사물을 관찰하는 눈, 재료 사용 방법의 수준, 재료의 선택과정 등에 의해서 폭넓은 시각을 갖게 되며 창의성과 창조성은 달라진다. 본 연구는 무의미해 보이는 폐품에 대한 인식전환을 통하여 환경의식, 생명에 대한 존중을 함의하는 조형물을 생산해 내는 포괄적인 창의성교육을 시사한다.

Creation by human starts from ascribed situation. That means creating new relationships among seemingly unrelated things. The art production process requires creativity which materializes the inspiration emerging as an image. The production of sculpture utilizing waste is creative in regard of its advantage of being easy to recognize since it de-categorizes ascribed things and needs an overall view of considering decomposed sculpture elements syntagmatically according to the new image. Students have different point of view and develop creativity and originality in their curiosity of seeking something new, observing things of their vision, the standard of using material and in the process of selecting the materials, etc. This research suggests an extensive creativity education of producing sculpture, which implies the environmental consciousness and life respect, by means of change their recognition about seemingly meaningless waste.

미술치료는 그림을 매개로 심상의 투사를 통한 비언어적 소통과 억압된 심리를 저항 없이 표출하는 효과가 있다. 미술 활동에서 드러나는 이미지를 통해 대상자와 치료자 사이에 친밀관계를 맺어 통찰과 승화로 자아성장을 이루는 것이 미술치료의 본질이다. 미술치료의 이론적 바탕을 마련하기 위해 정신분석학, 개인심리학, 분석심리학 등 이론적 바탕이 되는 심층심리학을 고찰하였다. 미술치료사는 치료과정에서 인간중심의 격려를 통해 심리적 갈등과 상처를 겪는 대상자에게 치료동맹 관계를 맺게 되고 이는 바로 미술치료의 핵심이라고 할 수 있다. 현대미술의 무의식적 표현 또는 과정과 행위의 유희성 그리고 오브제 활용과 수작업 등의 개념과 방식은 자발적 심상표현, 개성화와 자기표현, 유희성과 창조본능, 자존감 획득 등의 미술치료 특성과 부합되어 치료효과가 뛰어난 방법이다. 이 연구는 물질의 변화과정과 다양한 미술 재료의 이해와 함께 수작업의 기능 및 오감의 체험이 가미되고 H.T.P 진단에 이르기까지 통합적 미술치료활동 방안을 제시하였다.

Art therapy is a method of expression used as a therapeutic technique which projects patients' imagery to the outside of human inner mind through visual exchanges of patients and therapist interaction. Psychoanalytic method, a personal psychotherapy and analytic psychology is examined in the theoretical levels for approaching to this art therapy. Art therapy in practice includes some tools of mind such as: unconsciousness expressions and their procedures, hedonism, objets practices, handplaying etc. bringing from a vast number of modern art. These lead patients to recover himself gradually such as; voluntary imagination, personalization, self expression, hedonist and creative recovery, self confidence etc. This introductive study provided some explication on evaluative and psychotherapy handplaying skills, materials and interventions appropriate to the clients' needs in the art, comprising the H.T.P. which could be used to assess brain damage and general mental functioning. By virtue of being a projective test, the results of the HTP are subjective and open to interpretation by the administrator of the exam. They would use the creative process to help clients increase insight, cope with stress, work through traumatic experiences, increase cognitive, memory and neurosensory abilities, improve interpersonal relationships and achieve greater self-fulfillment.

본 연구의 목적은 요양시설에서 거주하는 정신장애인의 삶의 만족에 영향을 미치는 요인을 파악하고자 함 이다. 자료수집은 2014년 7월 1일 부터 28일까지였고, 연구대상은 시설에 거주하는 정신장애인 215명이었으며 연구 도구는 우울, 자아존중감, 사회적 지지, 병식, 삶의 만족이었다. 자료분석은 SPSS/WIN 18.0 프로그램을 이용하여 기 술통계, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation 상관분석, 위계적 다중회귀분석을 실시하였다. 연구결과로 삶의 만족에 영향을 미치는 요인은 사회적 지지 (β=.518, p=.000), 외출 (β=.155, p=.001), 자아존중감 (β=.155, p=.013), 우울 (β=-.147, p=.015), 성별 (β=-.125, p=.011) 순이었다. 결론적으로, 사회적 지지와 자아존중감을 높이고 우울수준을 낮출 수 있는 프로그램을 개발하는 것이 필요할 것이다.

The purpose of this study was to identify the factors affecting the life satisfaction of the mentally ill people in mental care facilities. The data were collected by a self-reported questionnaire form 215 mentally ill people in mental care facilities from July 1 to 28, 2014. The instruments for this study were depression, self-esteem, social support, insight and life satisfaction. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficients, and hierarchial multiple linear regression with the SPSS/WIN 18.0 program. According to results, the significant factors influencing life satisfaction were social support (β =.518, p=.000), go out (β=.155, p=.001), self-esteem (β=.155, p=.013), depression (β=-.147, p=.015), gender (β=-.125, p=.011). The study reveals that it is necessary to develop a program that increases social support and self-esteem and decreases depression.

The purpose of this study was to identify the factors affecting the spiritual well-being of mentally disabled residents of institutions. The data were collected from July 1 to 25 in 2014. Data were collected by questionnaire from 145 mentally disabled residents of institutions. The instruments for this study were social support, self-esteem, depression, insight, spiritual well-being. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficients, and multiple linear regression with the SPSS/WIN 18.0 program. According to results, the degree of social support, self-esteem, insight and spiritual well-being was higher than and depression was lower. The significant factors influencing spiritual well-being were depression (β=-.32, p<.001), insight (β=.21, p=.003), social support (β=.21, p=.006) and self-esteem (β=.18, p=.047). The study reveals that it is necessary to develop a program that decreases depression and increases insight, social support and self-esteem.

본 연구는 지역사회 만성정신질환자를 대상으로 건강위험행위와 스트레스생활사건, 정신증상, 병식, 우울간의 관계 및 건강위험행위에 영향을 미치는 요인을 파악하여 효율적인 만성정신질환자의 건강증진프로그램 개발을 위한 기초자료를 마련하고자 시도되었다. 연구의 대상은 D시와 C도에 위치한 정신보건센터와 사회복귀시설을 이용하고 있는 성인 만성정신질환자 255명이며 자료수집기간은 2011년 8월 1일에서 9월 20일까지였다. 수집된 자료는 실수, 백분율, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson 상관계수, 다중회귀분석을 이용하여 분석하였다. 연구결과 성별, 진단명, 스트레스 생활사건, 병식, 우울이 통계적으로 유의한 영향요인으로 나타났으며, 이들 전체 요인들은 만성정신질환자의 건강위험행위를 24% 설명하였다. 따라서 지역사회 만성정신질환자의 성별과 진단을 반영하여 병식교육과 스트레스 및 우울관리를 통해 건강위험행위를 효율적으로 관리할 수 있는 건강증진프로그램이 개발되어야 할 것이다.

The study was done to identify factors influencing the health risk behavior of the chronic mental illness in the community. A cross-sectional study design was used in this study. The sample was 255 chronic mentally ill persons from D city and C province and who agreed to participate in the study. Data were collected on August-september, 2011 and analyzed using the SPSS/WIN 20. Stress event, insight and depression had significant correlations with health risk behavior. Hierarchial regression analysis showed gender (men), diagnosis (schizophrenia), stress event, insight and depression together explained 24% of variance in health risk behavior. Findings of this study allow a comprehensive understanding of health risk behavior of the chronic mentally ill persons in community. It is necessary to integrated health promotion programs designed for this population should focus on these factors for effective behavioral modification.

예술심리치료에서 승화는 언어중심의 심리치료와 예술심리치료를 차별화하는 예술심리치료의 핵심 치료기전이다. 예술심리치료에서 승화는 두 개의 층위에서 진행된다. 첫째로는 예술행위가 욕망을 충족시키기 위한 표현행위로서의 가치를 지니는 차원이며 두 번째로는 예술적 표현을 통해 성찰의 깊이와 폭이 확대되는 차원이다. 현실에 대한 불만의 표출, 즉 카타르시스를 통한 심리적 변화의 동인이 되는 소망 충족적 예술창조는 표현 자체로서 치료적 효과를 지닌다. 예술을 통한 소망충족은 자아를 억압으로부터 자유롭게 하여 카타르시스적 치료효과와 함께 현실이 가져다준 절망으로부터 심리적 보상을 제공한다. 이렇게 예술표현은 심리적 변화의 동인이 되면서 치료적 의미를 갖는 것이다. 예술심리치료에서 예술창조는 내적자아와 외적자아의 자연스런 만남이다. 이 만남은 진실한 서로를 발견할 수 있는 기회를 제공하는 하는데 이 과정이 예술심리치료과정에서 예술행위를 통해 경험하는 통찰이다. 치료에서 통찰은 감정을 인식하고 그것을 밖으로 꺼내 놓아 그 실체를 파악하는 것이다. 예술적 행위는 억압된 감정을 드러나게 하고 그 드러난 감정의 실체에 대해 객관적으로 바라보게 하는 과정에서 치료적 효능을 발휘한다. 올바른 통찰은 변화의 동기를 제공하기 때문이다. 카타르시스적 승화가 ‘비움의 정화치료’라면 승화과정을 경험하며 얻게 되는 통찰은 ‘채움의 보완치료’다.

Sublimation is the core mechanism in arts psychotherapy which differentiates from verbal psychotherapy. In arts psychotherapy sublimation has two different levels. Therapeutic sublimation in arts psychotherapy in the first stage means that artistic expression itself has the therapeutic value because it fulfills one's desire in the process of creative art work. The second stage is the time that one has a wider and deeper insight about oneself through artistic expression. The expression of discontent with reality, in other words, catharsis which is experienced by fulfilling one's desire in the process of artistic creation is therapeutic and motivates one to change. Fulfilling one's desire through artistic expression frees ego from repression and it brings catharsistic effect and makes psychological compensation for hopeless reality. The creative art work in arts psychotherapy is the confrontation between inner-ego and external-ego. Through this confrontation one finds genuine oneself and this is the process of getting insight in arts psychotherapy. Having insight in therapy means that one is aware of one's genuine emotion and taking it outside through artistic expression and figuring out what it is. Creative arts work has the therapeutic effect because it enables one to express repressed emotion and then see the real nature of the emotion objectively. The right insight provides motivation to change. If carthisistic sublimation is purifying therapy by ventilating emotion, getting insight through artistic sublimation is supplementary therapy by filling what one is aware of in therapy.

노자와 헤라클레이토스에 따르면 사람은 상대적 앎에 사로 잡혀있다. 그들은 유와 무, 쉬움과 어려움, 긺과 짧음, 높음과 낮음, 앞[먼저]과 뒤[나중]가 마치 뫼비우스의 띠의 양면과 같이 서로 대대적(對待的)인 것이라는 것을 깨닫지 못하고 있으며, 둥근 원 위에서는 시작과 끝이 공동적이라는 사실을 깨닫지 못한채 마치 꿈을 꾸고 있는 것처럼 파악된다. 그러나 도와 로고스는 드러나지 않고 숨어있어서 현실적인 이목(耳目)에 쏠려 욕(欲)에 사로잡혀 있거나 단순한 생각만으로는 결코 파악할 수 없다

According to Laozi and Heraklitus, many people are possessed by the relative knowing. They do not realize Being & Non being, Being easy & Being difficult, Being long & Being short, Being high & Being low, and Being in front of[Being the first] & Being behind[Being the last] etc. are like Moebius band on which both sides are one and the same, and are sleeping not knowing that on the circle are a start and an end common. But Dao and the Logos conceal themselves in the midst of all things, so they cannot be grasped by the seeing and hearing or by the simple thinking. As for Laozi, the best knowing is the brightness[􈈰] gained by knowing the regularity of the changing in the universe[􈭪􈒇] and by knowing the harmony of things[􈭪􈼁], and knowing how all things are steered by the Logos[proportion] is the wise thing in Heraklitus` sight. Knowing the regularity[􈭪􈒇] means grasping the regularity of Dao, the law that Returning to the original state is the activity of Dao[􈋌􈦝􈁨􈭘􈂆]. And knowing the harmony[􈭪􈼁] means knowing that like a bow, all things are in harmony, which Yin[􈤋] and Yang[􈛈], the immanent character of things, make. According to Heraklitus, the wisdom is grasping that all things flow, and that all things are in harmony through the balance of the opposits, as though bow or lyre does, and that the Logos is the proportion of the harmony and balance. The wisdom which Laozi and Heraklitus grasp is the brightness[􈈰] and the prudence, and it cannot gained by the encyclopedic knowledge. the brightness[􈈰] and the prudence are deeply connected with deed. the human law, Laozi thinks, is not derived from Dao, and is the artificial thing. He shows that man, all thing, and even Dao must imitate and follow the Being natural[􈦞􈜥]. Heraklitus thinks that the nomos[law] established by the wise man, who understood the Logos, and has the prudence, is based on the Logos, and that all the laws of human society are derived from the Logos, the divine law. While Laozi thinks that the detailed laws make society unjust, but Heraklitus thinks that people must fight on the behalf of the law. Although they take wisdom of Dao or the Logos seriously, but concerning the origin of the human law their attitudes are different. This difference is derived from the differences of the social and political surroundings they were faced with.

The retinal degenerative disease, progressive retinal atrophy (PRA) is a major reason of vision impairment in canine population. Canine PRA signifies an inherently dissimilar category of retinal dystrophies which has solid resemblances to human retinis pigmentosa. Even though much is known about the biology of PRA, the knowledge about the intricate connection among genetic loci, genes and pathways associated to this disease in dogs are still remain unknown. Therefore, we have performed a genome wide association study (GWAS) to identify susceptibility single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of PRA. The GWAS was performed using a case?control based association analysis method on PRA dataset of 129 dogs and 135,553 markers. Further, the gene-set and pathway analysis were conducted in this study. A total of 1,114 markers associations with PRA trait at p < 0.01 were extracted and mapped to 640 unique genes, and then selected significant (p < 0.05) enriched 35 gene ontology (GO) terms and 5 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways contain these genes. In particular, apoptosis process, homophilic cell adhesion, calcium ion binding, and endoplasmic reticulum GO terms as well as pathways related to focal adhesion, cyclic guanosine monophosphate)-protein kinase G signaling, and axon guidance were more likely associated to the PRA disease in dogs. These data could provide new insight for further research on identification of potential genes and causative pathways for PRA in dogs.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to explore how insight into illness mediates and moderates therelationship between psychotic symptoms and self-care ability in patients with chronic schizophrenia. Methods: A cross-sectional convenience sampling method was used, and 203 participants wererecruited from seven rehabilitation units in northern Taiwan between April and December 2020. Psychoticsymptoms were measured using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, insight into illnesswas assessed with the Schedule for Assessment of Insight in Psychosis, and self-care ability was evaluatedusing the Self-Care Ability Assessment Scale. Mediation and moderation analyses were conductedusing models 4 and 1 of the PROCESS Macro in SPSS, controlling for demographic variables. Results: Insight into illness emerged as both a mediator and a moderator in the relationship betweenpsychotic symptoms and self-care ability. Specifically, insight into illness mediated the relationship bypartially alleviating the adverse effects of psychotic symptoms on self-care ability. Furthermore, insightinto illness acted as a moderator, with greater insight significantly reducing the impact of psychoticsymptoms on an individual’s capacity for self-care. Conclusion: Improving insight into illness is vital to help patients with chronic schizophrenia managepsychotic symptoms and improve self-care. Mental health nurses should prioritize interventions aimedat improving insight, which may significantly improve self-care and overall quality of life.

Active use of berries in regional cuisines underlines gastronomic specifics of Russia. The present study focuses on three regions of Russian Siberia and establishes that edible berries are numerous there and determine specifics of the regional cuisine rooted into the cultural traditions. These cultural and gastronomic traditions developed during four centuries by Russian settlers in Siberia who adapted to severe natural conditions, explored new food resources, and interacted with the local peoples. If so, berries and berry products can be regarded as a kind of ethnic food. Modern berries-based tourism (bacatourism) initiatives and, particularly, berry picking and tasting at you-pick farms and raspberry festival are registered on the study territory. Sellers tend to position berry products as typically Siberian, which permits their use as regional, quasi-ethnic souvenirs. Berries determine significant gastronomic attractiveness of Southern Siberia, and further exploitation of this potential can contribute to sustainable development of this vast territory and maintaining its cultural identity within the broad and diverse Russian space.

In steep mountainous areas, debris flows can entrain large boulders with various diameters. The boulder enriched flow front imparts highly collisional stresses on the soil bed during the flow. Although, they possess highly erosive potentials, all the eroded particles are not feasibly transported to downstream. The erosion and transport capacity of granular flows are influenced by its composition of grains. Since, it has not been explicitly accounted in the continuum models, the total volume of bed transport tends to be overestimated. Therefore, it is essential to characterize the mechanisms of frictional or collisional bed yielding, transport, and surface morphology, while incorporating erosion into mobility prediction tools for hazard assessment and designing protective structures based on flow characteristics. In this study, small-scale flume experiments were performed for granular flows having a wide range of particle variations between 25mm-60mm at different slope angles of 25o-30o. After the experiment, the surface morphology evolution due to the granular flows were also assessed by scanning the surface using the hand-held laser scanner. The results infer that, increasing the grain size leads to a reduction in transported mass, while increasing the flume angle enhance the mass transportation to the downstream. The surface scanning results show that erosion zones are more widely distributed at higher angles, in contrast to the more discrete distribution observed at shallower angles.

Over the course of history, plant materials have been utilized for healing various ailments. The knowledge derived from traditional medicine has proven invaluable, serving as a foundational resource for drug discovery and design. However, the journey from screening natural products to the development of drugs is a prolonged and demanding process. Fortunately, with the emergence of sophisticated analytical techniques and the establishment of global databases containing information on thousands of natural products, the screening and discovery of bioactive compounds from complex sample mixtures have become more time-efficient and less labor-intensive. In particular, the non-targeted metabolomics approach proves advantageous, offering a comprehensive analysis of a wide range of compounds, aiding in the detection of both known and unknown substances. This approach is especially beneficial for gaining a thorough understanding of the pattern of metabolites found in Arctic and Antarctic vegetation, among the least explored areas on Earth. Here, we employed a non-targeted metabolomics approach to analyze the chemical components in Antarctic mosses. While many of the compounds could not be predicted, some were identified as therapeutic agents, with a few exhibiting pharmacological properties such as anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antilipemic, anti-diabetic, anti-adepogenic, and neuroprotective effects. Notably, we predicted that one moss sample produced desulfiram, an FDA-approved drug for the treatment of chronic alcoholism, and methyl palmitate, well-known for its anti-inflammatory potency, could be detected in many of the samples. Furthermore, we experimentally verified the therapeutic potential of Antarctic moss extracts by conducting a cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibition assay, assessing their potent anti-inflammatory activity. Indeed, two of the moss samples exhibited significant COX-2 inhibitory potency. Hence, our findings emphasize the advantage of metabolomics in providing insight into the potential of Antarctic moss as a valuable natural resource for the discovery and development of potent therapeutics. Additional research is due in order to identify and define the particular bioactive compounds accountable for the observed effects.

Over the course of history, plant materials have been utilized for healing various ailments. The knowledge derived from traditional medicine has proven invaluable, serving as a foundational resource for drug discovery and design. However, the journey from screening natural products to the development of drugs is a prolonged and demanding process. Fortunately, with the emergence of sophisticated analytical techniques and the establishment of global databases containing information on thousands of natural products, the screening and discovery of bioactive compounds from complex sample mixtures have become more time-efficient and less labor-intensive. In particular, the non-targeted metabolomics approach proves advantageous, offering a comprehensive analysis of a wide range of compounds, aiding in the detection of both known and unknown substances. This approach is especially beneficial for gaining a thorough understanding of the pattern of metabolites found in Arctic and Antarctic vegetation, among the least explored areas on Earth. Here, we employed a non-targeted metabolic profiling approach to analyze the chemical components in Antarctic mosses. While many of the compounds could not be predicted, some were identified as therapeutic agents, with a few exhibiting pharmacological properties such as anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antilipemic, anti-diabetic, anti-adepogenic, and neuroprotective effects. Notably, we predicted that one moss sample produced Desulfiram, an FDA-approved drug for the treatment of alcohol dependency, and methyl palmitate, well-known for its anti-inflammatory potency, could be detected in many of the samples. Furthermore, we experimentally verified the therapeutic potential of Antarctic moss extracts by conducting a cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibition assay, assessing their potent anti-inflammatory activity. Indeed, two of the moss samples exhibited significant COX-2 inhibitory potency. Hence, our findings emphasize the advantage of metabolic profiling in providing insight into the potential of Antarctic moss as a valuable natural resource for the discovery and development of potent therapeutics. Additional research is due in order to identify and define the particular bioactive compounds accountable for the observed effects.

이 논문에서는 인간의 삶에 관한 예이츠의 비전을 살펴본다. 인간의 삶 은 과거에서 현재로, 그리고 미래로 시간을 이어주는 가교 역할을 한다. 예이츠에 따 르면, 과거는 보고 들은 것, 현재는 이미지, 그리고 미래는 영혼의 시간대이며 존재의 합일화가 이루어지는 시간대이기도 하다. 여기까지 보면 예이츠는 인간의 삶 자체에는 의미를 두지 않는 것처럼 보인다. 하지만 선택을 통해 영혼의 자유로운 시간은 다시 보고 들을 준비를 한다. 이렇게 인간의 삶은 과거와 현재를 미래로 연결해 나아가면서 세상을 구성해간다. 즉, 인간의 삶은 커다란 의미를 갖는다.

This paper examines human life in Yeats’s Vision. ‘The End of Cycle’ shows that human life bridges past and present time to future. According to Yeats, past consists of what we see, present is made of images, and future is spatialzed time achieving Unity of Being. Yeats does not care about the meaning of life. However, “choice” makes man get prepared to see and perceive. Human life forms the world by connecting three different time spectra. Thus, life has a meaning in itself.