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The 20th century was a period of significant development in the field of management studies. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the global management practices that were spearheaded by the United States, tracing the historical birth, background, and evolution of management studies throughout the century. The following research conclusions can be drawn: Firstly, management is heavily influenced by its surrounding environment. The global management processes of the past century were shaped by factors such as war, technological advancements, changes in business models, and climate change, as well as the preferences and actions of influential figures in positions of power. Secondly, the essence of management is uncertainty. It is a complex and universal concept, with no fixed criteria for what constitutes successful management. Instead, it presents ongoing and ever-evolving challenges. Thirdly, the effectiveness of management determines its longevity. Those management practices that are closely tied to major historical forces tend to endure for longer periods of time. In summary, from the beginning of management science focusing on production, rules, and efficiency to the later increasing discovery of the importance of organization, people, and the environment, management in each period has its value. Whether it comes from the philosophy of military and war or from the philosophy of the collision of Eastern and Western cultures, it continually evolves and adapts to its surroundings, driving progress in human society and exerting a profound influence on global politics, the economy, social life, and the well-being of all individuals.

This study empirically investigates how knowledge assets affect the relationship between exports and productivity using panel data for Korean manufacturing firms. We establish a dynamic panel vector autoregressive model in first difference by considering the results of various panel framework tests, and employ a system generalized method of moments estimator to test the relationship between the study variables. The findings present convincing evidence of a learning-by-exporting effect. Moreover, firms’ labor and total factor productivity are shown to be significantly positively affected by their knowledge assets and organizational slack. Industry competition contributes to firms’ productivity enhancement as an external force, but government support has a significantly negative effect on firm productivity. This study shows the importance of continuously enhancing productivity by demonstrating that firms’ current productivity level is influenced by that of the previous period. We outline the implications of the study’s results.

Based on a review of the relevant literature and by tracking research on earthquake emergency response events in China and internationally, this paper constructs an index system for the evaluation of China’s earthquake emergency response capability. From the government, community, rescue force and public response perspectives, the system includes four first-level evaluation indicators, 14 second-level evaluation indicators, and 48 third-level evaluation indicators. Based on two questionnaires, the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is used to calculate the weight of each indicator. This paper proposes a set of scientifically rigorous and objective indicators for evaluating China's earthquake emergency response capability. This is of great practical significance for improving the ability of earthquake emergency response, reducing casualties and property losses, forcing the construction of earthquake emergency preparedness, improving the ability of earthquake prevention and disaster reduction, and improving the construction of emergency management system.

Research was conducted using statistical data on the organization of emergency search and rescue team for earthquake hazards (ESRTEH) system in China. Field research was performed with regard to provincial-level ESRTEHs, and two provincial ESRTEH external classifications were investigated. Issues in the organization were identified, the concerns of which are as follows. (1) Rescue forces are not deployed according to the magnitude of risk or the rescue requirements of an area’s earthquake hazards. (2) A series of standards to regulate team construction is lacking, as is a system to evaluate team capabilities. (3) Non-professional rescuers lack the necessary professional skills. (4) The current professional earthquake rescue training system is imperfect. (5) The overall management hierarchy of NGO rescue teams is lacking. The following measures for improvement are proposed. (1) Accelerate the preparation of relevant standards and norms for the organization of ESRTEH system. (2) Emphasize external classification of ESRTEHs, intensify the management of the rescue teams, and establish and improve the mechanisms for long-term assessments and comparisons. (3) Integrate NGO rescue teams into ESRTEH system.

In recent years, China's new-style tea beverage industry has witnessed rapid expansion and intensifying competition. Amid this landscape, Mixue Ice Cream & Tea has risen to prominence by leveraging a unique 'high-quality, affordable' positioning and a franchise-driven model supported by deep supply chain integration. This paper is designed to conduct a systematic competitive analysis of Mixue, identifying its core strengths and potential risks to propose strategic pathways for its sustainable development. We employ Michael Porter's Five Forces Model to assess the external competitive environment and a SWOT analysis to evaluate its internal strategic position. Our research reveals that Mixue's primary advantages lie in its highly integrated supply chain and formidable low-price strategy, which have enabled its global expansion to over 53,000 stores. However, the analysis also identifies significant challenges, including constraints from its low-cost brand image, insufficient product innovation, and management pressures from its extensive franchise network. We conclude that to ensure long-term growth, Mixue should capitalize on its strengths by deepening its international footprint and digital transformation, while simultaneously addressing its weaknesses through product diversification and a carefully managed brand upgrade.

Wireless Mesh network, a typical wireless ad hoc network, can effectively solve the “last one thousand meters” problem of broadband access. It, with features of self-forming, self-healing and high bandwidth, provides its users with better service by integrating the advantages of WLAN and ad hoc network and fully utilizing and combining with WiMAX, WiFi and other wireless technologies. In network planning, the effective configuration of access point is of great importance for network set-up cost control. A good topological structure, in addition, plays a decisive role in network throughput capacity. The research stated in the thesis studied the configuration of wireless Mesh network access point and internet topology control, simulating a pure Mesh network connecting to external networks. By studying the relationships between such parameters as gateway connection and broadcast interval with transfer rate of packets, end to end delay and system overhead, their relationships were able to be confirmed and the correctness of the analysis results was tested by the comparative studies of the simulation results.

We analyzed the performance of Chinese firms after cross-border M&A (CBM&A) from an institutional perspective. Based on the features of Chinese firms’ CBM&A, institutional distance and state ownership are examined, which are two core variables of the institutional view. In this study, 198 CBM&As undertaken by Chinese firms between 2000 and 2010 were examined. The results indicate that institutional distance has a negative impact on the performance of Chinese firms after CBM&A. Both state ownership and international experience have positive effects on firm performance after CBM&A; however, institutional distance has a negative moderating effect on these positive relationships. The institutional perspective may explain the poor performance of Chinese firms after CBM&A. Discussion of our results yields various implications.

To improve and enhance the estimation speed and accuracy of motion estimation, this paper proposes a fast diamond search algorithm with improved search strategy; researches motion estimation algorithm by using pattern block matching; analyzes and set up fast searching algorithm model based on the fast convergence characteristics of three step search, the central distribution characteristics of new three step search and the approximate global optimal characteristics of diamond search; use the coarse positioning and fortified halfway stop technologies to establish improved diamond search algorithm; gives the method of reducing the number of search bits. Through experiment and analysis, the results show that the improved diamond search algorithm can effectively reduce the matching points

O2O (Online to Offline) business model, a kind of new business model between online and offline channel, is put forward by some innovative enterprises. Supply chain decision under O2O business model completely changes price competition in traditional dual-channel supply chains. Operation strategies in O2O supply chains such as price discrimination and service free-riding have become important issues. When there exists different service level in O2O supply chain, the corresponding parameters such as retail price, sales quantity, service level and total supply chain profit in three supply chain channels (vertical manufacturer’s O2O supply chain, horizontal retailer’s O2O supply chain and partially vertical manufacturer’s O2O supply chain) are obtained and the corresponding performances are compared. The results show that the total supply chain profit in the vertical manufacturer’s O2O supply chain is highest and the service level in the partially vertical manufacturer’s O2O supply chain is highest. When there exists service competition in those three supply chains, the total supply chain profit in the horizontal retailer’s O2O supply chain is larger than that in the partially vertical manufacturer’s O2O supply chain. When there exists service free-riding, the total supply chain profit in the partially vertical manufacturer’s O2O supply chain is larger than that in the horizontal retailer’s O2O supply chain.

This paper studies a two-stage dual-channel supply chain composed of one manufacturer and one traditional retailer. The manufacturer has its own online channel when he sells its product to the offline retailer. There exists a Stackelberg game between the manufacturer and the traditional retailer, in which the manufacturer is the leader and the traditional retailer is the follower. The manufacturer sets the online retail price which is the same as the offline retail price. When the supply chain is in static (undisrupted) scenario, its Pareto improvement can be obtained and it can be coordinated by the two-part-tariff contract with one-time transfer payment. When disruptions make the market scale change, the supply chain performance such as the optimal retail price, the optimal production quantity and the optimal total supply chain profit under different demand disruptions in the centralized supply chain can be obtained. Then, we find that there exists certain robustness in the manufacturer’s production quantity. When the supply chain is decentralized, the supply chain coordination can be obtained by changing the wholesale price and one-time transfer payment according to different disruption levels. Finally, some numerical examples are presented to illustrate the results.

A method based on local contour distribution features is proposed for writer identification in this paper. In preprocessing, contours are abstracted form images by an improved Bernson algorithm. Then the Local Contour Distribution Feature (LCDF) is extracted from the fragments which are parts of the contour in sliding windows. In order to reduce the impact of stroke weight, the fragments which do not directly connect the center point are ignored in the feature abstraction procedure. The edge point distributions of the fragments are counted and normalized into LCDFs. At last, the weighted Manhattan distance is used as similarity measurement. The experiments on our database and ICDAR 2011 writer identification database show that the performance of the proposed method reach or exceed those of existing state-of-art methods.

This paper analyzes and studies the philosophical practice cases of university students in classrooms where teachers use Socratic dialogue and role-playing to help university students solve various problems they face. In the steps of philosophical practice, the rules of participants, consultants, bystanders and moderators are set up in advance. The moderator (usually a teacher) is responsible for guiding the topic. If there is still confusion and need help when the participants finish the dialogue, the moderator will give appropriate suggestions; the participants will state the confusion and problems they are facing according to their personal experience; the bystanders will record the dialogue of the participants by observing and listening to the participants, analyze and write down their observations and suggestions. According to these consulting rules, the effect of consulting is obvious. When the problems that university students talk about are also common in daily life, such as communication with their families, interpersonal relationships, learning problems, love affairs and other problems, they are easy to resonate and are more willing to express their innermost feelings. They said that the philosophical practice helped them a lot, let them overcome psychological obstacles, dare to express their true ideas, understand the core of their own problems, true ideas, understand the core of their own problems, and solve problems that had not been considered before. Some university students have learned critical analysis skills and used keen observation to analyze themselves in the course of philosophical dialogue. Of course, there are other university students who have not solved their own problems. As can be seen from the homework of university students, both participants and bystanders have come up with new ideas that have never been before.

A novel dioscin-glycosidase that specifically hydrolyzes multi-glycosides, such as 3-O-${\alpha}$-L-($1{\to}4$)-rhamnoside, 3-O-${\alpha}$-L-($1{\to}2$)-rhamnoside, 3-O-${\alpha}$-L-($1{\to}4$)-arabinoside, and ${\beta}$-D-glucoside, on diosgenin was isolated from the Absidia sp.d38 strain, purified, and characterized. The molecular mass of the new dioscin-glycosidase is about 55 kDa based on SDS-PAGE. The dioscin-glycosidase gradually hydrolyzes either 3-O-${\alpha}$-L-($1{\to}4$)-Rha or 3-O-${\alpha}$-L-($1{\to}2$)-Rha from dioscin into 3-O-${\alpha}$-L-Rha-${\beta}$-D-Glc-diosgenin, further rapidly hydrolyzes the other ${\alpha}$-L-Rha from 3-O-${\alpha}$-L-Rha-${\beta}$-D-Glc-diosgenin into the main intermediate products of 3-O-${\beta}$-D-Glc-diosgenin, and subsequently hydrolyzes these intermediate products into aglycone as the final product. The enzyme also gradually hydrolyzes 3-O-${\alpha}$-L-($1{\to}4$)-arabinoside, 3-O-${\alpha}$-L-($1{\to}2$)-rhamnoside, and ${\beta}$-D-glucoside from [3-O-${\alpha}$-L-($1{\to}4$)-Ara, 3-O-${\alpha}$-L-($1{\to}4$)-Rha]-${\beta}$-D-Glc-diosgenin into diosgenin as the final product, exhibiting significant differences from previously reported glycosidases. The optimal temperature and pH for the new dioscin-glycosidase is $40^{\circ}C$ and 5.0, respectively. Whereas the activity of the new dioscin-glycosidase was not affected by $Na^+$, $K^+$, and $Mg^{2+}$ ions, it was significantly inhibited by $Cu^{2+}$ and $Hg^{2+}$ ions, and slightly affected by $Ca^{2+}$ ions.

Purpose ? This study examines China’s low-altitude economy through the lens of social perception, addressing a key research gap by analyzing how this emerging strategic industry is understood and discussed publicly. Design/Methodology/Approach ? Using text mining, we collected data from Baidu, CNKI, and Weibo (2023-2025) and applied both TF-IDF and LDA topic modeling to identify key themes and cognitive patterns. Findings ? The LDA topic modeling identifies three core themes shaping public discourse: (1) Industrial Ecosystem and Policy System, emphasizing top-level design and institutional support; (2) Technological Innovation and Key Breakthroughs, focusing on critical technologies such as batteries and artificial intelligence; and (3) Regional Practices and Application Scenarios, reflecting diverse commercialization efforts across different locales. Together, these themes form a coherent cognitive framework that spans macro-level strategy to micro-level implementation. Research Implications ? From a managerial and policy perspective, this study offers empirical support for designing region-specific strategies and helps businesses better navigate market dynamics. For the international community?particularly countries actively developing their own low-altitude economies?this research presents a compelling “Chinese case” of nurturing an emerging industrial ecosystem under strong policy guidance. It highlights the dynamic interplay between policy intervention, technological advancement, and social perception, offering valuable comparative insights for global practitioners and policymakers.

(Purpose) China's new infrastructure construction is an important policy that is strongly promoted for new sustainable development in the post-COVID-19 era. China is expected to make a new leap in line with issues such as the Fourth Industrial Revolution technology and environmental protection, and cooperation and competition between Korea and China are inevitable in this field. Through analyzing this policy indicator system, Korea should establish a strategy for cooperation with China. (Design/methodology/approach) In order to analyze China's new infrastructure construction policy, we organize detailed indicators to supplement existing macroscopic studies. In particular, detailed strategies of various industries are analyzed considering the universality of policy and the region's specificity. In addition, cases of key propulsion industries in each region are analyzed. (Findings) China's new infrastructure construction is a “1+N” strategy that combines central macroeconomic policies and local diversification strategies. At the same time, it is equipped with different indicator systems and goals/strategies according to differences in regional resources, existing industries, demographic structure, and soft power. (Research implications or Originality) Korea's New Deal policy is expected to cooperate with and compete with China. Through the new infrastructure construction policy indicator, we should focus on creating technological cooperation and common global standards for the IT-based industry, aerospace industry, and high-tech manufacturing industry that China is promoting.

Background and Purpose Vasa vasorum (VV) have been believed to be rare or non-existent in small-caliber intracranial arteries. In a series of human cerebral artery specimens, we identified and examined the distribution of VV in association with co-existing intracranial atherosclerosis. Methods We obtained cerebral artery specimens from 32 consecutive autopsies of subjects aged 45 years or above. We scrutinized middle cerebral artery (MCA), vertebral artery (VA), and basilar artery (BA) for the presence of adventitial VV. We described the distribution of VV, and the characteristics of co-existing atherosclerotic lesions. Results Among 157 intracranial arteries, adventitial VV were present in 74 of the 157 specimens (47%), involving MCA (n=13, 18%), BA (n=14, 19%), and VA (n=47, 64%). Although qualitatively these 74 adventitial VV distributed similarly in arteries with or without atherosclerotic lesions (disease-free arteries n=4/8; arteries of pre-atherosclerosis n=17/42; and arteries of progressive atherosclerosis n=53/107), the presence of adventitial VV in intracranial VA was associated with a heavier plaque load (1.72±1.66 mm2 vs. 0.40±0.32 mm2, P<0.001), severer luminal stenosis (25%±21% vs. 12%±9%, P=0.002), higher rate of concentric lesions (79% vs. 36%, P=0.002), and denser intraplaque calcification (44% vs. 0%, P=0.003). Histologically, intracranial VA with VV had a larger diameter (3.40±0.79 mm vs. 2.34±0.58 mm, P<0.001), thicker arterial wall (0.31±0.13 mm vs. 0.23±0.06 mm, P=0.002), and a larger intima-media (0.19±0.09 mm vs. 0.13± 0.04 mm, P=0.003) than VA without VV. Conclusions Our study demonstrated the distribution of adventitial VV within brain vasculature and association between vertebral VV and progressive atherosclerotic lesions with a heavier plaque load and denser intraplaque calcification.

Characteristics of CHUNLIU drama company- based on some Drama criticisms on ShenBao