Earticle

본 연구는 간호대학생의 감성지능 수준에 따른 스마트폰 중독 정도와 의사소통능력 간의 차이를 파악하기 위해 시도되었다. B와 C시 2개의 간호대학에 재학 중인 228명을 대상으로 설문지를 이용하여 2016년 11월 28일부터 2016년 12월 16일까지 자료를 수집하였다. SPSS WIN23.0을 이용하여 빈도, Independent t-test, ANOVA, 피어슨 상관계수로 분석하였다. 연구결과 간호대학생의 감성지능 수준과 스마트폰 중독과는 관계가 없는 것으로 나타났으나 감성지능의 하위 영역 중 감성활용과 감성조절과 스마트폰 중독과는 부적 상관관계가 있는 것으로 나타나 감성활용과 감성조절을 잘 할수록 스마트폰 중독 정도는 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 감성지능 수준과 의사소통능력과는 정적 상관관계가 있는 것으로 나타나 감성지능 수준이 높을수록 의사소통을 잘 하는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 간호대학생의 감성지능 수준을 향상시켜 스마트폰 중독을 줄이고 의사소통능력을 향상시킬 수 있는 프로그램의 개발 및 적용이 필요하다.

The purpose of this study is to identify differences in Smartphone adiction and communcation ablity according to the degree of emotional intelligence in nursing students. Subjects were 228 associate nursing students from the population that atttend 2 university in B and C city. The data were collected using self -report questionnaire from November 28 to December 16, 2016 . Data were analyzed by frequencies, Independent t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation using SPSS Win 23.0. Emotional intelligence level were no significantly correlation with smartphone adiction. But the subscales of emotional intelligence(use of emotionals and regulator of emotionals) were a negative correlation smartphone addiction in nursing students. The higher the level of use of emotionals and regulator of emotionals, the lower the smartphone adiction. Emotional intelligence level were positive correlation with communcation ablity in nursing students. The higher the level of emotional intelligence, the higher the communication ability. Therefore, To reduce smartphone adiction and to increase communcation ablity of nursing students, it is necessary to develop and test the program for increase emotional intelligence level of nursing students.

중국희곡은 지난 세기 중엽부터 서양연극을 각색하기 시작했다. 이것은 중국에서 개혁개방, 동서양 문 화교류가 날로 빈번해지고 세계의 일체화 과정이 빨라지는 배경 아래 나타나는 연극 현상이다. 또한 사 천극계에서도 이런 시도를 하고 있다. 그것은 바로 사천극 서분(徐棻)이라는 명작가는 미국 유진오닐 (Eugene O'Neill)의 <느릅나무 밑의 욕망>(Desire Under The Elms)으로 각색하고 사전연극 <욕해광조>를 만들었다. 화극(话剧）작품부터 희곡 작품까지 변화하는 것은 연극 장르의 큰 변화가 뿐만 아니라 중서 문화를 넘어선 새로운 시도다. 이 두 작품의 텍스트부터 무대까지의 비교를 통해서 서양 연극과 중국 희 곡 예술의 차이를 볼 수 있다. 그로인해 앞으로 이런 장르의 작품을 각색하는 데에 더 개선해야 할 부분 과 외국 고전 작품의 정화를 흡수하여 그 차이를 줄이거나 전환하고 본토화를 더 잘 완성하며 우리 민족 특색으로 변화시킨다.

Chinese opera has adapted western dramas since the middle of the last century. This is a dramatic phenomenon in the context of China's reform and opening up, increasingly frequent cultural exchanges between the east and the west, and faster and faster world integration. In the field of Sichuan opera, there is also such an attempt, that is the Sichuan opera named screenwriter Xu fen based on the American drama master Eugene O'Neill's “Desire under the elm” the adaptation of the Sichuan opera “Craze for the sea”. From drama to drama, this is not only a dramatic transformation, but also a new attempt of Chinese and western culture. We from the text to the stage of contrast of the two works, you can see the different between western drama and Chinese opera arts, compared with the two different, more from differences allows us to better grasp the efforts needed for this kind of drama adapted, let our opera writers in absorbs the essence of the foreign classics, can better to reduce or shift, differences make work better to complete the localization transformation, its own national characteristics.

본고에서는 이태리건국삼걸전의 양계초 역본과 신채호 역본을 대조·분석하였는데, 친근 성이 높다고 추정되는 두 판본 사이의 차이점을 분석하여 유형화하고 그 원인을 밝히려고 시 도하였다. 먼저, 두 역본 서론과 결론 부분의 내용에서 튼 차이를 보인다(A 유형). 그것은 두 나라의 상황적 차이에 기인한 것으로 ‘애국자’의 형상에 대한 사고, ‘이상향’에 대한 염원, ‘삼 걸’에게 배워야 함을 부각시키는 방식, 그리고 ‘삼걸’을 양성함에 대한 태도 등에서 차이가 나 타난다. 또한 신채호 역본이 양계초 역본과 달리 생략하거나 추가한 내용(B 유형)이 있는데, 이 유형에는 양계초 역본에서 나타난 인물의 행적, 사건의 배경과 원인, 고유 명칭, 조약이나 원칙 또는 인용문 내용 등 객관적인 내용과 주관적 내용(감탄 표현 등)에 대한 생략, 그리고 신채호 자신의 주관적 논술에 대한 첨가를 포함한다. 마지막으로는 두 역본에서 내용이 비슷 하나 표현상 차이가 나타나는 유형이 있다(C 유형). 한자어의 사용상의 차이와 내용상 실현순 서의 차이, 수사기법의 차이들은 이 부류에 포함된다. 한자어의 사용에 있어서 신채호 역본에 는 오류, 내용의 축소나 대체, 그리고 반복 강조 등 번역의 차이를 보인다. 내용의 실현순서 와 수사기법의 차이에는 신채호 역본에서 어순의 변경과 복문의 단순화 등 면에 차이를 보인 다. 이를 통해 신채호 역본은 양계초 역본의 한문을 단순히 국한문체로 바꾼 것이 아니라, 독자에게 서구 역사문화 정보의 효율적 대중화시킴과 애국 구국 사상의 전달에 초점을 둔 신 체호의 세계관이 반영된 제2의 창작에 가까운 것으로 판단된다.

This paper examines the differences between Liang Qichao's translation and Shin Chae-ho's translation of 『The Makers of Modern Italy』, and analyzes the differences and the reasons for the differences in content construction and the use of Chinese characters in a typological manner. The results shows the two translations differ greatly in their prologues and conclusions, which is regarded as a type A. And the reasons for this lie in the two translators' reflections on the image of the 'patriot' from the perspective of their respective countries, their wishes for the 'ideal country', their portrayal of how to learn from the 'Sanjie'. The omissions or extra additions in the translation of Liang's translation are categorized as type B, witch includes omission of objective contents such as the movements of characters, background and reasons of events, inherent names, treaties or principles, or quotations that appear in Liang' translation, and subjective contents such as exclamations, etc., as well as the addition of Shin's own subjective discourse. The cases with similar contents but different forms of expression are categorized as type C. Differences in the use of Chinese characters, differences in the order in which the content is realized, and differences in rhetorical techniques are all included in this category. Through this, Shin's translation is believed to be close to a second creation that reflects his worldview, rather than simply changing the style of the text.

현대 여성들은 활발한 사회진출과 함께 외모에 많 은 관심을 갖고 있으며 자신의 이미지를 표현하고 연 출할 기회가 많아졌다. 외적인 아름다움과 개성을 표 현하기 위한 방법 중에 메이크업에 대한 인식이 높아 지고 있으며 관련 산업도 성장세를 보이고 있다. 외 모가 경쟁력으로 인식되면서 여성들은 필수적으로 화 장품을 사용하여 다양한 방법과 스타일로 메이크업을 시도하며 자신의 이미지를 구현해나가고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 인구통계적 요인에 따른 여성 들의 메이크업 실태의 차이를 분석해서 메이크업 관 련 마켓팅의 기초자료와 연구의 토대를 구축하고자 한다. 2017년 3월 20일부터 4월 5일까지 전국적으로 뷰 티전문가 포함하여 일반 여성 500명을 대상으로 설 문 조사를 실시하였고, SPSS v.19.0의 통계 패키지 프로그램을 활용하여 분석하였다. 연구결과, 메이크업을 하는 이유에서는 단점을 보 완하고 장점을 강화하는 것이 가장 높았으며, 선호하 는 메이크업 스타일에서는 자신과 어울리는 메이크업 이 매우 높게 나타났다. 색조 메이크업 시 중요한 부 분에 대해서 모든 직업에서 눈 메이크업이 가장 많았 다. 여성들의 메이크업 실태에서 인구통계적 요인 별 로 다양한 유의미한 차이가 나타나는 것으로 분석되 었다. 본 연구를 통하여 여성들의 인구통계적 요인에 따 른 메이크업 실태의 다양한 차이를 토대로 메이크업 과 관련되어 다양한 마케팅 접근과 연구가 필요하다 는 결과를 제시하였다.

Modern women have much interest in appearance with their active participation in social activities and have had more opportunities to express and produce their own images. Awareness of make up as one of many ways to expression their external beauty and personality has been enhanced and related businesses are in rising trend. As appearance has been recognized as a competitiveness, women have tried make up in various ways and styles using cosmetics in order to make their own unique images. Therefore, this study analyzed the differences in women's make up status according to demographic factors and aimed at providing basic materials for make up related marketing and establishing the foundation of further studies. This study conducted questionnaire with 500 women including beauty professionals from March 20 to Apr. 5, 2017 and analyzed the results of the survey using statistical package of SPSS v.19.0. As a result of the research, it was found that on the question why you do make up, most of the subjects answered they did make up to complement their weakness and strengthen their strength and on their preferred make up style, make up which fits them well was very high. All subjects answered eye make up in color make up was most important. It was analyzed that there were significant differences in women's make up status by demographic factors. This study suggested that a variety of marketing approaches and studies related to make up are needed on the basis of demographic factors of women.

본 연구는 한중 차등비교 범주의 의미관계에서 출발하여 먼저 차등비교 범주의 의미특징 을 고찰한 다음에 한중 전형적인 차등비교구문 “比”구문과 “보다”구문의 통사적인 특성을 살 펴보고 그들의 차이점과 공통점을 밝히고자 한다. 한중 차등비교 범주가 공통적으로 가지는 의미특징은 동류비교(同类比较), 차이성(差异 性), 정도성(程度性) 이 세 가지이다. 한중 차등비교구문의 통사적인 공통점은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 한중의 전형적인 차등비교구문에서는 비교주체가 일반적으로 명사나 명사구로 쓰일 수 있고 문장에서 주어나 주제 역할을 수행할 수 있다. 둘째, 비교결과는 형용사, 동사, 명사로 쓰일 수 있지만 각각 특수성을 가지고 있고 모두 [+정도성]의 의미자질을 가져야 한다. 한중 차등비교구문의 통사적인 차이점은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 한국어“-보다”구문에서 비교주체와 비 교기준은 체언 성분만 쓰일 수 있지만 중국어“比”구문에서는 체언뿐만 아니라 용언 성분도 나타날 수 있다. 둘째, 중국어“比”구문의 비교주체가 문장의 주어나 주제로 쓰일 수 있고 일반 적으로 문장 첫머리에 나타나야 한다. 한국어의 비교주체는 문장에서의 위치가 자유로워 서술 어나 목적어로도 쓰일 수 있다. 셋째, 중국어에서 명사가 비교결과의 성분으로 쓰일 때는 특정 한 구문 형식이 있어야 한다. 즉 “S比N1还N2”이런 구문 형식으로 나타날 때 비교결과가 비 로소 명사로 쓰일 수 있다. 이때 비교기준과 비교결과 자리에 나타나는 명사성분 N1和N2의 형식이 같아야 한다. 또한 이 구문 형식은 의미적으로 강한 주관성을 띠고 있다. 그러나 한국 어에서는 명사가 비교결과로 쓰일 때 이러한 통사적 제한이 없다. “보다”구문에 나타나는 명 사도 성질차이나 정도차의 의미를 표현할 수 있다. 한국어와 중국어는 공통적으로 차등비교 범주를 가지고 있는 한편 문장의 통사적인 점에 서 차이점을 보인다. 이러한 차등비교구문의 통사적인 차이점과 공통점을 고찰함으로써 중국 인 한국어 학습자 및 한국인 중국어 학습자들에게 도움이 될 수 있을 뿐만 아니라 인간의 사 고방식과 인지기제를 이해하는데 의의가 있다.

This paper starts with the semantics of the comparative category and first discusses the basic semantic features of the comparative category. Then, compared the common characteristics and personality differences of the syntactic forms of the typical comparative constructions in Korean and Chinese. First of all, we have established three basic semantic foundations for the comparative category of Korean and Chinese, which are homogeneous comparison, differences, degrees/quantity variations. The similarities of comparative constructions between Chinese and Korean are as follows. First, the comparative subject of the comparative constructions are the nouns or noun phrases, which generally act as subjects or topics in the sentence. Second, the adjectives, verbs and nouns can be used as comparing results, and they all have the semantic feature of [+degree]. The differences of typical comparative constructions between Chinese and Korean are as follows. First, The comparative subject and standard in the Korean comparative construction can only be played by the NP, but the comparative subject and standard in the Chinese comparative construction can be played not only by NP but also by the VP. Second. The comparative subject in the Chinese comparative construction is generally at the beginning of the sentence. The comparative subject can also be used as an object or predicate in korean comparative construction. It does not have to be in the subject or topic position. Third, the degree adverb in Chinese is generally used to strengthen the role before the adjective, while in Korean, "덜" is the role of weakening. Forth, when a noun serves as comparing results , the Chinese comparative construction must appear in the form of "S比 N1还N2", and N1 and N2 must use the same noun. When the noun component in Korean serves as comparing results, there is no syntactic structural restriction, and the syntactic environment appears to be relatively free. The study of the comparative category of the Korean and Chinese difference can help the L2 learners to better understand the comparative semantics and syntactic expressions in the two different language, and this played a positive role in foreign language teaching.

가상 이동은 비이동체의 이동을 개념화하여 나타낸 언어적 현상으로, 정지된 공간 관계에대한 인식 및 언어적 표현과 관련이 있다. 이는 공간적 개념에 대한 주관적인 구성 능력을반영할 뿐만 아니라 사고방식의 역동성과 창의성을 보여준다. 본 논문은 가상 이동 중 확장경로(coextension paths)를 연구대상으로 하여, 이동체, 배경, 경로, 방식 등의 요소를 나타내는데 중국어와 한국어가 어떠한 공통점과 차이점이 있는지 살펴보고자 한다. 중국어와 한국어의 가상 이동 표현에 나타난 공통점은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 통행성이 없는대상물은 두 언어에서 모두 이동체로 삼을 수 있다. 둘째, 중국어와 한국어는 모두 경로 제약을 받는다. 즉 가상 이동 표현에서는 경로요소가 확실하게 드러나야 한다는 것이다. 셋째, 중국어와 한국어는 방식 동사 및 부사어구를 통해 이동의 방식을 나타낼 수 있다. 또한 방식요소는 경로요소와 연관성이 없으면 가상 이동 표현에서 사용할 수 없다. 중국어와 한국어의 가상 이동 표현에 나타난 차이점은 다음과 같다. 경로요소에 있어서 중국어는 주로 추향동사와개사구를 통해 이루어지며 한국어는 주로 경로의 의미를 포함한 동사, 구 및 격 표지를 통해나타난다. 그리고 한국어의 격 표지는 경로를 나타낼 수 있을 뿐만 아니라 공간적 차원도 표현할 수 있다. 중국어와 한국어의 가상 이동 표현에 나타난 공통점과 차이점은 사고방식의 규칙과 관련이 있으며 언어 체계와도 밀접한 연관성을 가지고 있다. 가상 이동 표현에 대한 연구는 각언어에서 드러나는 인지기제를 밝히는 데 도움이 될 것이다.

When non-moving objects described as moving objects, we call it fictive motion. Fictive motion relates to people's cognition and expression of static spatial relationships，its formation and language characteristics reflect people's subjective construction of the concept of space and the dynamic and creative thinking. Fictive motion in language encompasses six categories, but in this study, we only take the "coextension paths"as research object. After comparing the figure, path, and manner’s expression of fictive motion between Chinese and Korean, we discuss the similarities and differences between them. The similarities of fictive motion expression between Chinese and Korean are as follows. First, in Chinese and Korean, untravelable subject is allowed to appear in fictive motion sentences. Second, Chinese and Korean are subject to path constraints. That is, the path information must appear in the fictive motion sentence. Third, the way information can be expressed through verbs, adverbs, and adverbials of manner in Chinese and Korean. And the emergence of the manner adverbial are subject to certain restrictions. The differences of fictive motion expression between Chinese and Korean are as follows. Chinese mainly use path verbs and prepositional phrase to express path information, while Korea mainly use path verbs, phrase and case-auxiliary words to encode path information. The case marking of Korean not only can express path information, but also can express spatial dimension. These similarities and differences are not only related to the law of human thinking, but also related to the language system. The study on it will help us to explore the cognitive mechanism behind the different languages.

The gut microbiome of cattle suppresses pathogens and aids host immunity. However, the gut microbiome of newborn calves is still developing; therefore, diarrhea caused by pathogen infection is common. Rapid changes in the gut microbiome due to diarrhea have a significant impact on the health and growth of calves. Until recently, there have been few studies on the changes in the gut microbiome following infection with major digestive pathogens that cause diarrhea in Hanwoo (Korean indigenous cattle) calves. Therefore, this study was conducted to identify viral digestive pathogens that cause severe diarrhea in Hanwoo calves. Seven normal calves without diarrhea and eight calves with diarrhea were selected, and their feces were collected to analyze pathogens and the gut microbiome. Bovine rotavirus (BRV) and bovine coronavirus (BCoV) were detected in the feces of the calves with diarrhea. There was no significant difference in the alpha diversity of the microbiome between normal calves and calves infected with viruses; however, a significant decrease in NPShannon and Shannon indices and a significant increase in Simpson index were observed in calves infected with BRV compared to calves infected with BCoV. In addition, beta diversity of the microbiome differed distinctly between normal calves and calves infected with BRV or BCoV. At the class level, BRV infection increased Gammaproteobacteria and Actinobacteria, whereas BCoV infection increased Clostridia and decreased Bacilli. In addition, the abundance of Lactobacillus was significantly reduced upon infection with BRV and BCoV. In this study, we confirmed the differences in the gut microbiome based on viral pathogens causing diarrhea in Hanwoo calves. The results of pathogen-targeting research are expected to be helpful in preventing common pathogens in calves.

Background As people age, changes in speech characteristics naturally occur. If differences in speech features exist between frail older adults and those experiencing healthy aging, speech assessment could become a valuable tool for monitoring frailty. Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences in speech characteristics according to frailty in older adults. Study design A cross-sectional design Methods Forty-two individuals aged 65 and older were recruited from senior community centers. Frailty was assessed based on weight loss, self-reported exhaustion, low physical activity, slow gait speed, and weak grip strength, classifying participants into three groups: frail, pre-frail, and robust. Speech variables, including total speech duration, voiced and unvoiced duration, speech and articulation rates, mean syllable duration, and number of pauses during speech, were compared across the three groups. Results Frail and pre-frail older adults exhibited significantly slower speech and articulation rates, taking longer to speak the same sentences compared to robust adults. Additionally, frail older adults showed a significantly longer mean syllable duration and more pauses during speech than their robust participants. Conclusions These findings suggest that speech characteristics could be valuable indicators of frailty in older adults. Future large-scale studies should further explore the relationship between frailty and these speech features.

The solubility and structure of myosin and the properties of pork gel with NaCl, KCl, CaCl2, and MgCl2 were investigated. Myofibrillar proteins (MPs) with phosphate were more solubilized with NaCl than with KCl (p < 0.05). CaCl2 and MgCl2 showed lower MP solubilities than those of NaCl and KCl (p < 0.05). The α-helix content of myosin was lower in KCl, CaCl2, and MgCl2 than in NaCl (p < 0.05). The pH of pork batter decreased in the order of KCl, NaCl, MgCl2, and CaCl2 (p < 0.05). The cooking yield of the pork gel manufactured with monovalent salts was higher than that of the pork gel manufactured with divalent salts (p < 0.05). The pork gel manufactured with KCl and MgCl2 showed lower hardness than that of the pork gel manufactured with NaCl. The solubility and structure of myosin were different with the different chloride salts and those led the different quality properties of pork gel. Therefore, the results of this study can be helpful for understanding the quality properties of low-slat meat products manufactured by replacing sodium chloride with different chloride salts.

Purpose: This study investigated the differences in physical function, self-efficacy (SE), and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) categorized by disease severity in community-dwelling patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Methods: This cross-sectional study included 182 patients with COPD selected from the pulmonology outpatient department of a tertiary hospital. Disease severity was measured using forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1). Physical function, SE, and HRQoL were measured with the six-minute walking distance, Pulmonary Rehabilitation Adapted Index of Self-Efficacy (PRAISE), and St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ). Disease duration, FEV1, and 12-month history of exacerbations were obtained from medical records. Patients were categorized by Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) category. Data were analyzed using the χ2 test, and one-way ANOVA. Results: Most of the participants were male and nonsmokers. The disease duration was 10.76 ± 10.03 years, the mean FEV1% was 62.13 ± 22.80, and 70.3% of the participants were in GOLD category 2 (moderate) or milder. Half of the participants reported modified Medical Research Council scores ≥ 2. Patients in GOLD categories 1 and 3 (mild and severe) exhibited significantly higher PRAISE scores than those in the other groups (F = 8.23, p < .001). The total SGRQ scores were highest in GOLD 4 (very severe), indicating the lowest HRQoL. Significant differences were identified among GOLD 1, GOLD 2 and 3, and GOLD 4 (F = 9.92, p < .001). Conclusion: We identified potentially useful variables to comprehensively assess disease severity and tailor management strategies, including airflow limitation, and to determine the consequences of COPD from patients’ perspectives.

Thirty Hanwoo cattle including bulls, cows, and steers (n = 10 each) were slaughtered and investigated for carcass traits (weight, meat color, fat color, yield index, maturity, marbling score, back-fat thickness, and firmness) and meat quality. The meat quality such as: pH, color, cooking loss, fatty acid, thiobarbituric acid reactive substance, warner-bratzler shear force, tensile tests, and texture profiles were analyzed on longissimus lumborum (LL) muscles of the carcasses at different aging times (3 d and 21 d). The results showed that steers and cows had higher back-fat thickness and marbling score, and a lower firmness (p < 0.001) than bulls. Bulls exhibited a lower meat quality indicating by higher cooking loss, thiobarbituric acid reactive substance content, warner-bratzler shear force and tensile test values (p < 0.01). Regarding the sensory property, the bull meat also had higher hardness, and lower tenderness, juiciness and flavor scores than the cow or steer meat (p < 0.01). Additionally, the bull meat had a higher polyunsaturated fatty acid and a lower monounsaturated fatty acid contents (p < 0.01). With increased aging time, the meat tenderness was improved in all the genders. Taken together, the present study demonstrated that the gender and aging time affected the carcass traits, fatty acid and sensory quality of beef. Postmortem aging could improve the meat tenderness of all genders especially bulls.

Objective: Dysphagia is a common symptom of stroke and affects 23?50% of such patients. In addition, bulbar involvement, which causes dysphagia, is the primary initial symptom in approximately 25?30% of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients. The purpose of this study was to compare patterns of swallowing difficulties in stroke and ALS patients. Methods: We retrospectively recruited 84 ALS patients with dysphagia and 294 stroke patients with dysphagia between January 2017 and December 2019. Swallowing processes were reviewed by videofluoroscopic swallowing studies (VFSSs). The presence of oral residues and oral transit times (OTTs) were measured in the oral phase, and the presence of penetration and aspiration and residues in valleculae or pyriform sinuses were evaluated. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 25.0 and comparisons using the Chi-square test. Results: ALS patients more frequently had delayed OTTs and oral residues than stroke patients, and stroke patients more frequently experienced aspiration and had delayed thin liquid pharyngeal transit times (PTTs). However, no significant intergroup difference was observed for the presence of penetration, residues in valleculae or pyriform sinuses, or thick liquid PTTs. Conclusion: The study shows that ALS patients exhibit slower food processing in the oral cavity and more significant bulbar muscle weakness than stroke patients. On the other hand, stroke patients had greater thin liquid aspiration rates than ALS patients. These findings should be considered when choosing treatments for ALS and stroke.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate how pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) nurses and the mothers of hospitalized children perceived their partnership and identify the detailed differences in the common domains of partnership between them. Methods: A qualitative descriptive design with semi-structured and open-ended interviews was used. Interviews with mothers of hospitalized children and nurses in the PICU were conducted at a national university hospital in South Korea. Results: Five integrated categories were identified concerning nurses' and mothers' perceptions of partnership. Five common domains were derived by merging the partnership categories perceived by each PICU mother and nurse: expectation of trust, sharing and communication, participation in care, equality in the relationship, and coordination of opinion However, there were significant differences in the composition of the categories of these common domains. Conclusion: These results may facilitate more effective partnerships between parents and PICU nurses. Efforts should be taken to promote the formation of trust between nurses and parents and create an environment that is conductive to regular open communication in particular, steps should be taken to reduce gaps in awareness concerning this partnership and information sharing, nursing methods, and decision-making.

Feed cost is the main factor affecting the economic benefits of pig industry. Improving the feed efficiency (FE) can reduce the feed cost and improve the economic benefits of pig breeding enterprises. Liver is a complex metabolic organ which affects the distribution of nutrients and regulates the efficiency of energy conversion from nutrients to muscle or fat, thereby affecting feed efficiency. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that can regulate feed efficiency through the modulation of gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. In this study, we analyzed miRNA profiling of liver tissues in High-FE and Low-FE pigs for the purpose of identifying key miRNAs related to feed efficiency. A total 212~221 annotated porcine miRNAs and 136~281 novel miRNAs were identified in the pig liver. Among them, 188 annotated miRNAs were co-expressed in High-FE and Low-FE pigs. The 14 miRNAs were significantly differentially expressed (DE) in the livers of high-FE pigs and low-FE pigs, of which 5 were downregulated and 9 were upregulated. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis of liver DE miRNAs in high-FE pigs and low-FE pigs indicated that the target genes of DE miRNAs were significantly enriched in insulin signaling pathway, Gonadotropin- releasing hormone signaling pathway, and mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway. To verify the reliability of sequencing results, 5 DE miRNAs were randomly selected for quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The qRT-PCR results of miRNAs were confirmed to be consistent with sequencing data. DE miRNA data indicated that liver-specific miRNAs synergistically acted with mRNAs to improve feed efficiency. The liver miRNAs expression analysis revealed the metabolic pathways by which the liver miRNAs regulate pig feed efficiency.

Purpose: This descriptive study compared the perceived parental stress levels between parents with very low birth weight infants (VLBWIs) and nurses in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Methods: In total, 83 parents of VLBWIs and 78 NICU nurses were enrolled. Data were collected with the Parental Stress Scale (PSS) and analyzed using the t-test and analysis of variance in SAS version 9.4. Results: The average PSS score was 3.31 among parents and 3.45 among nurses. The stress score was significantly higher among nurses with children (t=2.46, p=.016) and senior nurses (t=2.12, p=.037). There was a significant difference in the stress score according to parents' education (t=3.29, p=.002) and occupation (F=3.14, p=.049) in the sights and sounds subscale. Mothers had significantly higher stress scores than fathers in the parental role alterations subscale (t=2.32, p=.023). Parental stress scores were higher than those perceived by nurses in the infant's appearance and behaviors subscale for breathing patterns (t=2.95, p=.004), followed by jerky/ restless behavior (t=2.70, p=.008). Conclusion: Nurses should provide explanations to parents of VLBWIs in order to reduce parental stress about the appearances and behavior of VLBWIs. This is more important than aspect of the NICU environment and education about parental roles.

Objective To investigate the differences of spinal curvature, thoracic sagittal mobility, and respiratory strength between patients with chronic neck pain (CNP) and people without cervical pain, and to determine the correlation between respiratory strength and thoracic mobility in CNP patients. Methods A total of 78 participants were finally included in this study, of whom 30 had no cervical pain and 48 had CNP. The Neck Disability Index (NDI), cervical lordotic curvature, thoracic kyphotic curvature, thoracic sagittal range of motion (ROM), maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP), and maximal expiratory pressure (MEP) were measured and analyzed. Results In males, thoracic sagittal ROMMEP-MIP and MEP showed a significant difference between the no cervical pain group and the CNP group. In females, thoracic kyphotic curvature, thoracic sagittal ROMMEP-MIP, MIP, and MEP were significantly different between the no cervical pain group and the CNP group. Thoracic kyphotic curvature was significantly correlated with MEP and MIP in all population groups, and significantly correlated with NDI in the female group. Thoracic sagittal ROMMEP-MIP had a significant linear relationship with NDI, MEP, and MIP in all population groups. Conclusion The thoracic mobility during forced respiration was reduced in patients with CNP and was correlated with respiratory strength. Changes in the biomechanics of the cervicothoracic spine and rib cage due to CNP may contribute to impairment of respiratory strength.

The current study aimed to investigate the frequency differences in presentation of alibi and evidence by factors ?day? and ?time?. We analyzed the frequencies of presenting alibis, physical evidence and witness evidence, and investigated the base rate by day (weekday / weekend) and time. A total of 282 respondents participated in this study through self-report online questionnaires. Participants were randomly assigned to one of 8 conditions that consisted of either the day (Tuesday / Saturday) and the time (3:00 / 9:00 / 15:00 / 21:00), and then they were asked to generate their alibis (location), physical evidence, and witness evidence to prove their innocence from mock robbery that they did not commit. Chi-square test was utilized to verify differences in the evidence reported by participants for certain day and time. In addition, binary logistic regression analysis was used in order to investigate the effect of day and time on the evidence. As a result, the day influenced whether family members witness evidence was reported and the time influenced all types of physical and witness evidence. In other words, people are most likely to report the witness evidence with the weakest reliability on weekend, and believable physical and witness evidence were least often reported at 3am in which crimes are most frequent. This study shows that a perfect alibi and evidence to prove innocence in the investigation process may not be possible. Finally, the limitations of the present study and suggestions of subsequent study were discussed.

Objective To evaluate if there is a difference in gait pattern when applying two different shapes of energy storing prosthetic feet for trainstibial amputation we conducted a comparative study. Energy storing prosthetic feet for transtibial amputation are increasing in use, but there are few studies that evaluate the effects of the shape of energy storing feet on gait patterns.Methods Ten unilateral transtibial amputees were recruited. Two different shapes of dynamic response feet were applied to each subject either 1C30 Trias or 1C60 Triton. The main differences between the two are a split forefoot and the presence of a heel wedge. Spatiotemporal, kinematic, and kinetic data was obtained through gait analysis. Differences between intact and prosthetic side and differences between the two prosthetics were assessed.Results On a side to side comparison, cadence asymmetry with 1C30 Trias was observed. Ankle plantarflexion at the end of stance and ankle supination at the onset of preswing was smaller with both prosthetic feet compared to the intact side. Other spatiotemporal, kinematic, and kinetic data showed no significant differences in a side to side comparison. In a comparison between the two prosthetics, stance and swing ratio and ankle dorsiflexion through mid-stance was closer to normal with 1C60 Triton than 1C30 Trias. Other spatiotemporal, kinematic, and kinetic data showed no statistically significant differences between prosthetics.Conclusion Both energy storing feet implants showed symmetric gait in unilateral transtibial amputees who are functionally independent in daily living. And 1C60 Triton showed closer to normal gait patterns than 1C30 Trias in our study.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess the differences in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in women in their 30s and 40s by breastfeeding experience, using the the fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2010) data. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a total of 1,053 healthy women in their 30s and 40s, who had given birth was analyzed. To compare women with and without breastfeeding experience, chi-quare test and t test were used. The relationship between metabolic syndrome and breastfeeding was assessed using logistic regression analysis adjusted demographic and lifestyle covariates. Results: The breastfeeding experience ofwomen in their 30s was associated with a decreased risk of elevated triglyceride after controlling for income, education, exercise andthe last childbirthage [odds ratio (OR)=0.44, 95% confidence interval (CI) (0.21, 0.95)]. In addition, women who breastfed more children had high odds of metabolic syndrome [OR = 4.03, 95%CI (2.03, 8.00)], and components of metabolic syndrome [abdominal obesity: OR = 2.02, 95%CI (1.17, 3.51), elevated triglyceride: OR = 1.98, 95%CI (1.14, 3.45), elevated blood pressure: OR = 2.65, 95%CI (1.28, 5.49)] than those who never breastfed children. Conclusions: This study found that postpartum breastfeeding may play a significant role in reducing the risk of metabolic syndrome and also that childbearing is associated with a higher incidence of metabolic syndrome among women in their 30s. For women in their 40s, the risk of metabolic syndrome did not significantly differ depending on the breastfeeding experience. This study indicated that breastfeeding can be a way to reduce metabolic health burdens in women in their 30s.

Purpose: This study aimed to identify the differences in functional fitness between older adults who were at risk of falling and those who were not. Methods: A total of 104 older adults aged 65-74 years were recruited from a local community senior center. They were independent older adults without a history of falls in the preceding 12 months. Falling risk status was assessed using the Fall Risk Test. Five dimensions of functional fitness with seven testing parameters (i.e., 30-second chair stand test, 30-second arm curl test, 2-minute step test, chair sit and reach test, back scratch test, 8-foot up and go test, and body mass index) were evaluated by the Senior Fitness Test. Results: Only 78 participants completed all the tests, of which 48 participants were identified with risk of falling, and 30 participants were free from risk of falling. Results from multivariate analysis of variance found significant differences on the combined outcome variables, especially in the 8-foot up and go test, 2-minute step test, and 30-second arm curl test. Results from discriminant analysis found a significant discriminant function among all the seven testing parameters, where the 8-foot up and go test, and the 2-minute step test contributed most. Conclusions: Older adults who are at the early stage of risk of falling tend to have lower functional fitness capacities, especially in agility and dynamic balance, aerobic endurance as well as in a combined relationship among all the testing parameters.