Earticle

We investigated abdominal and lower extremity muscle activity and thickness in typically developing children and children with develop-mental delays. A total of 35 children participated: typically developing peers (n=13), children with hypotonia (n=10), and children with spas-ticity (n=12). Muscle activity and thickness were measured at rest and during activity. Electromyography was used to measure abdominal and lower extremity muscle activities, and abdominal muscle thickness was measured using ultrasonography. There was a significant difference between the groups in the activity of the rectus abdominis and quadri-ceps muscles at rest and during activity (P<0.05). There was a signifi-cant difference between the groups in the thickness of the external oblique and transversus abdominis muscles during activity (P<0.05). There was a significant difference between the groups in the thickness of the external oblique and internal oblique muscles in the sitting posi-tion (P<0.05). Therefore, the characteristics of muscle tone should be considered when applying interventions to children with developmental delay.

Objective: To explore the effectiveness of sensory integrative procedures in promoting postural control, bilateral coordination and motor planning outcomes in child with developmental delay. Design: A single-subject ABA research design. Setting: Early Intervention Center of University. Participant: A 7-year-old boy with developmental delay. Interventions: Sensory integrative procedure. The subject was tested four times before, four times during, and three times after intervention. Main Outcome Measure: Part of subtests of DeGangi-Berl Test of Sensory Integration, Bruininks-Oseretsky Motor Proficiency and Sensory Integration and Praxis Test. Result: Postural control and motor planning are effected on sensory integrative procedure. Bilateral coordination did not change by this study. The quality of performance was increased by the therapy.

The purpose of this study was to investigate effects of inclination treadmill training on gait and gross motor function in children with developmental delay. In this study, a total of 12 developmental delay children was randomly assigned to: the 10° inclination treadmill training group, the 0° inclination treadmill training group. GMFM and K-PBS were used to evaluate the subject’s to gross motor function. In order to evaluate the subject’s walking ability, a walking analysis was conducted via GAITRite system. The intervention was performed 3 times a week for 3 weeks. Each session lasted 20 minutes. The experimental group conducted 10° inclination treadmill training, and the control group conducted 0° inclination treadmill training. The results of this study confirmed that 10° inclination treadmill training was effective in improving gait and gross motor function in developmental delay children. Therefore, 10° inclination treadmill training can be used as an effective interventional method in physical therapy developmental delay to improve gait and gross motor function in children with developmental delay.

The participants in this study consisted of four adults without disabilities and five children with disabilities, including one diagnosed with ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder), one with asymmetric developmental delay, and three with cerebral palsy. In adults without disabilities, maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) of the rectus abdominis (RA), external oblique (EO), and multifidus (MF) muscles was assessed using a myotonometer and electromyography (EMG) in supine and sitting positions. In children with disabilities, muscle tone was assessed using a myotonometer in both supine and sitting positions before and after Vojta therapy. In the assessment of intra-rater reliability among adults without disabilities, the RA muscle showed low to moderate reliability, with r = .689 during MVIC, r = .268 before therapy in the sitting position, r = .633 after therapy, and very high reliability in the supine position. The MF muscle showed a moderate correlation (r = .593) before treatment during MVIC, and a high correlation (r = .710) in the prone position, while correlations in the remaining conditions ranged from high to very high. The RA muscle in children with disabilities demonstrated moderate reliability, with correlation coefficients of r = .990 before treatment in the supine position, r = .728 before treatment (trial 1), r = .968 before treatment (trial 2), r = .867 after treatment, and r = .842 in the sitting position. The MF muscle demonstrated very high correlation, with r = .979 before treatment and r = .944 after assuming the prone position. Except for the RA muscle, correlations showed high to very high levels before therapy. In the assessment of intra-rater reliability of EMG signals across postures in non-disabled adults, the MVIC values for the three muscles varied by posture, ranging from .594 (moderate) to .941 (very high) in the RA muscle, while values were high in the remaining conditions. However, in the supine post-RA condition, the value was .112 (poor), whereas in the prone pre-condition, the MF muscle showed .372 (low). The intra-rater reliability of the EMG measurements for each muscle in the remaining postures ranged from high to very high. The intra-rater reliability of myotonometer measurements for trunk muscles was found to be high in both disabled and non-disabled participants. In this study, EMG demonstrated appropriate %MVIC values in both supine and sitting positions, indicating high reliability and validity across postures, and confirming its effectiveness as an evaluation tool for comparing pre- and post-Vojta therapy outcomes. To effectively utilize a myotonometer for assessing trunk muscle stability, it is essential to develop a standardized protocol applicable to diverse patient populations.

목적: 본 연구는 감각통합기반 중재가 발달지연 및 장애 아동의 운동기능에 미치는 효과를 체계적으로 검토하고, 메타분석을 통해 검증하고자 하였다. 방법: PRISMA 2020 지침에 따라 국내외 학술 데이터베이스(KISS, RISS, PubMed, CINAHL 등)에서 2014년부 터 2025년까지 발표된 문헌을 검색하였다. 포함 기준은 발달지연, 자폐스펙트럼장애, 뇌성마비, Attention- Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder 아동을 대상으로 한 연구 중 감각통합이론에 기반한 중재를 적용하고, 운동기능 향상을 주요 결과로 제시한 무작위 대조군 실험연구였다. 최종적으로 12편이 선정되었으며, Cochrane Risk-of-Bias tool for randomized trials을 이용해 연구의 질을 평가하고, 무선효과모형을 적용하여 효과크기(Hedges’ g), 이질성(I2), 출판편향(Funnel plot, Egger 회귀검정, Trim-and-Fill, Orwin 의 Fail-safe N)을 분석하였다. 결과: 전체 효과크기는 중등도에서 큰 수준의 효과(g = 0.87, 95% CI: 0.73-1.01, p < 0.001, I2 = 37.60%)로 확인되었다. 하위분석에서는 대근육(g = 0.92)과 전체운동(g = 0.83)에서 뚜렷한 효과가 확인되었으며, 진단군별로는 발달지연(g = 1.42)과 뇌성마비(g = 1.27) 아동에서 가장 큰 효과가 나타났다. 또한 중재기간이 5주 이상, 세션 시간이 60분 이상일 때 안정적이고 일관된 효과가 확인되었다. 출판편향 검정에서도 왜곡 가능성은 나타나지 않았다. 결론: 감각통합기반 중재는 발달지연 및 장애 아동의 운동기능 증진에 효과적인 접근으로 확인되었으며, 특히 대근육과 전반적 운동기능 향상에 두드러진 효과를 보였다. 그러나 포함 문헌 수의 제한, 평가도구의 이질성, 연구 지역 편중으로 인해 결과의 일반화에는 주의가 필요하다. 향후 연구에서는 표준화된 감각⋅운동 평가도구와 신경생리학적 지표를 병행한 무작위 대조군 실험연구가 요구된다.

Objective: This study reviewed and meta-analyzed the effects of sensory integration–based interventions on motor function in children with developmental delays and disabilities. Methods: Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, four databases (KISS, RISS, PubMed, CINAHL) were searched for RCTs (2010-2024) involving children with developmental delay, ASD, CP, or ADHD. Twelve studies were included. Study quality was assessed using the Cochrane RoB 2.0 tool. A random-effects model estimated effect sizes (Hedges’ g), heterogeneity (I2), and publication bias. Results: The overall pooled effect size was moderate to large (g = 0.87, 95% CI: 0.73-1.01, p < 0.001, I2 = 37.60%). Subgroup analyses showed effects in gross motor (g = 0.92) and total motor outcomes (g = 0.83). By diagnosis, the largest effects were observed in developmental delay (g = 1.42) and cerebral palsy (g = 1.27). In addition, more consistent effects were observed when intervention duration was ≥ 5 weeks and session time was ≥ 60 minutes. No publication bias was detected. Conclusion: Sensory integration–based interventions improve motor function, particularly gross and total motor outcomes. However, caution is needed when generalizing findings due to limited studies and heterogeneous assessment tools. Future research should use standardized assessments in well-designed RCTs.

목적 : 본 연구는 국내 발달지연 아동을 대상으로 감각 기반 중재의 종류와 그 효과를 체계적으로 고찰하 여 제시하고자 하였다. 연구방법 : 검색 기간은 2015년 1월부터 2025년 6월까지로 하였으며, 자료의 검색을 위해 누리미디어 (DBpia), 한국학술정보(KISS), 학술연구정보서비스(RISS)의 데이터베이스를 사용하였다. 검색어는 ‘발 달지연’, ‘감각 기반’, ‘감각통합’, ‘중재’이었다. 분석에 포함된 연구는 총 12개의 연구로, 근거의 수준, Methodological Index for Non-Randomized Studies(MINORS)와 Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT)로 방법론적 질적 수준을 분석하였고, 연구결과는 PICO(Patient, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome)로 정리하였다. 결과 : 분석 결과 근거 수준은 수준 Ⅳ와 수준Ⅴ의 빈도가 높았고, 방법론적 질적 수준에서 MINORS는 11 점에서 18점을 보였고, MMAT는 3점에서 4점을 보였다. 실험설계는 사례연구 및 단일대상실험연구의 빈도가 높았고, 중재는 감각통합치료를 비롯한 다양한 감각 기반 중재가 사용되었다. 중재효과는 분석에 사용된 12개 모든 연구에서 부분적인 점수 향상 및 통계학적으로 유의미한 변화를 보였다. 결론 : 본 연구에서는 국내 발달지연 아동을 대상으로 다양한 감각 기반 중재방법이 적용되었으며, 중재 결 과 전반적으로 유의미한 효과가 확인되었다. 추후 연구에서는 근거수준이 높고 질적으로 우수한 연구가 지속적으로 이루어져야 할 것이다.

Objective : This study aimed to systematically review and describe the types of sensory-based interventions and their effects for children with developmental delays in Korea. Methods : The search period was set from January 2015 to June 2025, and data were retrieved from DBpia, KISS, and Research Information Service System. The research terms included ‘developmental delay’, ‘sensory-based’, ‘sensory integration’, and ‘intervention’. A total of 12 studies were included in the analysis. The level of evidence and methodological quality were assessed using the Methodological Index for Non-Randomized Studies (MINORS) and the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT), and the study findings were summarized using PICO framework (Patient, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome). Results : The analysis showed that the included studies were predominantly level IV and level V in terms of evidence. Methodological quality assessments indicated MINORS scores ranging from 11 to 18 and MMAT scores ranging from 3 to 4. Case studies and single-subject experimental designs were the most common study types. Various sensory-based interventions, including sensory integration therapy, were employed. All 12 studies reported intervention effects, with partial score improvements and statistically significant changes observed. Conclusion : The review confirms that diverse sensory-based intervention methods have been applied to children with developmental delays in Korea, and overall, these interventions demonstrated significant effects. Future research should continue to pursue studies with higher levels of evidence and stronger methodological rigor.

목적 : 본 연구는 차지증후군(CHARGE syndrome) 아동의 다중감각적 특성과 발달지연에 관한 기존 문 헌을 분석하고, 작업치료적 관점에서 시사점을 도출하고자 하였다. 연구방법 : 2000년부터 2025년 5월까지 해외 학술 데이터베이스(PubMed, Medline, Web of Science, Google Scholar 등)를 통해 차지증후군 아동을 대상으로 한 다중감각 및 발달 지연 관련 문헌을 검색하 였다. PRISMA-ScR 지침에 따라 총 168편 중 기준에 부합하는 16편의 문헌을 최종 분석하였다. 결과 : 포함된 문헌들은 중복을 허용하여 분석되었으며, 운동기술(14편), 먹기(4편), 사회적 상호작용(1편), 인지(1편), 참여 및 동기(1편)에 관련된 다중감각적 어려움과 발달 지연을 보고하였다. 이로 인해 차지 증후군 아동은 작업 참여 및 일상생활활동 전반에 제한을 경험하며, 조기 개입과 감각기반 접근, 가족 중 심 중재의 필요성이 강조되었다. 결론 : 차지증후군 아동은 다중감각의 복합적인 손상으로 인한 다양한 작업 수행 제한을 보이며, 전인적이 고 통합적인 작업치료 접근이 필요하다. 향후에는 감각기반 자기조절 전략, 환경 조정, 가족 참여를 포함 한 맞춤형 중재 모델 개발과 효과 검증을 위한 장기적 연구가 필요할 것이다.

Purpose : This study aimed to review and analyze literature on the multisensory characteristics and developmental delays in children with CHARGE syndrome from an occupational therapy perspective. Methods : A scoping review was conducted per the PRISMA-ScR guidelines. A total of 168 articles published between January 2000 and May 2025 were retrieved from PubMed, Medline, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, and 16 studies that met the inclusion criteria were selected. Results : The studies reported multisensory difficulties related to motor skills (n= 14), feeding (n= 4), social interaction (n= 1), cognition (n= 1), and motivation or participation (n= 1). These difficulties contributed to developmental delays and participation restrictions in daily activities. The findings emphasized the need for early intervention, sensory-based approaches, and family-centered support. Conclusion : Children with CHARGE syndrome exhibit complex sensory and developmental challenges that require a holistic, integrated occupational therapy approach. Future research should focus on long-term studies validating tailored interventions, including sensory-based self-regulation strategies, environmental modifications, and family engagement.

목적 : 초등학교 1학년 아동의 감각처리능력에 따른 학교생활적응의 차이를 알아보고자 하였다. 연구방법 : 연구 대상자는 초등학교 1학년 아동 131명이었다. 감각처리능력에 따른 집단은 단축감각프로 파일(Short Sensory Profile; SSP)을 사용하여 정상군은 본 연구의 전형적 집단으로, 감각처리의 문제 가능성군과 확연한 문제군은 본 연구의 감각처리에 어려움이 있는 집단으로 분류하였다. 연구 기간은 2023년 10월부터 동년 11월까지이었다. 연구 방법은 설문조사로 일반적 특성, 단축감각프로파일, 학교 생활적응척도를 사용하였다. 분석은 감각처리능력에 따른 집단 간의 차이를 확인하기 위하여 독립표본 t-test를 사용하였다. 결과 : 감각처리능력에 따른 집단 간 학교생활적응의 차이는 친구관계(p=.000)와 학교수업 (p=.009), 학 교규칙(p=.011), 학교생활적응 총점(p=.003)에서 유의한 차이를 보였다. 학교생활적응 총점과 하위영 역 모두 감각처리에 어려움이 있는 집단의 평균 점수가 낮았다. 결론 : 연구결과 초등학교 1학년 아동의 감각처리능력에 따른 학교생활적응은 친구관계, 학교수업, 학교규 칙적응에서 유의한 차이가 있는 것을 확인하였다. 이 결과는 초등학교현장에서는 초등학교 1학년 아동의 친구관계, 학교수업, 학교규칙적응에 영향을 주는 하나의 요인으로 감각처리능력을 고려하여 아동을 지도 해야 함을 제시할 수 있을 것이다.

Objective : The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences in school life- adaptation according to the sensory processing ability of first- grade elementary school children. Methods : The participants of this study were 131 children in the first- grade of elementary school. The data collection period was from October 2023 to November 2023. The measurement tools used in this study included a questionnaire on general information about the subject, a school life adjustment scale, and a short sensory profile. Methods for the data analysis included descriptive statistics and an independent ttest using SPSS 25.0. Results : There were significant differences between groups depending on the sensory processing ability of total school life adjustment, friendships, school classes, and school rules (p =.000 ∼ .011). Conclusion : This study found that there was a difference in school- life adaptation according to the sensory processing ability of first- grade elementary school children.

목적 : 감각통합중재와 가족중심코칭 병행중재가 발달지연 아동의 감각처리, 자세조절과 부모의 양육효능 감에 미치는 영향에 대해 알아보고자 하였다. 연구방법 : 본 연구는 5~6세 발달지연 아동 4명과 부모를 대상으로 단일대상연구 대상자간 중다 간헐 기초선 설계로 진행하였으며, 단일대상연구 대상자간 중다 간헐 기초선 설계로 진행하였으며, 감각통합중재와 가족중 심코칭은 대상자별로 각 8주간 주 2회씩 총 16회기 동안 시행하였다. 사전과 사후에 감각프로파일, 한국판 부모 양육효능감 평가를 실시하였고, Biorescue 장비를 사용하여 중재 후 자세조절의 변화를 측정하였다. 결과 : 중재 후 대상자 모두 감각처리가 상승하였다. Biorescue 장비를 통해 평가한 중재 기간에 앉은 자 세, 눈 감고 앉은 자세, 선 자세에서 체중지지가 기초선 기간의 ±2 표준편차보다 높게 나타났다. 모든 대상자의 주 양육자 부모의 양육효능감이 상승되었다. 결론 : 본 연구의 결과를 통해 감각통합중재와 가족중심코칭이 발달지연 아동의 감각처리, 자세조절, 부모 의 양육효능감에 효과적인 중재 방법을 제시하였다는 점에 의의가 있다.

Objective : The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a sensory integration intervention on the sensory processing and posture control of children with developmental delays and a simultaneous family-centered coaching intervention on their parents’ parenting efficacy. Methods : This study adopted a multiple probe design across four children aged five to six with developmental delays and their parents. A sensory integration intervention and a family-centered coaching intervention were employed twice a week in a total of 16 sessions over 8 weeks. Sensory profiles were evaluated, and the Korean version of the Parenting Sense of Competence was used before and after the interventions, and changes in post-intervention posture control were measured using Biorescue equipment. Results : During the intervention period, weight support in the sitting, Sitting with eyes closed, and standing positions evaluated using Biorescue was higher than two standard deviations from the baseline. After the interventions, all children showed enhanced sensory processing. Conclusion : Sensory integration and family centered coaching interventions have positive effects on the sensory processing and posture control of children with developmental delays and on their parents’ parenting efficacy.

목적 : 본 연구의 목적은 발달지연아동 부모와 일반아동 부모의 감각처리 특성이 양육스트레스에 미치는 영 향을 비교하는 것이다. 연구방법 : 2022년 7월부터 8월까지 소아과의원과 아동발달센터에서 작업치료 서비스를 이용하는 7세 이하 발달지연아동의 부모 61명과 일반아동 부모 64명을 대상으로 양육스트레스와 감각프로파일을 평가하 였다. 결과 : 양육스트레스 총점에 대한 감각처리 특성의 영향을 분석한 다중회귀분석에서 발달지연아동 부모는 촉각처리(β=0.353, p=0.001), 성별(β=0.438, p=0.000), 월수입(β=-0.261, p=0.014)이 유의하게 양육스트레스에 대한 영향 요인으로 파악되었다. 일반아동 부모에서는 촉각처리(β=0.376, p=0.002), 성별(β=-0.264, p=0.024)이 유의하게 양육스트레스에 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다. 결론 : 발달지연아동과 일반아동 부모의 성별과 촉각처리 특성은 양육스트레스에 대한 유의한 영향 요인이다.

Objective : The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of the sensory processing characteristics of parents of developmentally delayed children and parents of typically developed children on parenting stress. Methods : From July to August 2022, 61 parents of children with developmental delays and 64 parents of children with typical development who used occupational therapy services at pediatric clinics and child development centers were evaluated for parenting stress and sensory profiles. Results : In a multiple regression analysis on the effect of sensory processing characteristics on the total score of parenting stress, tactile processing (β = 0.353, p = 0.001), gender (β = 0.438, p = 0.000), and monthly income (β = -0.261, p = 0.014) significantly affected the parenting stress of the parents of children with developmental delay. In parents of typically developing children, tactile processing (β = 0.376, p = 0.002) and gender (β = -0.264, p = 0.024) were found to have a significant effect on parenting stress. Conclusion : Parental gender and tactile processing characteristics of developmentally delayed and typically developing children are significant influencing factors for parenting stress.

목적 : 본 연구는 구강감각의 감각조절장애가 있는 발달지연 아동을 대상으로 구강활동을 포함한 감각통합 치료를 적용하여 침 흘림과 구강장난감을 활용한 놀이에 대한 효과를 알아보고자 하였다. 연구방법 : 연구대상은 2세 8개월의 구강감각의 감각조절장애가 있는 발달지연 남아 2명이었다. 단일대상연 구 ABA’ 중 대상자간 중다기초설계(multiple-baseline design across subjects)를 사용하였다. 목표행 동은 목표성취도 척도(Goal Attainment Scale; GAS)를 사용하여 침 흘림과 구강 장난감을 활용한 놀이 대한 관심과 집중으로 측정하였다. 중재기(B) 10회기 동안 구강활동과 고유-전정 중심의 감각통합치료 를 아동에게 적용하였다. 결과 : 침 흘림은 기초선 기간에 평균 목표행동 값(GAS)이 A 아동 0.25점, B 아동–0.5점에서 중재 기간에 는 A 아동 1.88점, B 아동 1.4점으로 향상했고 유지기 동안 평균은 A, B 아동 모두 3점이었다. 놀이에 대한 기초선 기간에 평균 목표행동 값은 A 아동은 –0.75점, B 아동은 0.75점에서 중재 기간 A 아동은 1.9점, B 아동은 1.1점이었고 유지기 동안 평균은 A 아동 1.33점, B 아동 2점이었다. 결론 : 구강활동을 포함한 고유-전정감각 중심의 감각통합치료는 구강감각의 감각조절문제가 있는 아동에게 침 흘림과 구강장난감을 활용한 놀이에 효과가 있는 것으로 보인다.

Objective : This study aims to ascertain the effect of oral activity and sensory integration therapy on drool and play using oral toys in children with developmental delays. Methods : The participants of the study were two children (2 years and 8 months) experiencing developmental delays with sensory modulation problems in their oral sensory faculties. The research design was multi-baseline design cross-subjects among single-subject research ABA. Target behaviors were measured by drooling and interest and concentration in play using oral toys through the Goal Attachment Scale (GAS). In the 10 sessions that the children underwent during the intervention period (B), oral activity and proprioception-vestibular sensory integration therapy were applied. Results : The GAS of drooling improved from 0.25 for child A and -0.5 for child B during the baseline to 1.88 for child A and 1.4 for child B during the intervention period. The follow-up was 3 for both child A and child B. Meanwhile, the GAS of play during the baseline was -0.75 for child A and 0.75 for child B, and 1.9 for child A and 1.1 for child B during the intervention period. The follow-up was 1.33 for child A and 2 for child B. Conclusion : Oral activity and proprioceptive-vestibular sensory integration therapy are effective in drooling and playing with oral toys in children with sensory modulation problems in their oral sensory faculties.

목적 : 본 연구의 목적은 발달장애 아동을 위한 태블릿 기반의 인지평가를 통해 세부 인지기능의 프로파일 을 비교함으로써 본 평가가 진단그룹에 따른 인지기능 상태를 평가하는데 변별력이 있는지 알아보고자 하였다. 연구방법 : 총 80명의 만 4~12세 아동이 본 연구에 참여하였다. 진단명별로 자폐 스펙트럼(Autism Spectrum Disorders; ASD) 24명, 지적장애(Intellectual Disability; ID) 20명, 주의력결핍 및 과잉행 동 장애(Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder; ADHD) 7명, 정상발달 아동 29명이 참여하였다. 태블릿으로 개발된 인지평가는 총 8개 항목으로 공간작업기억, 작업기억용량, 시각적 작업기억, 시지각 처리기술, 집행기능(계획), 집행기능(반응억제 및 주의력), 집행기능(억제)의 세부 인지항목으로 구성되 어 있다. 평가를 시행한 후 진단그룹에 따른 차이를 Kruskal-Wallis 검정을 통해 비교하였다. 통계분석 은 Jamovi 1.6.23 을 사용하였다. 결과 : 정상발달 아동에 비해 자폐 스펙트럼, 지적장애, ADHD 아동의 인지평가 총점이 통계적으로 유의 미하게 다른 것으로 나타났다(χ²= 22.41, p < .001). 정상발달 아동에 비해 자폐 스펙트럼 아동은 시각 처리기술 및 억제기능의 항목에서 유의미한 기능 저하를 보였고, 지적장애 아동은 작업기억 용량, 시각적 작업기억과 반응억제 및 주의력 항목에서 유의미한 기능 저하를 보이는 것으로 나타났다. 한편, ADHD 아동의 경우 정상발달 아동에 비해 통계적으로 유의미한 차이를 보이는 인지평가 항목이 없었다. 결론 : 본 연구에서 개발된 태블릿 기반의 인지평가는 정상발달 아동과 발달장애 아동의 인지기능의 상태 를 변별함으로써 치료의 기초자료로써 활용 가치가 있다.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop a tablet-based cognitive evaluation for children with developmental disabilities and to compare the profile of cognitive function according to the diagnostic groups. Methods: A total of 80 children participated in this study (24 with Autism Spectrum Disorder; ASD, 20 with an Intellectual Disability; ID, 7 with Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder; ADHD, and 29 with Typical Development; TD). A tablet-based cognitive evaluation was developed, which consists of 8 items according to the cognitive domains. Kruskal-Wallis tests were conducted to compare the mean differences according to the groups, and Jamovi 1.6.23 was used for the statistical analysis. Results: The total scores of the children among the diagnostic groups were significantly different from those of children with TD (x2 = 22.41, p < .001). The children with ASD showed significant deficits in visual global and local processing and inhibition. In addition, children with ID showed significant deficits in working memory span, visual working memory, and reaction inhibition and attention. By contrast, in children with ADHD, there were no items with statistically significant differences compared to children with TD. Conclusion: The tablet-based cognitive evaluation developed in this study was found to be useful in differentiating the cognitive functions between children with TD and those with developmental disabilities.

목적 : 환경 강화 치료 프로그램이 발달지연 아동의 과제수행 및 감각처리에 미치는 효과를 알아보고자 하 였다. 연구방법 : 본 연구는 발달지연 소견을 보이는 아동 2명을 대상으로 단일대상연구 ABA 설계로, 진행하였 으며, 중재는 주 7회씩 4주간 시행되었다. 두 아동 모두 중재 후 과제 수행도와 감각처리 변화를 확인하 였다. 결과 : 중재 후 과제 수행도는 기초선 기간에 비해 평균 200%에서 최대 354%까지 향상되었으며, 감각처 리영역에서도 촉각처리, 감정반응, 활동수준에 영향을 미치는 시각입력 조절영역의 점수가 정상범주로 향 상되었다. 결론 : 본 연구를 통해 환경 강화 치료 프로그램이 발달지연 아동의 과제 수행 및 감각처리에 효과적이라는 점을 확인하였으며, 가정에서도 시행할 수 있는 프로그램으로 그 유용성을 확인하였다.

Objective : The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the environmental enrichment therapy (EET) program on the task performance and sensory processing of children with delayed development. Methods : This study was conducted with a single-subject ABA research design for two children with developmental delay findings, and intervention was conducted 7 times a week for 4 weeks. Both children confirmed changes in task performance and sensory processing after intervention. Results : After intervention, task performance improved from an average of 200% to a maximum of 354% compared to the baseline period, and the score in the sensory processing area, which affects tactile processing, emotional response, and activity level, was improved to the normal category. Conclusion : Through this study, it was confirmed that the EET program was effective in performing tasks and sensory processing for children with developmental delays, and its usefulness was confirmed as a program that can be implemented at home.

목적 : 본 연구는 발달지연의 아동을 대상으로 과제지향의 중재를 사용하여 시-운동 협응과 소운동 협응 기능의 변화를 알아보고자 하였다. 연구방법 : 연구대상은 6세의 여아 1명이었다. 아동은 진단은 받지 않았으나 전반적인 기능에 발달지연을 보였다. 연구기간은 2021년 2월 5일부터 6월 4일까지이었고, 연구 설계는 단일대상연구 A-B를 사용하 였다. 기초선 A는 초기 3회기로 아동의 기능 파악을 위해 초기평가를 하였다. 중재기 B는 12회기로 과 제지향의 중재(task-oriented intervention)를 사용하였다. 기초선과 중재기에 동일하게 아동의 시-운 동 협응 기능을 측정하기 위해 한국판 시지각발달검사 3판의 타원그리기를 실시하였고, 소운동 협응 기 능을 측정하기 위해 Clinical Observation of Motor and Postural Skills(COMPS)의 손가락-코 짚기 를 실시하였다. 회기별 변화도는 그림으로 제시하였다. 결과 : 한국판 시지각발달검사 3판의 타원그리기의 기초선 평균은 23점이었고, 중재기 평균은 39.66점으로 기초선에 비해 중재기의 평균이 16점 이상 향상되었다. COMPS의 손가락-코 짚기의 기초선 평균은 0 점이었고, 중재기 평균은 5.08점으로 기초선에 비해 중재기의 평균이 5점 이상 향상되었다. 결론 : 취학 전의 발달지연아동에게 과제지향의 중재는 아동의 학습에 바탕이 되는 시-운동 협응과 소운동 협응 기능에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 보인다.

Purpose : This study aims to identify changes in the visuomotor coordination and fine motor coordination functions caused by the use of a task-oriented intervention in a child with developmental delay. Methods : The participant, who was a 6-year-old girl, was not diagnosed but showed a developmental delay in overall function. The study period was February 5, 2021, to June 4, 2021, and a single-subject A-B study design was used. The baseline (A) was initially evaluated in the first three sessions to identify the child’s functions. In the intervention period, 12 session (B), task-oriented intervention was applied; the child engaged in many of the activities in kindergarten, such as painting, writing, making, and cutting with scissors. Visuomotor coordination and fine motor coordination were equally measured during the baseline and intervention periods. Visuomotor coordination was measured via drawing of an oval according to the Korean Developmental Test of Visual Perception 3 (K-DTVP-3), and fine motor coordination was assessed using the finger-nose touching item of the Clinical Observation of Motor and Postural Skills (COMPS). Results : The mean of the baseline of the K-DTVP-3 oval drawing was 23, and the mean of the intervention period was 39.66. The mean of the baseline of the COMPS finger-nose touching was 0, and the mean of the intervention period was 5.08. Conclusion : Task-oriented intervention seems to have a positive effect on the visuomotor coordination and fine motor coordination abilities of children with developmental delay.

Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of intensive neurodevelopmental treatment (NDT) on gross motor function for the children having developmental delay (DD), with or without cerebral palsy (CP).Methods Forty-two children had intensive NDT three times weekly, 60 minutes a day, for 3 months, immediately followed by conventional NDT once or twice a week, 30 minutes a day, for another 3 months. We assessed Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM) over three time points: before conventional NDT, before and after intensive NDT, and after 3 months of additional conventional NDT.Results The GMFM score in DD children significantly improved after intensive NDT, and the improvement maintained after 3 months of conventional NDT (p<0.05). The children were further divided into two groups: DD with CP and DD without CP. Both groups showed significant improvement and maintained the improvements, after intensive NDT (p<0.05). Also, there was no significant difference in treatment efficacy between the two groups. When we calculate the absence rate for comparing the compliance between intensive and conventional NDT, the absence rate was lower during the intensive NDT.Conclusion Intensive NDT showed significantly improved gross motor function and higher compliance than conventional NDT. Additionally, all improvements were maintained through subsequent short-term conventional NDT. Thus, we recommend the intensive NDT program by day-hospital centers for children with DD, irrespective of accompanying CP.

Objective To compare and analyze the clinical characteristics of children with delayed language acquisition due to two different diagnoses, which were specific language impairment (SLI, a primarily delayed language develo­pment) and global developmental delay (GDD, a language delay related to cognitive impairment). Methods Among 1,598 children who had visited the developmental delay clinic from March 2005 to February 2011, 467 children who were diagnosed with GDD and 183 children who were diagnosed with SLI were included in this study. All children were questioned about past, family, and developmental history, and their language com­petences and cognitive function were assessed. Some children got electroencephalography (EEG), in case of need. Results The presence of the perinatal risk factors showed no difference in two groups. In the children with GDD, they had more delayed acquisition of independent walking and more frequent EEG abnormalities compared with the children with SLI (p<0.01). The positive family history of delayed language development was more prevalent in children with SLI (p<0.01). In areas of language ability, the quotient of receptive language and expressive language did not show any meaningful statistical differences between the two groups. Analyzing in each group, the receptive language quotient was higher than expressive language quotient in both group (p<0.01). In the GDD group, the Bayley Scales of Infant Development II (BSID­II) showed a marked low mental and motor quotient while the Wechsler Intelligence Scale showed low verbal and nonverbal IQ. In the SLI group, the BSID­II and Wech sler Intelligence Scale showed low scores in mental area and verbal IQ but sparing motor area and nonverbal IQ. Conclusion The linguistic profiles of children with language delay could not differentiate between SLI and GDD. The clinicians needed to be aware of these developmental issues, and history taking and clinical evaluation, including cognitive assessment, could be helpful to diagnose adequately and set the treatment plan for each child.

Objective To evaluate concurrent validity between the Korean-Ages and Stages Questionnaires (K-ASQ) and the Denver Developmental Screening Test II (DDST II), and to evaluate the validity of the K-ASQ as a screening tool for detecting developmental delay of Korean children. Method A retrospective chart review was done to examine concurrent validity of the screening potentials for developmental delay between the K-ASQ and the DDST II (n=226). We examined validity of the K-ASQ compared with Capute scale (n=141) and Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS) (n=69) as a gold standard of developmental delay. Correlation analysis was used to determine the strength of the associations between tests. Results A fair to good strength relationship (k=0.442, p<0.05) was found between the K-ASQ and the DDST II. The test characteristics of the K-ASQ were sensitivity 76.3-90.2%, specifi city 62.5-76.5%, positive likelihood ratio (PLR)2.41-3.40, and negative likelihood ratio (NLR) 0.16-0.32. Conclusion Evidence of concurrent validity of the K-ASQ with DDST II was found. K-ASQ can be used for screening of developmental delay.

Objective To compare the scores of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development second edition (BSID-II) and the third edition, Bayley-III, in children with suspected developmental delay and to determine the cutoff score for developmental delay in the Bayley-III. Methods Children younger than 42 months (n=62) with suspected developmental delay who visited our department between 2014 and 2015 were assessed with both the BSID-II and Bayley-III tests. Results The mean Bayley-III Cognitive Language Composite (CLC) score was 5.8 points higher than the mean BSID-II Mental Developmental Index (MDI) score, and the mean Bayley-III Motor Composite (MC) score was 7.9 points higher than the mean BSID-II Psychomotor Developmental Index (PDI) score. In receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis of a BSID-II MDI score <70, Bayley-III CLC scores showed a cutoff of 78.0 (96.6% sensitivity and 93.9% specificity). In ROC analysis of a BSID-II PDI score <70, the Bayley-III MC score showed a cutoff of 80. Conclusion There was a strong correlation between the BSID-II and Bayley-III in children with suspected developmental delay. The Bayley-III identified fewer children with developmental delay. The recommended cutoff value for developmental delay increased from a BSID-II score of 70 to a Bayley-III CLC score of 78 and Bayley-III MC score of 80.

Objective: To investigate the usefulness of MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories-Korean (M-B CDI-K) short form as a screening test in children with language developmental delay.Methods: From April 2010 to May 2012, a total of 87 patients visited the department of physical medicine and rehabilitation of National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital with the complaint of language developmental delay and were enrolled in this study. All patients took M-B CDI-K short form and Sequenced Language Scale for Infants (SELSI) or Preschool Receptive-Expressive Language Scale (PRES) according to their age.Results: The study group consisted of 58 male patients and 29 female patients and the mean age was 25.9 months. The diagnosis are global developmental delay in 26 patients, selective language impairment in 31 patients, articulation disorder in 7 patients, cerebral palsy in 8 patients, autism spectrum disorder in 4 patients, motor developmental delay in 4 patients, and others in 7 patients. Seventy-one patients are diagnosed with language developmental delay in SELSI or PRES and of them showed 69 patients a high risk in the M-B CDI-K short form. Sixteen patients are normal in SELSI or PRES and of them showed 14 patients non-high risk in the M-B CDI-K short form. The M-B CDI-K short form has 97.2% sensitivity, 87.5% specificity, a positive predictive value of 0.97, and a negative predictive value of 0.88. Conclusion: The M-B CDI-K short form has a high sensitivity and specificity so it is considered as an useful screening tool in children with language developmental delay. Additional researches targeting normal children will be continued to supply the specificity of the M-B CDI-K short form.

Objective To analyze the correlation between standardized language assessment batteries of toddlers and developmental language delays.Methods A total of 319 children with suspected language developmental delays were enrolled in this study retrospectively. They underwent the Receptive and Expressive Vocabulary Test (REVT) for vocabulary development assessment and at least one of two language assessment batteries: The Sequenced Language Scale for Infants (SELSI) or the Preschool Receptive-Expressive Language Scale (PRES) for language development assessment. The correlation of the results for receptive and expressive language between the scales were analyzed. Results The participants were divided into two groups: SELSI and REVT (n=45) and PRES and REVT (n=273). When the children’s results were classified into groups (average, mild delay, and delay), receptive and expressive scores were significantly correlated with each other in both SELSI-REVT and PRES-REVT groups. In addition, the correlation of mean developmental age between tests are analyzed. In the SELSI-REVT group, there was weak correlation of mean developmental age between tests for receptive and expressive language. In the PRES-REVT group, there was a strong positive correlation of mean developmental age for receptive and expressive language in children aged >36 months. Attention deficits during the test was found to be the statistically significant factor affecting the differences between the tests. The odds ratios for receptive and expressive language were 2.60 (95% confidence interval,1.15?5.84) and 1.94 (95% confidence interval, 1.15?3.27), respectively. Conclusion This study examined the correlations and influencing factors between language development evaluation tools for toddlers. An integrated interpretation of comprehensive language and vocabulary evaluation tools may be possible in children older than 3 years of language developmental age.