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Epidemiological evidence suggests that health-oriented eating habits are associated with maintaining optimal cognitive ability. Nutrients are functional bioactive molecules promoting human health and essential components as well. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3), one of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) is synthesized through elongation pathway from linolenic acid (81:3n-3) which is recognized as important source of brain function. Endurance physical exercise and energy re-striction was also recognized of cardiovascular stress adjustment by enhancing brainstem cholinergic activity as well as brain function. However, we even do not know the exact neuronal mechanisms about the nutrients, β-hydroxybutyrate (β-HB) and myokine impacts on brain- derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) activation. Therefore, this review fo-cuses on recent evidence that explains how nutrients and prolonged exercise can affect nervous system pathways that are associated with improving brain function. The results revealed that frequent consump-tion of polyphenols and n-3 PUFAs could modify gastrointestinal envi-ronment with beneficial microorganisms. It may suggest a new hypoth-esis that gastrointestinal microbiome could influence cognitive function in addition to the traditional etiological pathway. And moreover, pro-longed physical exercise includes open skill sports which is induced by β-oxidation of free fatty acids stimulate BDNF. And also β-HB produc-tion which is induced by carbohydrate depletion, hypoglycemia, or fast-ing stimulate BDNF production that acts an significantly important roles in cognitive function and acting on brain function with brain metabo-lism.

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) is highly enriched in the membrane phospholipids of the brain, neuronal tissue and retina. Accumulating evidence suggests that brain DHA is necessary for maintaining for optimal function of the cognition and the visual system, particularly the photoreceptor, the retina. Loss of brain DHA, especially during crucial brain development period, was highly associated with visual and cognitive defects. Here it would be addressed the effect of DHA on brain functions as assessed by spatial task performance using a first generation model which is similar to hu-man nutrition case. And also, it was well known that prolonged fasting and energy restriction with endurance physical exercise stimulate cog-nitive function and brain function, which is caused by upregulated ke-tone body and upregulated brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) re-sponses. In the DHA intake or prolonged physical exercise, upregulated BDNF can activate mitochondrial biogenesis to elevate neuronal bioen-ergetics and enable synaptic formation. And it also can activate DNA repair in neurons. Further study on the mechanisms about the combine effects of supplementation of DHA and energy restriction on brain func-tion is urgently needed in this area.

본 연구는 뇌 기능을 이해하고 무용교육에 접근함으로써 무용교육프로그램의 중요 성을 과학적이고 체계적이게 이해하는 데 그 목적이 있다. 또한 창의적인 교육을 위한 뇌 기능 발달과 다중지능이론의 복합적인 이론을 접목시켜 무용교육프로그램에 대한 연구를 하였다. 주제를 선정하여 움직임에 대한 접근방식을 달리하였고, 그 주제에 따른 자기표현 을 단계별로 확장시켜나갔다. 또한 확장된 자기표현을 즉흥적 음악과 그룹에 맞춰 새 롭게 구성하는 방식으로 제안하여, 움직임의 단계는 ‘주제(움직임의 요소)-움직임(주 제에 따른 표현)-움직임의 확장 및 소리(상체, 하체, 공간, 이동, 언어)- 소도구 (뇌 발달에 기초한 소도구) -음악(자신만의 소리) -춤과 음악’ 총 5단계로 설정해 보았다. 이 단계 안에서 다양한 뇌 활용과 다중지능 이론을 접목할 수 있다. 프로그램은 총 12회차이며, 크게 3단계 <초기단계-언어적, 대인관계>, <중기단계- 신체 운동적, 공간적>, <후기단계-음악적, 개인이해>로 지도안을 구성하였으며, 이는 뇌 기능에 기초한 무용프로그램으로 다음과 같은 특성을 지닌다. 첫째, 교육을 위한 무용교육이기에 교육프로그램으로도 중요한 자료가 될 수 있다. 둘째, 체계적이고 세부적인 지도안은 교육자가 강의현장에서 보다 쉽게 이용할 수 있는 참고자료가 되며, 새로운 교육방법으로 시도될 수 있다. 셋째, 뇌 기능을 이해하고 무용교육프로그램을 접근할 수 있으며, 무용교육의 중요 성을 뇌 기능에 기초해 과학적이고 의학적이게 제시할 수 있다. 본 연구는 뇌 기능에 기초한 무용교육프로그램으로 다양한 방향성을 제시하는 교수 법이 될 수 있다. 나아가 예술교육 프로그램 안에서 무용교육의 중요성을 뇌 기능에 기초하여 보다 과학적이고 의학적이게 제시할 수 있는 의미 있는 자료가 될 것으로 사료된다.

The purpose of this study is to understand the importance of dance education program scientifically and systematically by understanding brain function and approaching dance education. In addition, the study of dance education program was conducted by combining the complex theory of brain function development and multiple intelligence theory for creative education. By selecting the theme, we varied approaching methods to movement, and the self-expression of the theme was expanded step-by-step. In addition, by suggesting a new way of composing expanded self-expression for improvised music and groups, the stages of movement was set as total of five steps, ‘theme (elements of movement)- movement (expression according to the theme)-movement expansion and sound (upper body, lower body, space, movement, language)- props (props based on braindevelopment)- music (sound of self)-dance and music. Within these stages, we can combine various brain applications and multiple intelligence theories. The program is 12 sessions in total, the teaching plan was largely composed of three stages <Initial-language, interperso- nalrelationship>, <Midlevel- physical movement, spatial>, <Later-level-musical, personal understanding>, and it is a dance program based on brain function and has the following characteristics. First, because it is a dance education for education, it can also be an important material as an education program. Second, systematic and detailed teaching plan can be easily used by educators in the classroom, and can be tried as new teaching methods. Third, students can understand the brain function and encounter the dance program, and the importance of dance education can be presented more scientifically and medically based on the brain function. Current study can be a teaching method that suggests various directions for the development of dance program based on brain function, by extension, it could be a meaningful material that the importance of dance program can be considered in art education program.

본 연구는 뉴로피드백 훈련이 대학 야구 선수의 경기력 및 뇌기능에 미치는 효과에 대해 분석하였다. K 소재의 Y대학 야구부에 소속되어 있는 대학 야구 선수 총 28명을 대상으로 실험군 14명과 대조군 14명을 구분하 여 뉴로피드백 훈련 전후 경기력과 뇌기능의 변화를 분석하였다. 뇌파측정은 전전두엽 Fp1과 Fp2에 건식 전극을 사용하여 측정하여 분석하였고 경기력은 공개되어 있는 공식 경기 성적을 토대로 분석하였다. 그 결과 뉴로피드백 훈련에 참여한 실험군의 뇌기능 중 진폭대칭이 실험 전보다 후에 유의미하게 증가하였고 경기력의 향상이 있었다. 이러한 결과는 뉴로피드백 훈련이 대학 야구 선수의 경기력 및 뇌기능에 영향을 준다는 것을 시사한다.

This study analyzed the effects of neurofeedback training on the performance and brain function of college baseball players. A total of 28 college baseball players belonging to Y University's baseball team in K were divided into 14 experimental groups and 14 control groups, and changes in performance and brain function were analyzed before and after neurofeedback training. EEG measurements were analyzed using dry electrodes in the prefrontal cortex Fp1 and Fp2, and performance was analyzed based on publicly available official game results. As a result, the amplitude symmetry of the brain functions of the experimental group that participated in neurofeedback training significantly increased after the experiment compared to before, and there was an improvement in athletic performance. These results suggest that neurofeedback training affects the performance and brain function of college baseball players.

본 연구의 목적은 심리운동과 뇌 기능간의 관계와 관련된 국내외 문헌들을 고찰하여 심리운동의 기전을 뇌 과학적 관점에서 규명하여 아동 치료 영역에서 활동하고 있는 교사, 치료사 및 아동 부모들에게 뇌 생리적 관점에서 심리운동의 기전에 대한 이해를 높일 수 있는 기초자료를 제공하는데 있다. 뇌 과학 관점에서 본 심리운동의 기전과 관련된 국내외 문헌들을 고찰하여 심리운동의 움직임을 통해 생애초기의 긍정적인 학습 환경과 다양한 신체경험은 뇌 생리적 관점에서 매우 중요하며, 아동이 움직이면 움직일수록 학습은 더욱더 증진되고, 건강한 정서조절 능력이 함양되어 뇌를 최적화 시킬 수 있는 가능성이 증가한다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 심리운동의 기전을 뇌 과학적 접근을 통해 알아본 본 연구는 심리 운동의 움직임과 뇌 기능간의 관계를 이해하는데 매우 중요한 기초정보를 제공했다고 판단된다. 특히 아동이 움직이면 움 직일수록 학습은 더욱더 증진되고, 건강한 정서조절 능력이 함양되어 뇌를 최적화 시킬 수 있다는 가능성을 교사, 치료사 및 부모를 이해시키는 것은 향후 우리 아이들을 잘 교육하기 위해 매우 필요한 과정이라고 판단된다. 물론 지금까지는 심리 운동 기전과 뇌 기능에 관한 연구가 많이 부족했지만 본 연구를 통해 조금이나마 더 많은 사람들이 심리운동에 대한 이해의 폭을 넓히는 계기가 되기를 희망한다.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between psychomotorik and brain function in domestic and foreign literature, and to clarify the mechanism of psychomotorik from the viewpoint of brain science, and to provide the teachers, therapists, The purpose of this study is to provide basic data which can enhance the understanding of the mechanism of psychomotorik. From the viewpoint of brain science, the study of domestic and foreign literature related to the mechanism of psychomotorik and the positive learning environment and various physical experiences in early life through the movement of psychomotorik are very important from the brain physiological point of view. The results of this study showed that the more the children move, the more the learning is improved and the healthy emotional control ability is improved and the brain is more likely to be optimized. Therefore, it is considered that this study, which has been studied through the brain science approach, provided very important basic information to understand the relation between movement of psychomotorik and brain function. In particular, understanding the possibility of optimizing the brain by cultivating a healthy emotional control ability and improving learning as children move more and more is considered to be a necessary process for educating our children well in the future. Until now, research on psychomotorik and brain function was lacking. Through this study, I hope that more people will have an opportunity to expand their understanding of the psychomotorik.

Objective To investigate whether patterns of swallowing diffi culties were associated with the location of the brain lesion, cognitive function, and severity of stroke in stroke patients. Method Seventy-six patients with fi rst-time acute stroke were included in the present investigation. Swallowingrelated parameters, which were assessed videofluoroscopically, included impairment of lip closure, decreased tongue movement, amount of oral remnant, premature loss of food material, delay in oral transit time, laryngeal elevation, delay in pharyngeal triggering time, presence of penetration or aspiration, and the amount of vallecular and pyriform sinus remnants. The locations of brain lesions were classified into the frontal, parietotemporal,subcortical, medulla, pons, and cerebellum. Th e degree of cognitive impairment and the severity of stroke were assessed by the Mini Mental Status Examination (MMSE) and the National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS),respectively. Results An insufficient laryngeal elevation, the amount of pyriform sinus, and vallecular space remnant in addition to the incidence of aspiration were correlated with medullary infarction. Other swallowing parameters were not related to lesion topology. Lip closure dysfunction, decreased tongue movement, increased oral remnant and premature loss were associated with low MMSE scores. A delayed oral transit time were associated with NIHSS scores. Conclusion In-coordination of the lip, the tongue, and the oropharynx were associated with the degree of cognitive impairment and the stroke severity rather than with the location of the lesion, whereas incomplete laryngeal elevation and aspiration were predominant in medullary lesions.

Objective To investigate the effects of simultaneous, bihemispheric, dual-mode stimulation using repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on motor functions and cortical excitability in healthy individuals.Methods Twenty-five healthy, right-handed volunteers (10 men, 15 women; mean age, 25.5 years) were enrolled. All participants received four randomly arranged, dual-mode, simultaneous stimulations under the following conditions: condition 1, high-frequency rTMS over the right primary motor cortex (M1) and sham tDCS over the left M1; condition 2, high-frequency rTMS over the right M1 and anodal tDCS over the left M1; condition 3, high-frequency rTMS over the right M1 and cathodal tDCS over the left M1; and condition 4, sham rTMS and sham tDCS. The cortical excitability of the right M1 and motor functions of the left hand were assessed before and after each simulation.Results Motor evoked potential (MEP) amplitudes after stimulation were significantly higher than before stimulation, under the conditions 1 and 2. The MEP amplitude in condition 2 was higher than both conditions 3 and 4, while the MEP amplitude in condition 1 was higher than condition 4. The results of the Purdue Pegboard test and the box and block test showed significant improvement in conditions 1 and 2 after stimulation.Conclusion Simultaneous stimulation by anodal tDCS over the left M1 with high-frequency rTMS over the right M1 could produce interhemispheric modulation and homeostatic plasticity, which resulted in modulation of cortical excitability and motor functions.

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to examine the effect of group music therapy on brain waves, behavior, and cognitive function among patients with chronic schizophrenia. Methods: A quasi-experimental pretest-posttest design was used with nonequivalent control group. The potential participants were recruited from inpatients in a psychiatric facility in a metropolitan city, assigned either to the experimental group (n = 28) or to the control group (n = 27) according to their wards to avoid treatment contamination. The experimental group participated in the group music therapy for 13 sessions over 7 weeks while continuing their standard treatment. The control group only received a standard treatment provided in the hospitals. The outcome measures include brain wave by electroencephalography, behavior by Nurses’ Observation Scale for Inpatient Evaluation, and cognitive function by Mini-Mental State Examination. Results: After participating in 13 sessions of the group music therapy, alpha waves measured from eight different sites were consistently present for the experimental group (p = .006-.045) than the control group, revealing that the participants in the music therapy may have experienced more joyful emotions throughout the sessions. The experimental group also showed improved cognitive function (F = 13.46, p = .001) and positive behavior (social competence, social interest & personal neatness) while their negative behaviors was significantly less than those of the control group (F = 24.04, p < .001). Conclusion: The group music therapy used in this study was an effective intervention for improving emotional relaxation, cognitive processing abilities along with positive behavioral changes in patients with chronic schizophrenia. Our results can be useful for establishing intervention strategies toward psychiatric rehabilitation for those who suffer from chronic mental illnesses.

Brain development is a complex process, and stimuli during this devel-opment period may modulate the functional maturation of the brain. It has been shown that environmental stimuli, such as physical activity habits, have a beneficial effect on brain development. Endurance exer-cise and prolonged fasting state are known to improve brain function including cognition. The exact mechanisms of exercise improving brain function are still unknown. However, it can be considered that energy restriction and stressful challenge induced by long-lasting physical ex-ercise might cause direct effect on brain function. Upregulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and ketone body caused by exercise might be considered as the mechanism of exercise on brain function. In the present study, we discussed on two main topics: “exercise and BDNF” and “exercise and energy restriction.”

Brain development is a complex process, and stimuli during this development period may modulate the functional maturation of the brain. It has been shown that environmental stimuli, such as physical activity habits, have a beneficial effect on brain development. Many human and animal studies have shown that environmental stimuli, such as physical activity habits, have a beneficial effect on brain development. Exercise has many functions not only in the developmental period of the brain but also in adulthood. Exercise is known to have many beneficial effects on brain function and energy metabolism. In the present study, we discussed on two main topics: “exercise and BDNF” and “exercise and energy restriction”. Endurance exercise and prolonged fasting state are known to improve brain function including cognition. The exact mechanisms of exercise on improving brain function are still unknown. However, it can be considered that energy restriction and stressful challenge induced by long-lasting physical exercise might cause direct effect on brain function. Up-regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and ketone body caused by exercise might be considered as the mechanism of exercise on brain function. It is well known that long-term endurance exercise and fasting state improve brain function. Although the precise mechanisms for brain function improvement have not yet been elucidated, ketone body and BDNF have been suggested as the main substances of this action.

A novel intranasal thermal steam spray (ITSS) device is known to alleviate nasal stuffiness and partially improve sleep disorders. However, its effects on sleep quality, brain function, and exercise capacity, have not been investigated. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of a 4-week ITSS intervention on revariables in adults with irregular sleep patterns. A total of 20 participants aged 20-26 years had average ages, heights, weights, nasal congestion duration, and irregular sleep duration of 21.75 ± 1.74 years, 167.25 ± 8.68 cm, 70.21 ± 14.11 kg, 3.19 ± 0.71 years, and 3.16 ± 0.99 years, respectively. The participants were students residing in two different dormitories within the same university, with one dormitory designated for the control (CON) group and the other for the ITSS treatment group, randomly assigned. The CON group consisted of 10 participants (male: 5, female: 5), while the ITSS group also included 10 participants (male: 6, female: 4). ITSS utilizes Jet Stream technology to facilitate breathing by delivering 43°C thermal steam to the nasal cavity through an internal heating mechanism. The ITSS group used the device for 15 min, 3 times per week, 30 min before bedtime for 4 weeks. Following the intervention, sleep issues remained unchanged in the CON group but improved in the ITSS group, leading to a significant intergroup difference (p < 0.01). The sum scores of Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index increased by 6.1% in the CON group, whereas it decreased by 37.3% in the ITSS group, with this difference being significant (p < 0.001). Sleep disturbances assessed via the VAS increased in the CON group but declined in the ITSS group, yielding statistically significant differences (p < 0.001). In the EEG analysis, Delta, α, and γ wave activity declined in the CON group but increased in the ITSS group, with these differences being significant (p < 0.05). Conversely, β wave activity increased by 35.7% in the CON group but decreased by 26.0% in the ITSS group, yielding a significant intergroup difference (p < 0.01). In terms of sensorimotor rhythm, the CON group exhibited a 21.6% increase, whereas the ITSS group experienced a 15.8% decrease, with the difference reaching statistical significance (p < 0.05). Maximal oxygen uptake (VO₂max) and maximal heart rate (HRmax) derived from cardiopulmonary exercise tests before and after the 4-week experiment decreased in the CON group, but increased in the ITSS group, showing a significant difference between the groups (p < 0.01). Conversely, maximal breathing reserve and the oxygen pulse (VO₂/HRmax) increased in the CON group but decreased in the ITSS group, with these differences being significant (p < 0.05), suggesting improved cardiovascular efficiency. Ultimately, ITSS not only induces a sensation of nasal expansion but also enhances perceived sleep quality by facilitating favorable neurocardiopulmonary adaptations.

본 연구는 ADHD 청소년들에게 8주간 복합 주의집중 프로그램을 적용하여 뇌기능지수와 주의집중력에 미치는 영향 을 규명하는데 있다. 연구 대상은 I시 소재 H학교 남자 청소년 총 18명으로 복합 주의 집중 프로그램 6명, 표적 관련 신체활 동 6명, 무처치 6명이었다. 자료분석은 집단별 비교 분석을 위해 평균과 표준편차를 산출하였고, 집단별 측정 시점에 따른 차 이 검증하기 위해 two-way(2RM×6RM)ANOVA를 실시하였다. 상호작용 효과에서 유의한 차이검증은 대비검증을 실시하였 다(p<.05). 결과로 ADHD 학생들에 복합 주의 집중 프로그램이 뇌기능 지수의 하위지표에서 표적 관련 신체활동과 무처치 집 단 보다 긍정적인 효과를 나타냈고, ADHD 학생들에 복합 주의 집중 프로그램이 주의집중력에서 표적 관련 신체활동과 무처 치 집단 보다 긍정적인 효과를 나타냈다. 분석된 결과를 통해 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 복합 주의 집중 프로그램 실시 후 ADHD 학생의 뇌 기능의 전반적인 변화를 의미하는 것으로 복합 주의 집중 프로그램이 부담 없이 쉽게 참여할 수 있다는 장 점이 있어 폭넓게 활용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

　This study aims to investigate the effects of an 8-week complex attention concentration program on the brain function index and attention concentration in adolescents with ADHD. The subjects of the study were 18 male adolescents from H School located in I City, divided into three groups: 6 participants in the complex attention concentration program group, 6 in the target-related physical activity group, and 6 in the no-treatment control group. Data analysis included calculating means and standard deviations for group comparisons, and two-way (2RM×6RM) ANOVA was conducted to test differences at various measurement points. Post-hoc tests were performed to examine significant interaction effects (p<.05). The results indicated that the integrated attention training program had a more positive effect on brain function sub-indices compared to both the target-related physical activity group and the no-treatment group. Similarly, the program showed a more positive effect on attention levels compared to the other two groups. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the integrated attention training program significantly improves overall brain function in ADHD students and is advantageous due to its ease of participation. It is suggested that this program could be widely used due to these benefits.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether there is a difference in the brain connectivity in mental practice and physical performance of training bilateral upper extremity function. Method: The subject performed activities involving mental tasks and physical exercise for bilateral upper extremity functioning during each phase of EEG measurements. The subject performed a symmetrical task(lifting a box and placing it back) that involved moving both arms at the same time and an asymmetrical task(opening and closing a bottle cap) in order to perform functional tasks. EEG electrodes were attached to Fp1, Fp2, F3, F4, T3, T4, P3, and P4. Data analysis was performed using Cross-Line Mapping for correlational analyses between EEG electrode pairs. Conclusion: This study found that the brain connectivity patterns of symmetrical and asymmetric upper extremity tasks have similar patterns for the motor and sensory area, and that the correlation of the physical practice is generally higher than that of the mental practice.

Traumatic brain injury is a main cause of long-term neurological disability, and many patients suffer from cognitive impairment for a lengthy period. Cognitive impairment is a fatal malady to that limits active rehabilitation, and functional recovery in patients with traumatic brain injury. In severe cases, it is impossible to assess cognitive function precisely, and severe cognitive impairment makes it difficult to establish a rehabilitation plan, as well as evaluate the course of rehabilitation. Evaluation of cognitive function is essential for establishing a rehabilitation plan, as well as evaluating the course of rehabilitation. We report a case of the analysis of electroencephalography with global synchronization index and low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography applied, for evaluation of cognitive function that was difficult with conventional tests, due to severe cognitive impairment in a 77-year-old male patient that experienced traumatic brain injury.

Objective Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms are associated with the deficit in executive functions. Playing Go involves many aspect of cognitive function and we hypothesized that it would be effective for children with ADHD. Methods Seventeen drug naïve children with ADHD and seventeen age and sex matched comparison subjects were participated. Participants played Go under the instructor’s education for 2 hours/day, 5 days/week. Before and at the end of Go period, clinical symptoms, cognitive functions, and brain EEG were assessed with Dupaul’s ADHD scale (ARS), Child depression inventory (CDI), digit span, the Children’s Color Trails Test (CCTT), and 8-channel QEEG system (LXE3208, Laxtha Inc., Daejeon, Korea). Results There were significant improvements of ARS total score (z=2.93, p<0.01) and inattentive score (z=2.94, p<0.01) in children with ADHD. However, there was no significant change in hyperactivity score (z=1.33, p=0.18). There were improvement of digit total score (z=2.60, p<0.01; z=2.06, p=0.03), digit forward score (z=2.21, p=0.02; z=2.02, p=0.04) in both ADHD and healthy comparisons. In addition, ADHD children showed decreased time of CCTT-2 (z=2.21, p=0.03). The change of theta/beta right of prefrontal cortex during 16 weeks was greater in children with ADHD than in healthy comparisons (F=4.45, p=0.04). The change of right theta/ beta in prefrontal cortex has a positive correlation with ARS-inattention score in children with ADHD (r=0.44, p=0.03). Conclusion We suggest that playing Go would be effective for children with ADHD by activating hypoarousal prefrontal function and enhancing executive function.

A walking-based exercise program, called the cognitive walking pro-gram (CWP), has been shown to be beneficial for improving cognitive function in healthy older adults. It remains unknown whether it is bene-ficial for improving motor function of the brain. We investigated the ef-fects of CWP on motor function of the brain by examining changes in interlimb transfer of visuomotor adaptation in older adults. Subjects were divided based on their physical activity level (active vs. sedentary) and participated in CWP. A control group performed normal walking. Fifty-two healthy older adults, 67–78 years old, were studied. All sub-jects participated in CWP or normal walking for 6 months. To assess brain motor function, all subjects adapted to a rotated visual display during reaching movements with the right arm first, then with the left arm. Interlimb transfer of visuomotor adaptation was assessed at base-line, 3 months, and 6 months after training onset. It was hypothesized that if CWP had beneficial effects, the extent of transfer would change over time. The subject’s physical fitness was also assessed. Significant transfer from the right to the left arm occurred in all subject groups. Im-provements in physical fitness were also observed. However, the extent of transfer did not change even after 6 months, with no group differ-ence. Findings suggest that though beneficial for improving cognitive function in older adults, participating in CWP for 6 months is not long enough to improve brain motor function when the motor function is re-flected as changes in interlimb transfer of visuomotor adaptation.

We wanted to find the intensity of exercise that could increase brainderived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression and improve spatial learning and memory without dietary control. C57BL/6 mice were fed a 60% high-fat diet (HFD) for 6 weeks to induce obesity. Obesity-induced mice were exercised on a treadmill for 8 weeks at various exercise intensities: HFD-control (n= 7), HFD-low-intensity exercise (HFD-LIE, n= 7, 12 m/min for 75 min), HFD-middle intensity exercise (HFD-MIE, n= 7, 15 m/min for 60 min) and HFD-high-intensity exercise (HFD-HIE, n= 7, 18 m/min for 50 min). One week before sacrificing mice, the Morris water maze test was performed, and the hippocampus was immediately removed after sacrifice. The expression levels of BDNF (encoded by the gene Bdnf) and tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) in the hippocampus were analyzed by quantitative real-time reverse transcriptionpolymerase chain reaction and western blot. In the last probe test of the Morris water maze test, occupancy in the target quadrant was significantly higher in the HFD-HIE group (P< 0.05) than in the other groups. In addition, mRNA expression from the Bdnf promoter region was found to be significantly higher in the HFD-HIE group than in the other groups (P< 0.001). Although there were some differences in the levels of significance, the expression levels of both BDNF and TrkB were significantly higher in the HFD-HIE group than in the other groups. Therefore, relatively high-intensity aerobic exercise can resist the adverse effects of a high-fat diet on the brain without dietary control.

Brain inflammation is involved in many brain disorders, such as brain ischemic injury, Alzheimer diseases, and Parkinson disease. Physical exercise has been recommended for the prevention and treatment of many brain inflammatory diseases. In the present study, the effects of exercise on motor function in relation with apoptotic neuronal cell death following neuroinflammation were investigated. Moreover, we compared the effect of forced exercise with voluntary exercise on neu-roinflammation-induced motor malfunction. For this study, rota-rod test, vertical pole test, foot fault test, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay, immunohistochemis-try for caspase-3, and western blot for Bcl-2 and Bax were performed. Lipopolysaccharide was intraventricular infused for induction of brain inflammation. Treadmill exercise and wheel exercise were conducted during 6 weeks. In the present results, Treadmill exercise and wheel ex-ercise alleviated brain inflammation-induced motor impairments by suppressing apoptotic neuronal cell death in the motor cortex. These effects of treadmill exercise and wheel exercise were similarly ap-peared.

본 연구는 뇌기반 소근육 협응운동프로그램이 노인의 인지기능 및 뇌파 고유리듬과 두뇌 영역별 상호작용에 미치 는 영향을 알아보고자 하였다. 이를위해 ㅇ시 ㅇ구에 소재 노인복지관을 이용하는 65세 이상 노인을 대상으로 실험집단 18명 통제집단 17명에 대하여 분석하였다. 뇌기반 소근육 협응운동프로그램 효과 검정을 위하여 MMSE-DS 질문지와 8채널 뇌파검사를 실시하였다. 그 결과, MMSE-DS는 사전에 비해 사후에 실험집단은 평균값이 유의미하게 높아졌고, 통제집단은 유의미하게 낮아졌다. 뇌파 고유리듬(PF)은 사전에 비해 사후에 실험집단이 Fp1, Fp2영역에서 유의미한 증가를 보였다. 집단 간에는 Fp2, P3영역에서 유의미한 차이를 보였다. 두뇌 영역별 상호상관관계 맵핑은 사전에 비해 사후에 실험집단은 F3-F4, F4-T3, F3-T4, T3-P4, T4-P3, P3-P4간 상호 상관성이 높아졌으며, 통제집단은 Fp1-Fp2간 상관성이 낮아졌다. 이상 결과는 뇌기반 소근육 협응운동프로그램이 좌·우뇌 협응력과 말초신경의 감각영 역을 자극 생리적 노화의 억제와 치매예방 및 지연에 도움을 줄 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

This study aims to investigate the effect of brain-based small muscle coordination exercise program on the cognitive function, brainwave intrinsic rhythm, and brain regions of the elderly. For this purpose, analysis was performed for the results of tests conducted on 18 seniors in the experimental group and 17 seniors in the control group aged 65 years or older who used senior welfare centers located in ㅇ-gu, ㅇ-si of Korea. In order to test the effectiveness of the brain-based small muscle coordination exercise program during this research, the MMSE-DS questionnaire was used for the subjects and the 8-channel electroencephalogram test was performed. As a result of the test, the mean value of the MMSE-DS after running the program was significantly higher in the experimental group and significantly lower in the control group compared to the average value before running the program. For the brain wave intrinsic rhythm (PF), the experimental group after running the program showed a significant increase in the Fp1 and Fp2 regions compared to that before running the program. For the inter-correlation mapping for each brain region, the experimental group showed higher inter-correlation between F3-F4, F4-T3, F3-T4, T3-P4, T4-P3, and P3-P4, and the control group showed lower inter-correlation, when comparing before and after the program. Looking at the above results, it is considered that the brain-based small muscle coordination exercise program can help suppress physiological aging and prevent and delay dementia by encouraging left and right brain coordination and stimulating the sensory areas of the peripheral nerves.