Earticle

소프트웨어 사고력 올림피아드는 정보 교육과정을 바탕으로 주어진 문제 상황에서 정보 요소를 발견하고 소프트웨어적 사고를 통해 이를 창의적으로 해결하는 능력을 평가하는 대회이다. 이러한 교육적 가치에도 불구하고 소프트웨어 사고력 올림피아드 문항과 정보 교육과정 성취기준 간의 연계성에 대한 체계적인 분석이 부족한 실정이다. 이에 본 연구는 제8회(2022)부터 제10회(2024)까지 최근 3 년간 시행된 소프트웨어 사고력 올림피아드의 기출 문항을 2022 개정 정보 교육과정의 성취기준과 대조하여 연계성을 분석하였다. 분 석 결과, 다수의 문항이 알고리즘 설계, 데이터 활용, 디지털 사회의 윤리적 문제 등 교육과정의 핵심 내용 요소와 높은 연계성을 보였 다. 이는 소프트웨어 사고력 올림피아드가 정보 교육과정과의 연계성을 갖춘 교수·학습 자료 및 평가 도구로서의 활용 가능성을 가지고 있음을 시사한다. 본 연구는 향후 소프트웨어 사고력 올림피아드가 정보 교육과정과 연계한 교수·학습 자료 및 평가 도구로 다양하게 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.

The Software Thinking Olympiad is a competition designed to evaluate students' abilities to identify information-related elements within a given problem context and creatively solve them using computational thinking, based on the national informatics curriculum. Despite its educational value, there has been a lack of systematic analysis on the alignment between Olympiad items and the achievement standards of the informatics curriculum. This study analyzes the alignment between the questions from the 8th (2022) to the 10th (2024) Software Thinking Olympiad and the achievement standards of the 2022 revised Informatics Curriculum in Korea. The results indicate that many of the Olympiad questions are highly aligned with key content areas of the curriculum, such as algorithm design, data utilization, and ethical issues in the digital society. These findings suggest that the Software Thinking Olympiad has the potential to be used as a curriculum- aligned teaching, learning, and assessment resource. This study offers foundational insights for the future educational application of the Olympiad as a meaningful tool that integrates with the goals of the informatics curriculum.

이 연구는 2022 개정 교육과정에 따른 고등학교 『생활과학 탐구』 과목의 성취기준과 교과서 활동과 제에 제시된 지식의 깊이(Depth of Knowledge, DOK)를 분석하고, 이들 간의 정합성을 검토하는 데 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 『생활과학 탐구』 교육과정 성취기준과 교과서를 분석 대상으로 선정하여 분석 단위를 생성하고, 과목 특성을 반영한 DOK 분석 기준을 설정·보완한 뒤 성취기준과 활동과제의 DOK 수준을 코딩하였다. 연구자 간 코딩 일치도는 Cohen’s κ 계수를 통해 확인하였다. 분석 결과, 『생활과 학 탐구』 성취기준과 교과서 활동과제는 모두 DOK 2·3·4수준에 비교적 고르게 분포하여, 단순 회상 수준을 넘어 전략적 사고와 확장된 사고를 요구하는 구조를 보였다. 특히 활동과제는 유형에 따라 요 구되는 사고 수준에 차이가 나타나, 단원 도입부에서 후반으로 갈수록 사고 수준이 점진적으로 심화되 는 경향을 보였다. 정합성 분석 결과, 영역 수준에서 범주 일치도와 지식의 범위 일치도가 모두 충족되 었으며, DOK 일치도와 표집의 균형성 역시 모든 영역에서 기준을 상회하여 『생활과학 탐구』 교과서 활 동과제가 성취기준과 전반적으로 정합성이 있는 것으로 판정되었다. 이 연구는 성취기준과 교과서 활 동과제 간의 정합성을 지식의 깊이라는 인지적 요구 수준의 관점에서 분석함으로써, 교육과정–수업–평 가를 연결하는 활동과제의 교육적 기능을 실증적으로 제시하였다는 데 의의가 있다.

This study aims to analyze the Depth of Knowledge (DOK) reflected in the Achievement Standards and textbook Activity Tasks of the high school course Life Science Inquiry under the 2022 Revised National Curriculum, and to examine the alignment between them. For this purpose, the Achievement Standards of the Life Science Inquiry curriculum and the corresponding textbook were selected as the objects of analysis. Analysis units were generated, and DOK analysis criteria were established and refined to reflect the characteristics of the course. The DOK levels of both the Achievement Standards and the Activity Tasks were then coded, and inter-coder agreement was verified using Cohen’s κ coefficient. The results indicated that both the Achievement Standards and the Activity Tasks were relatively evenly distributed across DOK Levels 2, 3, and 4, suggesting an emphasis on strategic and extended thinking beyond simple recall. In particular, the Activity Tasks showed variation in cognitive demand by task type, with the required level of thinking tending to increase progressively from the introductory sections to the later parts of each unit. Alignment analysis revealed that category concurrence and range of knowledge correspondence were fully satisfied at the domain level. In addition, DOK consistency and balance of representation exceeded the established criteria across all domains, leading to the conclusion that the Activity Tasks in the Life Science Inquiry textbook are generally well aligned with the Achievement Standards. This study is significant in that it empirically demonstrates the educational function of Activity Tasks as a mechanism linking curriculum, instruction, and assessment, by examining the alignment between Achievement Standards and Activity Tasks from the perspective of cognitive demand as represented by DOK.

본 연구는 김일성종합대학교에서 개발된 외국인 대상의 조선어 교재인 『조선어: 류학생용 』(2022)과 조선어 숙달도 평가 애플리케이션인 ‘소유(1.0)’ 간의 연관성을 분석하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이를 위해 ‘조선어소유급수기준’을 공통 준거로 삼아 ‘조선어5’와 ‘소유(1.0)-5’를 대상으로 주제, 문법 및 표현, 어휘의 세 측면에서 교재와 평가 문항의 대응 관계를 분석하였다. 분석 결과 두 자료는 주제 차원에서 매우 높은 연관성을 보였으며 특히 일상 생활 및 사회문화적 상황을 중심으로 한 교재의 장면 구성 방식이 평가 문항에 직접적으로 반영되고 있음을 확인하였다. 반면 문법 및 표현과 어휘의 경우 개별 항목의 직접적 일치보다는 담화적 요구와 의미 범주를 중심으로 간접적으로 반영되는 양상을 보였다. 이러한 결과는 ‘소유(1.0)’이 교재 내용을 단순히 차용하기보다 상위 숙달도 기준과 의사소통 기능 중심의 평가 원리에 따라 설계되었음을 시사한다. 본 연구는 외국어로서의 조선어교육에서 교재와 평가 도구의 관계를 실증적으로 검토하였다는 점에서 의의가 있으며 향후 조선어교육 및 한국어교육에서 디지털 기반 평가 도구 설계에 대한 논의를 확장하는 기초 자료로 활용될 수 있다.

This study analyzes the alignment between the Chosŏnŏtextbook Chosŏnŏ: Ryuhaksaengyong (2022), developed for foreign learners in the DPRK, and the Chosŏnŏproficiency assessment application SOYU (1.0). Using the ChosŏnŏProficiency Level Standards as a shared reference framework, this study examines the relationship between Chosŏnŏ5and SOYU (1.0)-5 in three components: themes, grammar and expressions, and vocabulary. The analysis reveals a high degree of alignment at the thematic level, particularly in the use of situational and sociocultural contexts drawn from everyday life, which are directly reflected in assessment items. In contrast, grammar and vocabulary show a relatively lower level of direct correspondence and instead function as background elements supporting discourse comprehension and meaning construction. These findings suggest that SOYU (1.0) is not designed simply to replicate textbook content, but to assess communicative competence based on higher-level proficiency criteria and functional language use. This study is significant because it provides an empirical examination of the relationship between instructional materials and digital assessment tools in Chosŏnŏeducation as a foreign language, and offers foundational insights for future research on digital assessment design in both Chosŏnŏand Korean language education.

본 연구에서는 이동식 레이저 스캐너를 이용하여 도로선형을 분석하고 지상 레이저 스캐너와의 관측값과 비교하는 실험을 실시하였다. 결과 첫째 각 방향의 평균제곱근오차 산정 결과, X방향 ±0.110m, Y방향 ±0.160m, Z방향 ±0.038m이 고 공간위치오차는 평균 ±0.385m로의 정도가 확보됨을 알 수 있었다. 둘째, 자료 획득 시 관측자의 인위적 방향 관측 습관, 진행 속도 및 신체조건 등이 관측 자료에 영향을 미친 것으로 추정된다. 셋째, 자료 획득 장비의 수직 시야각은 수직 위치 결정에 영향을 미침을 알 수 있었으며, 향후 이동식 레이저 스캐너를 이용한 도로 선형에 대한 자료 획득 시 신속한 자료 제공과 재난현장에서의 신속한 자료 구축에 활용성이 있는 것으로 판단된다.

This study conducted an experimental research to analysis the road alignment by using the mobile laser scanner and also to compare the accuracy and utilization with terrestrial laser scanner. In the results of experiment, the root mean square error occurred like ±0.110m in the X-direction, ±0.160m in the Y-direction, and ±0.038m in the Z-direction, so the spatial position error as much as ±0.385m was secured in the absolute mean error. Second, it was found that the observer's artificial direction observation habit, progression speed, and physical condition can be reflected in the observation data when data is acquired. Third, it was found that the vertical viewing angle of the observation equipment has an effect on the determination of the vertical position, and it is expected that it will be possible as an effective basic data for the use of rapid data provision and disaster scene using a mobile laser scanner in the future.

The purpose of this study is to compare spinal alignment, balance and muscular strength of lower-extrimity between gymnasts and freestyle snowboarders. This study measured trunk imbalance, pelvic tilt, pelvic torsion, lateral deviation, kyphotic angle, lordotic angle and the abilities of balance on each level and knee extension, flexion and ankle plantar flexion, dorsiflexion on each angular speed with 10 male gymnasts and 7 male freestyle snowboarders. The abilities of balance was measured every 3 times in 20 seconds on level 12(easy), level 6(hard), and level 1(very hard). Knee isokinetic muscular strength was measured 5 times, 5 times on the angular speed 60°/sec, 180°/sec respectively. Ankle isokinetic muscular strength was measured 5 times on the angular speed 60°/sec. Spinal alignment was measured by Formetric III, balance by Biodex stability System, and muscular strength by HUMAC. Statistical results were calculated by SPSS/PC Window version 16.0. It was analyzed by Independent 𝑡-test. The statistical level of significance was set to 𝑝<.05. 1. Snowboarders' lordotic angle was statistically higher than gymnasts'. 2. The difference between both groups were not significant on level 12(easy), level 6(hard), and level 1(very hard) tests. 3. Gymnasts' ankle plantar flexion, and dorsiflexion on the angular speed 60°/sec were denoted statistically higher than those of snowboarders. As a result, the spinal alignment of both groups were similar and both groups had excellent sense of balance. However, snowboarders' spine was bended slightly more than gymnasts' on forward direction. Snowboarders' knee and ankle muscular strength was significantly worse than gymnasts'. If gymnast's training program is applied to snowboarder, it will result in positive effects such as improvement on performances and skills.

본 연구의 목적은 만성 발목 불안정성(chronic, ankle instability, CAI), 코퍼, 대조군 간 정적 하지 정렬을 비교하 고, 발목관절의 병리학적 상태에 영향을 미치는 정적 하지 정렬 항목을 확인하는 것이다. 성인 남성 39명은 외측 발목 염좌 병력과 주관적 발목관절 기능 점수에 따라 CAI, 코퍼, 대조군으로 분류되었다. 연구대상자는 주관적 발목 기능 설문 조사지(개정 발목 불안정성 및 발/발목 운동능력 측정 ) 작성, 정적 하지 정렬 측정(넙다리네갈래 각, 정강넙다리 각, 무릎 과다폄 각, 뒷발 각, 정강뼈 안쪽번짐 및 비틀림 각, 발배뼈 하강 높이), 그리고 발목관절 발등굽힘 가동범위 측정(능동 및 수동) 순으로 실험에 참여하였다. 통계 검정을 위해 일원배치 분산분석과 다중회귀분석 방법을 이용하였다. 주요 연구 결과는 다음과 같다: 1) 코퍼 집단은 대조군보다 적은 정강뼈 안쪽번짐 각을 보였으며, CAI와 대조군보다 큰 수동 발등굽 힘 가동범위를 나타냈다. 2) 코퍼 집단은 CAI 환자와 마찬가지로 비정상적 발 형태를 가지고 있다. 3) 외측 발목 염좌 횟수에 무릎 과다폄, 비체중 부하 뒷발 각, 체중 부하 넙다리네갈래 각, 발배뼈 하강 항목이 영향을 미쳤다. 코퍼 집단은 신체적 정렬 특성으로 인해 외측 발목 염좌 후 만성 병리학적 증상으로 악화되지 않았을 가능성이 있음과 동시에 비정상적 발의 형태를 가지고 있기 때문에 이를 보완하기 위한 중재전략이 필요하다. 또한, CAI에 발목관절뿐만 아니라 몸쪽관절의 정렬 또한 영향을 미칠 수 있으므로 모든 하지관절의 올바른 정렬을 고려해야 한다.

The purpose of this study is 1) to investigate the difference in static lower extremity alignment (SLEA) among chronic ankle instability (CAI), coper, and control, and 2) to identify the components of SLEA that affects the pathology of ankle joint. Thirty-nine adult males were classified into CAI, coper, and control according to a history of lateral ankle sprain (LAS) and subjective ankle function score. Subjects were assessed for ankle function questionnaire (ankle Instability Instrument, Foot and Ankle Ability Measure), SLEA (quadriceps and tibiofemoral angle, genu recurvatum, tibial varum and torsion, and navicular drop), and dorsiflexion (active and passive) range of motion (ROM). One way analysis of variance and multi regression were used for statistical analysis. Our primary findings are as follows: 1) coper showed less tibial varum angle than control, and greater passive dorsiflexion ROM than CAI and control. 2) coper has abnormal foot morphology like CAI. 3) genu recurvatum, weight bearing (WB) rear foot angle, WB quadriceps angle, and navicular drop could affect the number of LAS. Therefore, there are potential that physical alignment characteristics in coper may contribute to prevention of worsening to CAI after LAS, and intervention should need to improvement of abnormal foot morphology concurrently. Additionally, since alignment of the knee and hip joint as well as ankle joint could affect CAI, normal alignment of the lower extremity should be considered.

요인모형을 이용한 측정동일성 분석에는 다집단 확인적 요인분석이 주로 사용되어왔다. 전통적인 관점에서는 측정동일성이 성립한다고 결론을 내리기 위해 비교 집단이나 시점 사이에 요인구조와 측정모수가 차이가 없이 완전히 동일하다는 근거가 필요하다. 그러나 집단의 수가 많은 경우 이와 같은 조건은 지나치게 엄격하거나 비현실적이 되기도 한다. 근사 측정동일성(approximate measurement invariance)은 비교 집단의 개수가 많을 때 이들 사이의 측정동일성을 현실적으로 검토하기 위해 제안된 완화된 형태의 측정동일성을 의미한다. 근사 측정동일성을 분석하는 주요 절차인 다집단 확인적 요인분석의 정렬법은 주로 연속형 측정변수에 대한 요인모형을 다수 국가 간에 비교하는 데 사용되어 왔다. 반면 연령에 따른 측정동일성의 분석은 주로 다집단 확인적 요인분석을 이용하여 둘 또는 셋으로 구분된 연령 집단을 비교하는 방식으로 수행되어 왔다. 그러나 연령에 따른 측정동일성의 분석에도 연령 집단을 세분한 다수의 연령 집단에 대해 근사측정동일성을 적용할 수 있다. 본 연구는 근사 측정동일성의 개념과 필요성, 분석 모형에 대해 논의하고 정렬법을 이용하여 심리검사의 연령에 따른 근사 측정동일성을 분석하는 방법과 절차를 예시하였다. 특히 범주형 자료에 대한 측정동일성 및 근사 측정동일성 분석에서의 개념적 유사점과 차이점을 논의하였으며 다집단 확인적 요인분석과 정렬법을 이용하여 인지기능 평가를 위한 검사인 K-MMSE 검사점수의 26개 연령 집단에 대한 측정동일성 및 근사 측정동일성을 분석하였다. 이를 통해 전통적인 측정동일성과 비교하여 근사 측정동일성 분석의 유용성을 강조하고 범주형 자료의 근사 측정동일성 분석과 관련된 논의사항들을 정리하였다.

Multiple-group confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) has been widely used to analyze measurement equivalence using factor models. Traditionally, in order to conclude that measurement equivalence exists, it is necessary to have evidence that the factor structure and measurement parameters, such as factor loadings are completely identical, with no differences across target groups or measurement occasions. However, when the number of groups is large, these conditions can become overly stringent or impractical. Approximate measurement invariance is a relaxed form of measurement invariance and proposed to practically examine measurement invariance between many groups. Alignment is a widely used procedure for analyzing approximate measurement invariance and has been used to compare measurement models with continuous indicator between many countries. On the other hand, the analysis of measurement invariance of test scores across ages reflecting developmental changes in psychological attributes has been mainly conducted by comparing two or three small age groups using multiple-group CFA. However, in the analysis of measurement invariance across ages, approximate measurement invariance can be applied to ages that are divided into a large number of age groups. The current study discusses the idea, necessity, and analytical model of approximate measurement invariance and illustrates the analysis of the approximate measurement invariance of psychological tests over time using the alignment method. In particular, we discussed the conceptual similarities and differences between measurement invariance and approximate measurement invariance for factor models with categorical data, and introduced the analytical process of measurement invariance and approximate measurement invariance for 26 age groups of K-MMSE test scores, a test for assessing cognitive function, using multiple-group CFA and the alignment method. Based on the results of the analysis, the implications of approximate measurement invariance versus traditional measurement invariance were explained, and discussions related to analysis of approximate measurement invariance with categorical data were summarized.

Remote protein homology detection has been widely used as a part of the analysis of protein structure and function. In this study, the good quality of protein feature vectors is the main aspect to detect remote protein homology; as it will assist discriminative classifier model to discriminate all the proteins into homologue or non-homologue members precisely. In order for the protein feature vectors to be characterized as having good quality, the feature vectors must contain high protein structural similarity information and are represented in low dimension which is free from any contaminated data. In this study, the contaminated data which originates from protein dataset was investigated. This contaminated data may prevent remote protein homology detection framework to produce the best representation of high protein structural similarity information in order to detect the homology of proteins. To reduce the contaminated data and extract high protein structural similarity information, some research has been done on the extraction of protein feature vectors and protein similarity. The extraction of protein feature vectors of good quality is believed could assist in getting better result for remote protein homology detection. Where, the good quality of protein feature vectors containing the useful protein similarity information and represent in low dimension will be used to identify protein family precisely by discriminative classifier model. Referring to this factor, a method which combines Protein Substring Scoring (PSS) and Pairwise Protein Substring Alignment (PPSA) from sequence comparison model, chi-square and Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) from generative model, and Support Vector Machine (SVM) as discriminative classifier model is introduced.

[목적] 본 연구의 목적은 하지정렬구조 측정을 통해서 하지정렬구조를 손상예측지표로 제시하고 실제 하지정렬구조와 발생한 손상과의 연관성을 밝히는데 있다. [방법] 97명 여성축구선수를 대상으로 Q-angle, 후족각, 다리길이를 측정한 후 1년 동안 선수들의 하지손상을 관찰하였다. 통계방법은 이원배치 반복측정 분산분석, 다중응답 빈도분석, Odd's ratio를 사용하였고 유의수준은 .05로 설정하였다. [결과] Q-angle과 후족각에서 주측발이 비주측발보다 크게 나타났다. 2013년 시즌동안 발생한 손상 중 부위는 발목, 손상조직은 인대, 손상원인은 과사용, 동작은 런닝, 형태는 염좌가 가장 빈번한 것으로 나타났다. Q-angle과 후족각, 다리길이에 따른 하지 전체 손상발생과 관련성은 없는 것으로 나타났다. 비주측발의 Q-angle에서는 전방십자인대 손상 집단이 비손상 집단보다 작게 나타났다. 전방십자인대손상 유무와 주측발에 따른 상호작용효과는 통계적으로 유의하게 나타났다(F(1,95)=3.823, p=.05). 후족각은 전방십자인대 비손상 집단의 주측발에 비해 비주측발이 작게 나타났다. [결론] 주측발과 비주측발 사이의 Q-angle 차이는 무릎 손상 위험요인으로 제시할 수 있을 것으로 생각되며, 특히 전방십자인대 손상을 예측하는 위험요인으로 제시할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다. 또한 후족각이 7도 이상 나타나거나 주측발과 비주측발의 각도 차이 발생은 발목 손상을 예측하는 위험요인으로 제시할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

[PURPOSE] The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between anatomical characteristics of lower extremity and incidence and type of injury. [METHOD] Ninety-seven female soccer players participated in the study. Quadriceps angle, rearfoot angle and leg length of both leg were measured before the season started. Two way repeated measures, multiple response analysis, and odd's ratio were applied to find the differences at an alpha level of .05. [RESULT] Q-angle and rearfoot angle were significantly different between dominant and non dominant leg. The ankle was the most injured site followed by the knee, the upper leg, the foot, the lower leg, the hip, and the groin. Also, the ligament and muscle were the most injured structure of the lower extremity. The mechanisms of injury were overuse, non contact, and contact injuries. Types of movement related to injury were running, shooting, landing, passing, tackling, changing direction, defending and dribbling. The types of injury were sprain, tear, tendinitis, strain, contusion, and fracture. Q-angle of non dominant leg was significantly different between ACL injured group and non ACL injured group. [CONCLUSION] Based on the results, the asymmetry of Q-angle and rear foot angle would be the predictors of ACL injury in female soccer players. Thus, measurements of lower extremity alignments which can be easily measured in the field would be included for the development of effective injury prevention interventions for female soccer players.

연구는 인간 작업 모델(MOHO)과 장애인 교육법(IDEA)의 여섯 가지 원칙 간의 공통된 핵심원리를 도출 하여, 다학제간 접근을 통한 특수교육 실행 활성화의 시사점을 찾는 것이다. 이를 위해 다학문적 특수교육 접근 에 초점을 맞추어 인간 작업 모델(MOHO)과 장애인 교육법(IDEA) 원칙 간의 연결을 확립하고자 하였다. 인간 작업 모델(MOHO), 장애인 교육법(IDEA) 원칙 및 작업치료사와 특수교육교사 간의 협력에 대한 학술 문헌을 조 사하고 분석하였다. 주제 분석을 통해 반복되는 주제와 관계를 식별하여 인간 작업 모델(MOHO)의 이론적 기초 와 장애인 교육법(IDEA)과의 공통된 핵심원리를 도출하였다. 이를 통해 작업치료의 핵심이론인 인간작업모델이 특수교육 활동에 접목되는 원리를 이해함을 지원하여, 특수교사-재활치료사들 간의 원활한 협력과 의사소통을 강화하는데 기초자료를 제공하였다.

The study seeks to examine the alignment between the Model of Human Occupation (MOHO) and the Six Principles of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) through qualitative analysis. The study utilizes a qualitative methodology that entails a comprehensive review of the existing literature to establish connections between MOHO and Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) principles, with a specific focus on collaborative special education environments. Data collection involves examining academic literature on MOHO, Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) principles, and the partnership between occupational therapists and special education teachers. Thematic analysis is employed to identify recurrent themes and relationships, offering valuable insights into the theoretical foundations of MOHO and its compatibility with the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)The Model of Human Occupation (MOHO) highlights the significance of active engagement and meaningful participation in inclusive education. It promotes the development of independence and self-determination in occupational performance for children with special needs. Moreover, MOHO stresses the importance of offering tailored support and adjustments for these children.

It is tragic that the Korean Airline Boing 747, KE007, wandered hundreds of miles off course into Soviet airspace and was shot down on September 1, 1983. The exact cuases are not known yet. Thus, speculation centers on human error or faulty procedure of three Litton LTN-72R inertial navigation systems(INS) with which the KAL KE007 was equipped. The inertial platform must be aligned before the INS can be used as a precision inertial navigation system. This analysis checks a possibility that the navigation errors are caused by a wrong INS alignment procedure assuming it is done at Anchorage. Possible causes for the navigational position error, such as alignment errors and gyro drift errors, are analyzed through inertial navigation system error prapagation simulations. A set of misalignment angle is estimated to determine what degree of alignment errors are required to cause the navigation error assuming that the accident is caused by the INS misalignment.

Misalignment can be an important problem in the integration of GPS/INS. Observability analysis of the alignment errors in the integration of low-grade inertial sensors and multi-antenna GPS is presented in this paper. A control-theoretic approach is adopted to study the observability of time-varying error dynamics models. The relationship between vehicle motions and the observability of the errors in the lever arm and relative attitude between GPS antenna array and IMU is given. It is shown that alignment errors can be made observable through maneuvering. The change of acceleration makes the components of the relative attitude error that are orthogonal to the direction of the acceleration change observable. The change of angular velocity makes the components of the lever arm error that are orthogonal to the direction of the angular velocity observable. The motion of constant angular velocity has no influence on the estimation of the lever arm.

The adsorption strength of liquid crystal molecules on the polymer surface was compared measuring temperature dependence of retardation above Nematic-Isotoropic transition temperature ($T_{NI}$). The relationship between surface order parameter and adsorption strength on the polymer surface was discussed.

The research question raised in this article is whether China?South Korea relations are affected by South Korea's relations with the U.S. and Japan. For instance, when South Korea deepens ties with both the U.S. and Japan, does China demonstrate negative behaviors toward South Korea? On the other hand, does South Korea increase its assertiveness toward China when it aligns closely with both the U.S. and Japan? Through the statistical analysis, the empirical findings reveal that China increases its assertiveness toward South Korea when the latter balances against it by strengthening ties with the U.S.?Japan. At the same time, establishing close ties with the U.S.?Japan emboldens South Korea to also act assertively toward China. The findings imply that China?South Korea relations are not just shaped by how the two states interact. Instead, a broader regional context should be taken into account when investigating how the bilateral relations unfold.

Optimal alignment after opening-wedge high tibial osteotomy (OWHTO) is crucial for obtaining good clinical results. A hip-to-calcaneus radiograph (HCR) appears to reflect the true mechanical axis. However, no study has been reported using the HCR in patients who underwent OWHTO. We aimed to analyze the radiographic factors affecting the significant difference in the weight-bearing line (WBL) ratio between two radiographs after opening-wedge high tibial osteotomy (OWHTO). This retrospective study included 51 patients who underwent both hip-to-talus radiographs (HTR) and HCR after OWHTO. The patients were divided into two groups; a consistent group (WBL ratio difference between postoperative HTR and HCR?<?5%; N =?35) and an inconsistent group (>?5%; N =?16). Radiographic variables for lower extremity alignment, knee and ankle joints, and clinical scores were evaluated. The receiver operating characteristic curve was used to determine the threshold of radiographic variables that induced inconsistencies between the two radiographs. The mean postoperative WBL ratio in the HCR of the inconsistent group was significantly higher than that of the consistent group (57.7?±?13.2% and 49.1?±?11.6%, respectively) ( P =?0.02). The preoperative and postoperative ankle joint line obliquity (AJLO) and preoperative lateral distal tibia ground surface angle (LDTGA) were significantly different between the two groups ( P <?0.05). The preoperative AJLO (odds ratio 0.784, confidence interval 0.655?0.939, P =?0.008) significantly affected WBL ratio inconsistency. The cutoff value of the preoperative AJLO was 3.16°. However, clinical scores did not differ significantly between the two groups. The pre-and postoperative AJLO and the preoperative LDTGA were significantly different between the two groups. Among these variables, only preoperative AJLO negatively affected the inconsistency in WBL ratios between the two radiographs (HTT and HTC). Therefore, it should be considered to prevent postoperative overcorrection of the true mechanical axis after OWHTO, even though we corrected it properly. Level of evidence Level IV.

Objective: The number of patients with forward head posture is increasing because of poor long-termposture, which can lead to mental and musculoskeletal changes. This studyaimed to analyze the correlation between physical and psychological factors in university students with forward head posture. Design: This is a cross-sectional study. Methods: The participants were 64 university students who were assessed for physical factors, such as cervical alignment, neck flexor endurance, suboccipital muscle tone, and postural balance, and psychological factors, such as sleep quality and stress. Cervical spine alignment was assessed based on the craniovertebral angle using a smartphone, whereas neck flexor endurance was assessed using a deep neck flexor muscle endurance test. Suboccipital muscle tone was measured using a Myoton PRO device, and postural balance was assessed using the Y-balance test. Sleep quality and stress was measured using the general sleep disturbanc scale and stress response inventory, respectively. Results: The results showed that there was a significant correlation between thecraniovertebral angle and stress response inventory (p<0.05); however, nocorrelation was found between the other factors (p>0.05). Conclusions: This study showed a correlation between cervical spine alignment and stress.