Earticle

본 연구는 전방십자인대(ACL) 재건술 후 12주 재활 프로그램이 대퇴둘레와 무릎 근기능에 미치는 성별 차이를 분석하고, 성별 맞춤형 재활 전략 수립의 기초자료를 제공하고자 수행되었다. ACL 재건술을 받은 성인 24명(남성 12명, 평균 연령 28.5±5.5세, 키 172.8±3.3cm, 체중 65.8±10.1kg, 체지방률 16.4±6.8%; 여 성 12명, 평균 연령 27.0±5.7세, 키 160.5±3.2cm, 체중 58.2±12.3kg, 체지방률 28.4±6.4%)이 참여하였으 며, 모든 참가자는 12주간 동일한 재활 프로그램을 주 3회, 70±10분씩 수행하였다. 대퇴둘레(무릎 위 10cm, 20cm)와 등속성 무릎 근력(60°/s, 180°/s)을 운동 전, 4주, 8주, 12주시점에서 측정하였고, 자료는 이원 반복측정 분산분석으로 분석하였다. 재활 후 남녀 모두 무릎 근기능이 유의하게 향상되었으나(p<.05), 대퇴둘레 변화는 유의하지 않았다(p>.05). 등속성 근력 분석에서는 남성이 여성보다 회복 속도가 빠르게 나타났으며, 성별과 운동기간 간 유의한 차이가 확인되었다(p<.05). 이는 ACL 재건술 후 재활 과정에서 무 릎 근기능 회복 양상이 성별에 따라 다르게 나타날 수 있음을 보여준다. 본 연구 결과는 성별 기반 재활 전략 개발의 기초자료로 활용될 수 있다.

Objectives The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a 12-week rehabilitation program on thigh circumference and knee muscle function by sex following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction, to provide baseline data for sex-specific rehabilitation strategies. Methods The participants were 24 individuals who underwent ACL reconstruction, consisting of 12 males (mean age: 28.5 ± 5.5 years; height: 172.8 ± 3.3 cm; weight: 65.8 ± 10.1 kg; body fat percentage: 16.4 ± 6.8%) and 12 females (mean age: 27.0 ± 5.7 years; height: 160.5 ± 3.2 cm; weight: 58.2 ± 12.25 kg; body fat percentage: 28.4 ± 6.4%). All participants completed a 12-week rehabilitation program. Thigh circumference and isokinetic knee muscle strength were measured before and after the intervention. Data were analyzed using two-way repeated measures ANOVA. Results During the 12-week rehabilitation period following ACL reconstruction, knee muscle function improved significantly over time in both sexes (p < .05), whereas thigh circumference showed no significant changes (p > .05). Isokinetic analysis revealed a faster rate of strength recovery in males than in females, with significant main effects of sex and time (p < .05). Conclusions Knee muscle function showed significant improvement over time following the 12-week rehabilitation program after ACL reconstruction, with a faster recovery pattern observed in males. These findings suggest the importance of considering sex-specific factors in rehabilitation planning and indicate the need for further research on tailored rehabilitation strategies.

During the height of the Pacific War, Japan recruited Koreans with English-language abilities and deployed them across newly occupied Southeast Asia as POW guards. A number of these young men were assigned to the construction sites of the Thailand Burma Railway and were prosecuted as B- and C-class war criminals after the war. The records left by the ad hoc interpreters stationed at the most brutal work site the construction of the bridge over the River Kwai reveal the profound ethical and practical dilemmas they faced as linguistic mediators working in two languages not their own and positioned between two hostile parties. In contrast, accounts produced by British, American, and Australian prisoners of war portray Korean guards not merely as interpreters of the violence they were instructed to convey, but as its direct perpetrators. Their visibility as “interpreters” rendered the violence associated with them even more indelible. Following Japan’s defeat, these men stigmatized as “interpreters of the defeated nation” were effectively abandoned by both Korea and Japan. Yet these ad hoc interpreters must be integrated into the history of interpreting in Korea, for the ethical dilemmas they confronted resonate with those faced by interpreters today. Interpreting studies must therefore move beyond a narrow focus on professional interpreters to encompass all those who were compelled, under varied and often coercive circumstances, to act as interpreters.

This study examines the crisis and resistance confronting contemporary urban spaces through N. K. Jemisin's Great Cities Duology: The City We Became (2020) and The World We Make (2022). While it is clear that urban space has functioned as a core backdrop for society throughout history, contemporary cities, in particular, have emerged as hubs of globalization and economic growth. Given this, the study of urban space serves not only as a yardstick for gauging societal change but also as a stage that intensively reveals the patterns of global transformation. Jemisin captures the problematic situations facing modern society through the city of New York, and, through the speculative vision, proposes a means of resistance and overcoming. In the novel, the metropolis becomes a living, sentient being; in this world, New York is represented by one primary avatar and five secondary avatars, each of which represents New York's five boroughs. Using the “Woman in White” to personify crises like gentrification and xenophobia, Jemisin argues that a city's true greatness does not stem from homogeneity, but from the encounter and interference of heterogeneous forces represented by the city avatars, diverse in race, sexual orientation, and class. Jemisin demonstrates that the heterogeneity and multiplicity of the city do not lead to disorder and fear, but rather add color to monotony and uniformity.

본 연구는 예비 한국어 교사를 대상으로 한국문화교육에 대한 인식을 다각도로 분석 하여 문화교육 역량 강화 방안을 모색하는 데 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 성인 학습자인 예비 한국어 교사에게 문화교육 경험, 중요성 인식, 문화정체성 태도, 문화 간 민감성, 수업 설계 및 실행 능력에 관한 설문 조사를 실시하고, 수집된 자료를 SPSS로 분석하였 다. 그 결과 문화교육의 중요성과 문화정체성, 민감성 인식은 높았으나, 수업 설계 및 실행 능력은 상대적으로 낮아 예비 한국어 교사의 한국문화교육 인식과 역량 간 격차 를 확인하며, 문화교육 역량 강화가 필요함을 알 수 있었다. 이같은 교육적 시사점을 얻고 예비교사의 교육과정에 문화교육 실습과 구체적 역량 개발 프로그램을 포함하는 등 실천적 수업 설계 능력 향상을 위한 역량 강화 방안을 제시하였다. 이 연구는 증가 하는 성인 학습자인 예비 한국어 교사의 한국문화교육 인식을 다각도로 조명했다는 점 에서 의의가 있으며, 향후 실천적 역량 강화 프로그램 개발과 효과 검증을 위한 기초 자 료로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

The purpose of this study is to examine prospective Korean language teachers’ perceptions of Korean culture education from multiple perspectives and to explore ways to enhance their cultural education competencies. To this end, a survey was conducted with adult learners who are prospective Korean language teachers on their cultural education experiences, perceptions of its importance, attitudes toward cultural identity, intercultural sensitivity, and abilities in lesson design and implementation. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS. The results showed that while perceptions of the importance of cultural education, cultural identity, and intercultural sensitivity were high, lesson design and implementation abilities were relatively low. This revealed a gap between the perceptions and competencies of prospective Korean language teachers regarding Korean culture education, highlighting the need for strengthening cultural education competencies. Based on these educational implications, the study proposed competency enhancement measures aimed at improving practical lesson design skills, such as incorporating cultural education practicum and concrete competency development programs into the training curriculum for prospective teachers. This study is significant in that it offers a multifaceted view of the perceptions of Korean culture education among prospective Korean language teachers, who are increasingly adult learners, and it may serve as a foundational resource for the development of future practical competency enhancement programs and the verification of their effectiveness.

본 연구는 예비 한국어 교사를 대상으로 한국문화교육에 대한 인식을 다각도로 분석 하여 문화교육 역량 강화 방안을 모색하는 데 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 성인 학습자인 예비 한국어 교사에게 문화교육 경험, 중요성 인식, 문화정체성 태도, 문화 간 민감성, 수업 설계 및 실행 능력에 관한 설문 조사를 실시하고, 수집된 자료를 SPSS로 분석하였 다. 그 결과 문화교육의 중요성과 문화정체성, 민감성 인식은 높았으나, 수업 설계 및 실행 능력은 상대적으로 낮아 예비 한국어 교사의 한국문화교육 인식과 역량 간 격차 를 확인하며, 문화교육 역량 강화가 필요함을 알 수 있었다. 이같은 교육적 시사점을 얻고 예비교사의 교육과정에 문화교육 실습과 구체적 역량 개발 프로그램을 포함하는 등 실천적 수업 설계 능력 향상을 위한 역량 강화 방안을 제시하였다. 이 연구는 증가 하는 성인 학습자인 예비 한국어 교사의 한국문화교육 인식을 다각도로 조명했다는 점 에서 의의가 있으며, 향후 실천적 역량 강화 프로그램 개발과 효과 검증을 위한 기초 자 료로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

The purpose of this study is to examine prospective Korean language teachers’ perceptions of Korean culture education from multiple perspectives and to explore ways to enhance their cultural education competencies. To this end, a survey was conducted with adult learners who are prospective Korean language teachers on their cultural education experiences, perceptions of its importance, attitudes toward cultural identity, intercultural sensitivity, and abilities in lesson design and implementation. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS. The results showed that while perceptions of the importance of cultural education, cultural identity, and intercultural sensitivity were high, lesson design and implementation abilities were relatively low. This revealed a gap between the perceptions and competencies of prospective Korean language teachers regarding Korean culture education, highlighting the need for strengthening cultural education competencies. Based on these educational implications, the study proposed competency enhancement measures aimed at improving practical lesson design skills, such as incorporating cultural education practicum and concrete competency development programs into the training curriculum for prospective teachers. This study is significant in that it offers a multifaceted view of the perceptions of Korean culture education among prospective Korean language teachers, who are increasingly adult learners, and it may serve as a foundational resource for the development of future practical competency enhancement programs and the verification of their effectiveness.

본 연구는 중년여성의 필라테스 참여자의 참여동기가 운동몰입과 운동만족에 미치는 영향을 규명하는 데 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 2024년 5월 한 달 동안 서울 및 경기지역의 필라테스 스튜디오를 방문하여 필라테스에 참 여하고 있는 중년여성을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였다. 설문은 연구 목적을 충분히 설명한 후 참여자 의 자발적 동의를 얻어 실시하였으며, 자기평가기입법으로 응답하도록 하였다. 총 312부의 설문지가 회수 되었으며, 이 중 응답이 누락되었거나 중복 기입된 12부를 제외한 300부를 최종 분석에 사용하였다. 본 연구의 자료 분석은 SPSS V. 29.0 프로그램을 이용하였으며, 가설검증의 유의수준은 .05로 설정하여 다음 과 같은 결과를 도출하였다. 첫째, 중년여성의 필라테스 참여동기의 건강 동기, 외적과시 동기, 기술습득 동기, 재미 동기가 운동몰 입의 인지몰입에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 한편, 참여동기의 건강 동기, 사교 동기, 외적 과시 동기는 운동몰입의 행위몰입에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 중년여성의 필라테 스 참여동기의 건강 동기, 외적과시 동기, 기술습득 동기, 재미 동기는 운동만족의 정서적 만족감에 긍정 적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며, 참여동기 중 건강 동기, 기술습득 재미 동기가 운동만족의 신체 적 만족에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 건강 동기, 사교 동기, 외적 과시 동기 등의 참여동기가 운동만족의 사회적 만족에 긍정적인 영향을 준 것으로 확인되었다. 셋째, 중년여성의 필라테 스 운동몰입의 인지몰입, 행위몰입은 운동만족의 정서적 만족, 사회적 만족에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것 으로 나타났으며, 운동몰입의 인지몰입에서만 운동만족의 신체적 만족에 긍정적 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과를 종합해 볼 때, 중년여성의 필라테스 참여동기가 운동몰입과 운동만족에 긍정적인 영향 을 미친다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 중년여성들이 필라테스를 참여하면서 운동만족을 극대화하기 위 해서는 필라테스 지도자들은 참여자 개개인의 참여동기를 파악하여 맞춤형 프로그램을 설계한다면 운동 몰입이 높아지고 이는 곧 참여자의 운동만족에 긍정적 영향을 미칠 것으로 판단된다.

Objectives The purpose of this study is to examine how middle-aged women’s motivations for participating in Pilates affect their levels of exercise engagement and overall satisfaction with exercise. Methods The research instruments utilized were items on participation motivation, exercise engagement, and exercise satisfaction. Data were collected from middle-aged women using Pilates studios in Seoul and Gyeonggi Province in May 2024. After explaining the study purpose and obtaining consent, self-administered questionnaires were distributed. Among 312 responses, 300 were used for final analysis. Data analysis included frequency analysis, descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and multiple regression using SPSS version 29.0. Results The results of the study revealed that, firstly, health, appearance, and enjoyment motives positively influenced exercise engagement. Secondly, these motives also had a positive effect on exercise satisfaction. Lastly, cognitive and behavioral engagement positively influenced emotional and social satisfaction, while only cognitive engagement affected physical satisfaction. Conclusions As implications, identifying individual motivations and applying personalized programs were suggested to enhance exercise engagement and increase satisfaction among middle-aged women participating in Pilates.

본 연구는 1938년 쿠바에서 조직된 대한여자애국단의 설립 배경과 활동 내용을 고찰함으로써, 한인 여성 주도의 독립운동 양상이 지구촌 끝 쿠바에서도 진행되었 다는 것을 조명하였다. 쿠바의 한인사회는 초기 노동이민을 기반으로 형성되었으 며, 이들은 조국의 독립을 위한 정치적·재정적 지원에 적극 참여하였다. 특히 쿠 바 대한여자애국단은 여성들이 독립운동의 주체로 나섰다는 점에서 큰 의의를 지 닌다. 본 논문은 주로 대한인국민회 기관지 『신한민보』 및 해외 한인 관련 사료를 중심 으로 여성단체의 조직 과정, 활동 방식, 국내외 독립운동 세력과의 연계 양상을 분 석하였다. 이를 통해 국외 거주 한인 여성들이 단순한 후원자가 아닌 능동적 실천 가로서 북미지역 한인독립운동의 한축을 담당했음을 보여준다. 이 연구를 통해 40여 명 규모의 쿠바대한여자애국단원이 독립운동 자금모금 등의 활동을 했다는 것을 밝혀냈다. 이중 단 5명만 서훈에 추서되었다. 이 논문을 통해 광복 80주년을 맞아 쿠바 대한여자애국단 모두에게 서훈을 추서하는데 귀중한 자료로 활용되기 를 바란다.

This study examines the background and activities of the Korean Patriotic Women’s Association, which was organized in Cuba in 1938, highlighting that Korean women-led independence movements extended even to the far reaches of the globe, such as Cuba. The Korean community in Cuba was originally formed through early labor migration, and these migrants actively participated in both political and financial support for Korea’s independence. The Korean Patriotic Women's Association in Cuba holds particular significance in that women took the lead as central agents in the independence movement. Drawing primarily on sources such as The New Korea Daily (Shinhan Minbo) and other overseas Korean historical materials, this study analyzes the formation process of the women’s organization, its methods of activity, and its connections with domestic and international independence movements. It demonstrates that Korean women living abroad were not merely supporters but active practitioners who played a key role in the Korean independence movement across North America. This research reveals that around 40 members of the association in Cuba engaged in activities such as fundraising for the independence cause. However, only five of them have been posthumously awarded national honors. It is hoped that this study will serve as valuable documentation in advocating for the posthumous commendation of all members of the Cuban Korean Patriotic Women's Association, especially in commemoration of the 80th anniversary of Korea’s liberation.

Immunotherapy has transformed cancer treatment in the past decade, with combinations of immune checkpoint inhibitors and conventional therapies showing promise across various cancers. This study reviews ongoing clinical trials of T cell receptor-T cell (TCR-T) therapies, analyzing their potential in targeting key cancer antigens for future treatment advancements. We examined data from ClinicalTrials.gov, focusing on phase 1-4 trials with reported results up to August 31, 2024. Trials were selected based on relevance to TCR-T cell therapy, safety and efficacy evaluation, and predefined inclusion/exclusion criteria. Thirty-three TCR-T clinical trials were identified, with 17 focusing on advanced cancers. Target antigens included New York esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (16 trials), melanoma-associated antigen (5 trials), and human papillomavirus 16 E (4 trials). Most studies targeted adults, with three involving pediatric patients. Sponsors included the National Cancer Institute and GlaxoSmithKline, with melanoma being the most studied cancer. One trial (NCT05066165) utilized CRISPR/Cas9 for non-viral TCR gene editing. Recent FDA approval of afamitresgene autoleucel, the first gene-modified TCR-T cell therapy targeting solid tumors, marks a significant milestone. TCR-T therapies are evolving into personalized cancer treatments, with shared antigenbased therapies leading development. The introduction of CRISPR technology is expected to enhance the efficiency and safety of gene-modified therapies, shaping the future of cancer immunotherapy. This review highlights the rapidly advancing field of TCR-T cell therapies and their potential to revolutionize cancer treatment.

The aim of this study is to answer the question of why simultaneous interpreting, successfully introduced in the 1945 Nuremberg Trials, was not utilized in the Tokyo Trials that took place the following year. At Nuremberg, simultaneous interpreting had dramatically accelerated the trials and allowed justice to be achieved in four languages. It was an innovation that gave rise to the profession of conference interpreting, and established research on interpreting as an independent academic discipline. The Tokyo Trials, however, employed only consecutive interpreting. The primary reason was the shortage of bilinguals fluent in English and Japanese. Additionally, the Tokyo tribunal neglected the fact that linguistic justice was a prerequisite for legal justice. A more fundamental reason was the tribunal’s mistrust in Japanese interpreters. The US-led tribunal, forced to depend on Japanese interpreters in a courtroom where their compatriots were being tried, assigned Japanese-Americans (Kibei) as monitors and US military officials as language arbiters to keep close watch on them. Unlike their counterparts in Nuremberg, the interpreters in the Tokyo Trials were reluctant to publicly disclose their involvement. The Tokyo Trials thus failed to become a turning point in the history of interpreting and Interpreting Studies in Japan.

2013-2014년 광주에서 진행된 한복보내기는 광주학생독립운동을 지원한 멕시코, 쿠바 한인 후손들에게 독립운동가 후손으로의 자긍심을 높이고 한국인으로 의 자부심을 갖게 하기 위해 보은(報恩)의 의미로 민간 보훈외교의 차원에서 전개 하였다 연구방법은 첫째, 멕시코, 쿠바 한인들의 광주학생독립운동지원과 한인 디아스 포라들에게 한복이 갖는 의미를 고찰해 보았다. 둘째, 순수한 민간차원의 공공 보 훈외교인 한복보내기 사례로 한복을 보내게 된 배경을 공공 보훈외교 관점에서 기 술하였다. 셋째, 멕시코, 쿠바에 한복보내기 참여 단체 조직의 유형화와 실행과정 에 대해서 4단계로 기술하였다. 넷째, 한복을 받은 멕시코 한인후손들의 반응을 조명하고 이러한 활동이 갖는 성과를 조명하였다. 한복보내기운동은 1929년 광주학생독립운동을 지원하고 특별후원금을 낸 1세 대 분들의 헌신을 재조명하고 후손들과 교류협력을 위한 모범적 사례로 여겨진다. 향후 민간 보훈외교 차원의 한복보내기운동이 전국적인 운동으로 발전하고 한 국과 쿠바의 수교를 계기로 정부 차원에서도 확대 진행되면 공공평화외교의 측면 이 강화되고 광주학생독립운동을 지원한 쿠바한인 후손들과 교류협력 방안도 크 게 확대될 것이다.

The hanbok sending was developed in terms of private patriots and veterans diplomacy in order to raise pride as an independence activist descendant and make Korean descendants of Mexico and Cuba proud of themselves as Koreans This study considered the case of sending hanboks to descendants of Koreans in Mexico and Cuba who supported the Gwangju Student Independence Movement and considered its meaning in terms of public veterans diplomacy. First, the research method was described by combining the support of the independence movement of Koreans in Mexico and Cuba, the meaning of hanbok, and the meaning of veterans diplomacy. Second, the background of sending hanboks as an example of sending hanbok, a public veterans diplomacy at the pure private level, was described from the perspective of public veterans diplomacy. Third, the typology and implementation process of the organization participating in hanbok sending to Mexico and Cuba were described in four stages. Fourth, it highlighted the reactions of Korean descendants of Mexico who received hanbok and highlighted the academic achievements of these activities. This study was analyzed in terms of the Gwangju Student Independence Movement, private patriots and veterans diplomacy, and global Korean diaspora studies. The hanbok sending movement is considered an exemplary example for re-examining the dedication of the first generation who supported the Gwangju Student Independence Movement in 1929 and made special donations and for exchange and cooperation with descendants. In the future, if the hanbok sending movement at the level of private patriots and veterans diplomacy develops into a national movement and expands at the government level with diplomatic ties between Korea and Cuba, the aspect of public peace diplomacy will be strengthened, and exchange and cooperation measures with Cuban descendants who supported the Gwangju Student Independence Movement will be greatly expanded.

Background: This study aimed to explore the current activities of pharmacists in local pharmacies for preventing narcotics addiction, identify areas for improvement, and support initiatives to enhance and expand the activities of “narcotics addiction prevention counseling pharmacies” (hereinafter referred to as “Majung Pharmacies”). Methods: Surveys were conducted targeting local community pharmacists participating in the Majung Pharmacy activities in Daegu. Results: Out of 42 pharmacists who registered in the Majung Pharmacy movement in 2021, 41 responded (response rate of 98%). After excluding three participants who met the exclusion criteria, data from 38 participants were analyzed. The participating pharmacists were generally well aware of the conditions for pharmacists to serve as “accessible experts” in the forefront of drug addiction prevention. It was observed that the activities of Majung Pharmacies, particularly among highly engaged pharmacists, led to positive effects such as an increased focus on medication counseling for psychotropic drugs, thereby enhancing their professionalism. However, a significant number of participants also expressed negative opinions. Factors such as enthusiasm for professional activities and perceptions of the pharmacist’s social role were important in shaping perceptions of Majung Pharmacy activities, whether positively or negatively. Additionally, this study underlined that pharmacists in practice are highly aware of the seriousness of issues arising from the use of narcotics by prescriptions. Conclusion: Suggestions were outlined for both short-term and long-term strategies aimed at ensuring the stable growth and expansion of Majung Pharmacy initiatives.

오늘날 급속한 기술 발전으로 인간과 다르지만 인간과 함께 일상을 누리는 존재가 있 다. 그것은 바로 AI 로봇이다. 뇌파를 이용해 생각만으로도 로봇의 팔을 움직일 수 있는 기술이 개발된 이러한 상황에서 AI 로봇에 대한 도덕적 지위 문제는 여전히 논란의 중심에 있다. 이러한 논란은 우리와 전혀 다른 존재인 로봇이 우리와 함께 살고 있고 앞으로도 살 아가야 할 것이기 때문에 AI 로봇의 도덕적 지위 문제에 대한 정립은 철학계와 과학계가 여전히 고민해야 할 주요 문제이다. 최근 AI 로봇의 도덕적 지위 문제를 보다 직관적으로 옹호하고자 하는 이론이 등장했다. ‘윤리적 행동주의’라 불리는 이 이론은 기계윤리 분야 에서 새로운 학풍으로 기대되고 있다. 즉 어떤 개체의 행동이 인간의 행위와 밀접하게 유 사하다면 그러한 개체에게도 우리와 같은 도덕적 지위를 부여할 수 있다는 것이다. 정말로 그러한가? 우리는 이러한 질문에 철학적으로 접근하여 응답할 필요가 있다. 본 논문에서 는 도덕적 지위의 문제를 ‘행동주의’로 옹호하려는 입장에 대한 정당성 검토를 그 목적으 로 한다. 그리하여 앞으로의 AI 로봇의 도덕적 지위 문제에 대한 적합한 이론적 토대와 체 계적인 정책 마련에 도움이 되고자 한다.

With today’s rapid technological advancements, there are beings that are different from humans, but enjoy everyday life alongside us. They are AI robots. With the development of technology that allows you to move a robot's arm with just a thought using brain waves, the question of the moral status of AI robots is still at the center of debate. The moral status of AI robots is still a major issue for philosophers and scientists to consider, as these robots, which are completely different from us, are living with us and will continue to live with us. Recently, a theory has emerged that attempts to defend the moral status of AI robots in a more intuitive way. This theory, called “ethical behaviorism,” is expected to be a new school of thought in the field of machine ethics: if an entity's behavior closely resembles that of a human being, we can give it the same moral status as us. We need to take a philosophical approach to answering this question. The purpose of this paper is to examine the justification of the position that attempts to defend the question of moral status as ‘behaviorism’. In doing so, we hope to contribute to the development of an appropriate theoretical foundation and systematic policy on the issue of the moral status of AI robots in the future.

γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a natural stress-reducing substance and is actively used as a human health supplement. However, minimal research has been conducted on its use in cattle. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of GABA on the growth performance, complete blood count, blood metabolites, and carcass characteristics of fattening Hanwoo steers. Twenty-one fattening steers were randomly assigned to one of three treatments: control (basal diet: concentrate feed + rice straw), T1 (basal diet + GABA supplement at 0.8% of feed/head/day), and T2 (basal diet + GABA supplement at 1.6% of feed/head/day). Feed intake and conversion ratio did not differ among the treatments. However, the average daily gain during the early fattening period increased linearly to 0.80 kg, 0.86 kg, and 0.92 kg in the control, T1, and T2 groups (p<0.05). Plasma γ-glutamyl transferase (37.5, 58.2, 42.8 U/ℓ) and creatinine (1.32, 1.34, 1.49 ㎎/㎗) levels in the GABA supplement group were increased compared to those in the control group. The carcass weight (422.7, 427.1, 454.1 kg), rib eye area (86.67, 92.57, 91.14 cm2), and marbling score (3.67, 4.29, 4.14) were numerically higher in the GABA supplement group than in the control group. Thus, GABA supplementation positively affected the average daily gain and carcass characteristics of Hanwoo steers. However, the effect of the GABA supplement level of GABA was small, and further research using rumen-protected coating technology on GABA is necessary.