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Objectives : The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship between decision-making types, public entrepreneurship, and performance management of local public hospital directors. Methods : A questionnaire survey was carried out to assess the dependent variables of directors’ decision-making types and public entrepreneurship. The analysis of management performance was carried out through a comparison between 2016 results of, data of variation rate on medical revenue and change rate on medical profit and results in 2015. Results : Results indicated that local public hospital directors who used rational decision-making showed better performance management. The analysis showed that enterprise had a greater positive effect (+) on variation rate of medical revenue than that of innovation. However, innovation had a higher positive effect (+) on change rate of medical profit than that of enterprise. These results suggest that innovation and enterprise have a major influence on performance management. Conclusions : The survey used for this study suggests that an education and training program is needed to improve public hospital directors’ ability for rational decision-making, public entrepreneurship and performance management. Additionally, the policy change guaranteeing autonomy within the proper range is demanded that Local Public Hospital Director having spirit of innovation and enterprise achieves peak capacity and have responsibility for management

Our auto fire to 5,000 per annum on average over the past five years, frequent and about 14 per day, engine temperature is high maintenance, of the engine compartment because of high power.Thermal management to the particular attention is needed. The fire starts off as well as the vehicles come from a running car. The largest number of these cars the cause of fire engine overheating, which account for how to lead to a fire probability of a number of conditions on the reproduction tests.Look through. The experiment is coolant leak and fire shutdown cooling system that occurs if the cooling fan starts running, a new one is oillyu or if to come into contact with the shortage of hot engines.Oil system is bunged up a catalyst, high temperatures at the exhaust pipe the exhaust system that can be caused by decomposing the engine compartment fires and other academic chulhwayeongtae in.Analysis

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to analyze factors affecting the performance of public hospitals in South Korea. Methods : We collected management performance data from 2013 to 2015 from income statements, balance sheets, and annual reports from 32 local public hospitals. The dependent variable used was profitability, which included operating margin, return on assets and net profit to gross revenues. The independent variables were general characteristics, liquidity, stability, and activity. Results : Patient revenues, total assets, and total capital had increased steadily but patient expenses had increased to a greater extent. Operating profit, and net profit were consistently in deficits and the management status of local public hospitals had recently been in difficulty. The debt ratio, quick ratio, ratio of fixed liability and fixed assets turnover rate have a significant positive(+) effect on performance in the years 2013-2015. Conclusions : We suggest management strategies for these hospitals based on the results analyzed.

20세기 후반에 전개되었고 오늘날까지도 연구되고 있는 구조주의 · 후기구조주의 사유는 극히 다양한 분야들과 내용들을 포괄하고 있으나, 오늘날에는 이 흐름을 관류하는 개념들, 원리들을 잡아내 그 전반을 통관(通觀)할 수 있는 시점에 다다랐다고 볼 수 있다. 그러나 이런 통관은 관점과 맥락에 따라 상당히 다양한 이해와 평가를 허용한다. 이 글은 이 흐름을 ‘차이’로부터 ‘차이생성’으로의 전환으로서 파악한다. 이를 위해 우선 언어학, 인류학, 정신분석학을 중심으로 구조주의 사유의 핵심적 특징은 무엇인가를 밝힌다. 둘째, 대표적인 구조주의 사상가들의 사유 내용을 살펴보고 그 과정에서 차이 개념과 차이생성 개념이 행하는 역할을 밝혀낸다. 셋째, 구조주의로부터 후기구조주의로 이행하면서 차이생성 개념의 역할이 어떤 식으로 펼쳐지는지를 특이성/우발점 개념을 중심으로 논한다. 넷째, 후기구조주의 사상가들(특히 라캉과 들뢰즈)에게서의 ‘실재의 귀환’을 논하고, 그 철학사적 의미를 짚어본다. 이로써 (후기)구조주의 사유의 존재론적 핵심이 어디에 있는지를 밝혀낸다.

This article tries to elucidate the process from difference to differentiation in the stream from structuralism to post-structuralism. For this, first it clarified what the structuralism thought is. The basic concept is the symbolic, which distinguishes this thought from not only traditional realism but also modern idealism. And it discussed the concrete contents of this thought concentrating to the thoughts of linguistics, anthropology, and psychoanalysis, and by this revealed the system of differences in the heart of this thought. The last half of this article tried to elucidate the way how post-structuralism overcame the limit of structuralism, moving from system of difference to play of difference, especially by the displacement of aleatory point. And further the new appearance of the Real, the return of the Real revealed the more radical aspect of post-structuralism form Lacan to Deleuze. Finally, this article emphasized the new coming era of unifying the dimension of nature and culture, finding out the knot which will connect the biological sciences and human sciences.

It is a system that supports efficient sharing of information by real-time communication through application and web-based collaborative work space. IOT / ICT technology into the construction site to manage the entire process in real time. It is possible to predict and prevent accidents by using real time accumulated big data information, and it is necessary to diversify research using data.

본 논문은 국민연금의 전략적 자산배분체계에서 현행 5년 기준 목표수익률 설정방식(실질 GDP+CPI±조정치)과 허용위험한도 지표(shortfall risk)의 문제점들을 살펴보고, ALM 관점 에서 다양한 보험료율의 시나리오에 따라 국민연금의 장기목표수익률(70년 기준)과 리스크가 어떻게 달라질 수 있는지, 그리고 이를 통해 제3차 재정계산 제도발전위원회에 의해서 제시 된 재정운영방식과 재정목표에 대한 두 가지 대안의 적정성과 실현가능성에 대해 분석하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 본 연구에서는 첫째, ALM관점에서 재정안정화를 달성하기 위한 정책 조합(policy mix)의 일환으로 장기목표수익률이 설정될 뿐만 아니라 전략적 자산배분모형과 연계되도록 함으로써 위험자산 비중의 증가에 따른 ‘위험과 수익률의 상반관계(risk-return trade-off)’가 반영될 수 있는 방안을 제시하였다. 둘째, 국민연금의 제3차 재정계산 제도발 전위원회에서 재정목표로 제시한 재정추계 최종년도(2083년)의 적립배율 2배수를 달성(대안 1)할 수 있는 보험료율과 장기목표수익률의 조합을 제시하고 그에 따른 기금의 위험자산 비 중과 shortfall risk의 상응관계를 도출하였다. 그러나 이 경우 기금의 과다적립 가능성이 존 재함을 보였고, 또한 대안 2의 부과방식(pay as you go)으로 전환될 경우 높은 필요보험료 율로 인해 실현가능성이 떨어짐을 확인하였다. 셋째, 위험자산에 대한 높은 투자비중의 증가 에도 불구하고 shortfall risk가 이를 적절히 반영하지 못함을 보임으로써 위험지표로서의 한 계를 확인하였는데, 이는 국민연금기금의 투자위험관리가 적절히 이루어지지 않고 있음을 의 미한다. 또한 국민연금이 허용위험한도를 10%에서 15%로 조정한 것은 착시효과 문제 등을 없애기 위한 임의적 조치이며 리스크관리 차원에서 이루어진 것이 아님을 확인하였다.

The purpose of this paper points out the problems of current 5 year basis target return setting and shortfall risk measure in strategic asset allocation of Korean national pension fund and suggests the ways to solve the problems. Currently, Korean national pension fund sets its target returns in ad-hoc way by (real GDP+CPI±adjustment), which is not reflecting ALM point of view and cannot explain risk-return trade-off because it is not driven by and also separated from strategic asset allocation process. Also, Korean national pension fund uses shortfall risk based on CPI as risk measure when applying strategic asset allocation, which has no theoretical foundations at all and makes asset allocation results very unstable. We show that target returns can and should be set up in connection with the other variables such as contribution rate in considering various policy mix to achieve financial stabilization of Korean national pension fund from the perspective of ALM and that our method is able to reflect the risk-return trade-off as the weights of risky assets increase in asset allocations since we modify the current method of calculating shortfall risk to be linked to risk-return trade-off. We propose various policy combinations of long term target returns(70 year basis) and contribution rates that can achieve a target funded ratio (reserve multiple) of 2 in 2082 suggested by the third meeting of the committee for Korean national pension system development. Also, we show that there is a possibility of excess fund accumulation when we compare the estimated fund size under the above scenarios of long term target returns and contribution rates with the fund size of year 2043 calculated under the assumption of current contribution rate of 9%. Furthermore, we show that by linking the expected returns of stocks and bonds to CPI, ‘illusion effect’ meaning that shortfall risk dramatically increases although there is no change in risk at all when the forecast of CPI rises can be eliminated. This implies that Korean national pension fund’s recent change of shortfall risk limit to 15% from 10% is done simply to eliminate ‘illusion effect’ and not from the risk management perspective. We also show that shortfall risk has a serious problem as a risk measure since it is not suitably reflective of the increase in risk even when the weights of risky assets increase in asset allocations.

Recently, 3D printing technology has been considered as a core applicable technology because it brings many improvements such as the development of medical technology, medical customization, and reducing production cost and shortening treatment period. This research suggests a market prediction framework for medical 3D printing business. As an immature market situation, it is important to control some uncertainty for market prediction such as a customers’ conversion rate. So we adopt decision making tree (DMT) model which used to choose an optimal decision making among diverse pathway. Among medical industries this paper just focuses on dentistry business. For predicting a 5 year period trend expected market size, we identified some replaceable denture procedure by 3D printing, collected related data, controlled uncertain variables. The result shows that medical 3D printing business could be a market of 28.2 billion won at 1st year and in the end of fifth year it could become on a scale of 61.1 billion won market.

정보통신 기술이 우리의 업무 환경에 도입되면서, 우리의 업무 환경은 크게 변화하게 되었다. 과거에는 가능하지 않았던 업무도 이제는 정보통신 기술의 도움으로 수행이 가능하게 되었다. 이런 정보통신 기술 기반의 업무 환경을 우리는 스마트 업무 환경이라고 칭하고 있다. 스마트 업무 환경 하에서는 과거에 비하여 더 많은 업무를 좀 더 생산적으로 수행할 수 있게 되었다. 이런 새로운 업무 환경 하에서는 과거의 Top-Down 방식으로 정의된 업무에서, 이제는 종업원 개인 의지에 따라서 본인이 할 수 있는 업무의 범위와 수행하는 방식 등을 자율적으로 정의하는 Bottom-Up 방식의 업무 디자인이 가능하게 되었다. 이를 Job Crafting이라고 한다. 본 연구에서는 개인의 업무의 특성에 따라 어떤 Job Crafting 전략을 사용하는지를 실증적으로 조사하여 보았다. 좀 더 구체적으로, 개인이 담당한 업무의 불확실성 (Job Uncertainty)과 비정형성 (Job Equivocality)이 개인의 Job Crafting 전략 선택에 어떤 영향을 미치는지를 탐색하였다. 한 걸음 더 나아가서 업무에 있어서 스마트 기기의 사용 빈도나 정도가 업무의 특징이 Job Crafting 전략에 미치는 영향을 조정하는 효과도 탐색하여 보았다.

The primary objective of this study was to classify different family values and to examine how university students’ perceptions of childbirth differ according to the types of family values. The sample for this study consisted of 601 university students living in the cities of Seoul, Incheon, and the Gyeonggi province. The data were collected using structured questionnaires distributed through an online survey. Descriptive statistics including frequencies, percentages, means and standard deviation and cluster analysis , One-Way ANOVA and x2 test are applied to analyze the data. The major results of this study are as follows: 1. The values of the university students regarding marriage, children, and familism were used as parameters to categorize the different types of family values on the cluster analysis. The results of the cluster analysis showed that the university students’ family values could be classified into three types; “family-centered values”, “individual-centered values”, and “familismㆍchildren-centered value”. 2. The family values of the university students differed according to each student’s gender, age, religion, socioeconomic status, gender-role attitude, and relationships with his or her father and or mother. 3. On average, the number of children that the students would like to have in the future is higher than the number of children that they actually plan to have. 4. The students’ perceptions of family planning and low birthrate circumstances differed according to their family values. The university students categorized as having “family-centered values” planned to have the highest number of children in the future and thought that the low birthrate was a very serious issue, whereas the students with “individual-centered values” planned to have the lowest the number of children in the future. 5. To conclude the study, recommendations were made for the government to improve the low birthrate and for facilitate further research regarding this issue.

스마트 시대로 접어들면서 정보통신기술의 발달이 성숙기에 이르고 우리의 삶과 사회에 ICT가 미치는 영향이 점차 심화되고 있다. 이러한 맥락에서 경영정보학(MIS)교수들이 중심이 된 국제정보시스템학회 (Association of Information Systems: AIS)에서 2014년 12월에는 “ICT-enabled Bright Society Initiative (약칭 Bright ICT)”를 미래 비전 아젠다로 채택하였다. 본 연구에서는 Bright ICT Initiative에서 수행할 연구 아젠다 아이템들을 찾아내고 전략적 우선 순위를 정하고 세부 프로그램을 논의하기 위한 기초작업으로 brainstorming, clustering, ranking 의 단계를 거치는 델파이 스터디를 진행하였 다. 연구 결과 11개의 주요 이슈를 발굴하였고 이어지는 설문조사를 통해 각 이슈들의 중요도 순위를 분석하였다. 나아가 각 이슈가 개인, 기 업, 사회/국가에 미치는 영향의 중요도에 있어 연령과 성별에 따른 차이를 분석하였 다.

Objectives : The aim of this study was to identify the relationship between Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) and quality of service (QoS) on pay satisfaction for employees at small-and medium-sized hospital that adopted an annual salary system. Methods : The subjects were 136 employees working at 2 Small-and Medium-sized Hospitals in Seoul and Daejeon. The data were collected from May 11 to May 22, 2015 using a structured questionnaire. For data analysis, descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficient, t-test, ANOVA and Scheffé test were used with the SPSS 21 package. Results : The mean score for pay satisfaction perceived by the employees at small-and medium-sized Hospitals that adopted an annual salary system was 1.74. The mean score for OCB and QoS was 4.02 and 4.43, respectively. The pay satisfaction perceived by the employees at small-and medium-sized Hospitals that adopted an annual salary system were positively related to the OCB. Pay satisfaction was positively related to the QoS; however, it was not statistically significant. The OCB and QoS showed a significant difference in age, marital status, and education level. Conclusions : Small and Medium sized Hospitals have to develop an efficient pay management system which evaluates the CSFs and KPI of every department or staff member.

‘Daejang 3ho’ is a new cultivar of oyster mushroom for high productivity than that of Chunchu 2ho. This cultivar was bred by Di-mon mating between monokaryotic strains isolated from ‘Daejang 1ho' and dikaryotic strain ‘Jangan 5ho’. The color of pileus and the shape of pileus of new cultivar were dark gray and deeply funnel shape, respectively. The length and thickness of stipe were longer and thicker than those of Chunchu 2ho. It took 4~5 days to formation of primordia, that was a similar to Chunchu 2ho. The optical temperature of fruit body was 14-17oC. Yield of ‘Daejang 3ho’ was 13.9% higher than that of Chunchu 2ho. Analysis of RAPD by URP-primer of #03, #08, #10 and #11 showed that different band pattern those of other strains. There were no significant differences between the texture properties of ‘Daejang 3ho’ and Chunchu 2ho.

본 논문은 국민연금의 전략적 자산배분체계에서 현행 목표수익률 산출방식과 위험척 도의 문제점들을 살펴보고 이를 개선하기 위한 방안을 제시하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 국 민연금의 현행 목표수익률 설정방식(실질GDP+CPI±조정치)은 자산과 부채의 종합적인 관점인 ALM 차원에서 이루어지지 않고 있으며, 전략적 자산배분모형과의 유기적인 연 계가 없어 위험과 수익률의 상반관계(risk-return trade-off)가 반영되지 않고 있다. 또한 국민연금이 현재 위험척도로 사용 중인 shortfall risk는 이론적인 근거가 없을 뿐만 아 니라 실제 자산배분을 매우 불안정하게 만드는 문제점을 가지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 첫째, 주식과 채권의 기대수익률이 CPI와 연동되도록 만듦으로써 현행 국민연금 방식에서 나타나고 있는 CPI 전망치의 증가 시 shortfall risk가 급등하는 착시 효과를 제거할 수 있음을 보인다. 이러한 결과는 국민연금이 착시효과 문제를 없애기 위 해 shortfall risk의 한도를 15%로 조정한 것은 임의적이며 위험관리 차원에서 이루어진 것이 아님을 의미한다. 또한 본 논문은 위험자산에 대한 투자비중의 증가에도 불구하고 shortfall risk가 이를 적절히 반영하지 못함을 보임으로써 위험척도로서 shortfall risk가 적절하지 않음을 보인다. 둘째, ALM관점에서 재정안정화를 달성하기 위한 정책조합 (policy mix)의 일환으로 목표수익률이 설정될 뿐만 아니라 전략적 자산배분모형과 연계 되도록 함으로써 위험자산 비중의 증가에 따른 위험과 수익률의 상반관계(risk-return trade-off)가 반영될 수 있음을 보인다. 국민연금의 제3차 재정계산 제도발전위원회에서 재정목표로 제시한 재정추계 최종년도(2082년)의 적립배율 2배수를 달성할 수 있는 보험 료율, 장기목표수익률 조합을 제시하고 그에 따른 기금의 위험자산 비중과 shortfall risk 의 상응관계를 도출한다. 또한 앞서 제시한 보험료율과 장기목표수익률 조합 시 추정한 최대적립금 규모를 현행 보험료율 9% 하에서 계산한 2043년 기금 규모와 비교해 봄으로 써 기금의 과다적립 가능성이 존재함을 보인다.

The purpose of this paper points out the problems of target return setting and shortfall risk measure in strategic asset allocation of Korean national pension fund and suggests the alternative ways to solve the problems. Currently, Korean national pension fund sets its target returns in ad-hoc way by (real GDP+CPI±adjustment), which is not reflecting ALM point of view and cannot explain risk-return trade-off because it is not driven by and totally separated from strategic asset allocation process. Also, Korean national pension fund uses shortfall risk based on CPI as risk measure when applying strategic asset allocation, which has no theoretical foundations at all and makes asset allocation results very unstable. First, the study shows that by linking the expected returns of stocks and bonds to CPI, “illusion effect” meaning that shortfall risk dramatically increases although there is no change in risk at all when the forecast of CPI rises can be eliminated. This implies that Korean national pension fund’s recent change of shortfall risk limit to 15% from 10% is done simply to eliminate “illusion effect” and not from a risk management perspective. We also show that shortfall risk has a serious problem as a risk measure since it is not suitably reflective of the increase in risk even when the weights of risky assets increase in asset allocation. Second, the study shows not only that target returns can and should be set up in connection with the other variables such as contribution rate in considering various policy mix to achieve financial stabilization of Korean national pension fund from the perspective of ALM but also that it is capable of reflecting the risk-return trade-off as the weights of risky assets increase through linking it to strategic asset allocation. We propose alternative policy combinations of long-term target returns and contribution rates that can achieve target funded ratio of 2 in 2082 suggested by the third meeting of the committee for Korean national pension system development. Also, we show that there is a possibility of excess fund accumulation when we compare the estimated fund size under the above scenarios of long-term returns and contribution rates to 2043 fund size calculated under the assumption of current contribution rate of 9%.

IT프로젝트는 구성원들간의 역할과 업무구분에 있어서 불확실성이 높은 지식서비스형 프로젝트이 다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 불확실한 환경에서의 촉진행위를 설명하고 있는 사회적 상호의존성 이론의 틀에 의거하여 IT프로젝트의 상황을 실증적으로 분석하였다. 연구모델로서 목표와 업무의 상호의존성 을 독립변수로 하여 촉진행위인 커뮤니케이션 효과성과 지식공유를 매개변수, 그리고 성과를 종속변 수로 설정하였고 기존에 개발되어 온 항목들을 활용하여 설문을 구성하였다. 123개의 IT프로젝트에 참여하였던 개발자와 현업실무자들을 일대일 쌍으로 구성하여 데이터를 수집하였다. 분석결과 기본적 으로 사회적 상호의존성 이론이 적용됨을 실증할 수 있었고 세부적으로는 지식공유가 무엇보다 중요 한 매개역할을 하고 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 커뮤니케이션 효과성은 프로젝트 성과에 직접적으로 영향을 미치기보다는 지식공유를 통하여 간접적으로 영향을 미치는 것으로 추정할 수 있었다. 목표의 상호의존성은 지식공유보다는 커뮤니케이션을 활성화시키는 효과가 있었고 지식공유는 이러한 커뮤 니케이션 활성화와 더불어 업무의 상호의존성에 영향을 받아 프로젝트의 성과를 높이는 것으로 추정 할 수 있었다. IT프로젝트의 실무에 있어서는 프로젝트를 성공시키기 위해서 팀 구성원들간의 지식공 유를 촉진할 필요성이 확인되었다. 이러한 지식공유 활성화를 위해서는 무엇보다도 프로젝트 구성원 들이 서로간의 상호의존성을 다양한 측면에서 지속적으로 확인하면서 촉진행위를 할 수 있도록 조직 을 구성하고 자원을 배분하고 소통의 강도를 높여야 할 것으로 보인다.

IT project is a knowledge-based project with high uncertainty in role assignment and task allocationamong team members. This study empirically investigate steam members’ interactive behavior in IT projects based on the framework of social interdependence theory. The goal and task interdependencebetween team members were posited as antecedents of project performance with communication effectiveness and knowledge sharing as mediating variables. To test the research model, a dataset was collected form IT and business professional pairs of 123 IT project teams. The results indicated that the theory of social interdependence is applicable to explaining the promotive interaction in IT project teams. In detail, task interdependence appears to have influence on both promotive interactions (communication effectiveness and knowledge sharing), and goal interdependence influences only on communication effectiveness. Knowledge sharing is found to be a significant mediator between social interdependence and project performance. However, communication effectiveness only indirectly influences project performance via knowledge sharing. Academic and practical implications are discussed.