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Confinement has been, for France, the best way to reduce the spread of Covid-19 pandemic. If confinement seems synonymous of respect of the environment, what presages the forthcoming deconfinement? American, Italian, French researchers do not hesitate to mention the links between fine particles pollution and the coronavirus spread. Two pandemic transmission ways are addressed, the transmission via buccal et nasal droplets spread by humans in the atmosphere and the virus survival and travel possibility on fine particles. Finally, the previous degradation of the respiratory system due to the massive spread of the fine particles in the atmosphere facilitate the virus penetration within the respiratory paths. Like Ebola, SARS-CoV, Asian flu, Aids, Covid-19 is related to the animal world. These increasingly virulent zoonoses illustrate the relationship between the human and the nature he is manhandling. Knowing that the biodiversity destruction becomes a humanity threat, will deconfinement and economic recovery take them into account for avoiding to reach the same environmental dead ends? In Europe and in France several voices request that economic recovery be accompanied by the consciences deconfinement.

Le confinement a été, pour la France, le meilleur moyen de ralentir la progression de la pandémie du Covid-19. Si le confinement apparaît ainsi comme synonyme de respect de l'environnement, que présage le déconfinement à venir ? Les chercheurs américains, italiens et français n'hésitent plus à évoquer les liens entre la pollution aux particules fines et la diffusion du coronavirus. Deux voies de transmission de la pandémie sont évoquées, la transmission par les gouttelettes buccales et nasales diffusées dans l'air par les humains ainsi que les possibilités de survie et de voyage des virus sur les particules fines. Enfin, La dégradation préalable du système respiratoire par la diffusion massive des particules fines dans l'atmosphère facilite la pénétration du virus par les voies respiratoires. Le Covid-19 comme Ebola, le Sras, la grippe asiatique, le Sida, est lié au monde animal. Ces zoonoses de plus en plus virulentes montrent les liens unissant l'homme à une nature qu'il malmène. Sachant que la destruction de la biodiversité devient une source évidente de dangers pour l'humanité, le déconfinement et la reprise économique en tiendront-ils compte pour ne pas aboutir aux mêmes impasses environnementales ? En Europe et en France de nombreuses voix autorisées s'élèvent pour que la reprise économique s'accompagne d'un déconfinement des consciences.

Teleworking during a confinement period, suddenly implemented in France on March 17, 2020, has been in the news for the past few weeks. Research fields on telework have frequently been the opportunity to present promising benefits for employees : time savings due to the absence of travail, work-life balance, flexible working hours, silent environment in order to escape the noisy demands of repetitive word. The deployment of digital relationships and the daily congestion in large cities reinforce these expectations. Il the need to protect the health of employees in order to ensure a certain balance between the modality of remote work and the protection of privacy, no study has taken into account the telework imposed in the context of suprecedented confinement. The challenges of social isolation and damage to professional psychological health are an opportunity to reflect on homowork, especially when it is based on recourse without preparation and without prior consultation. In this context, the human consequences are difficult to grasp, the phenomina of resilience juste as much. This means that feedback is essential to undestand situation for employees in confinement. How does the development of the continuity of remote work during a pandemic pose a social risck for employees ? How does the organization pay attention to the employees forced by the situation ? What work from the experience of employees can we produce for scientific research ? An exploratory approach has led to favorient a reflection of Grounded Theory (Glaser & Strauss, 1967) type relatively open to secondary sources (newpapers, television programs, internet). Then we proceedet to the coding of the transcribed interviews and to the writing of explanatory memos which allow to keep the thoughts, the comments to explore. Howewer, we cannot yet envisage the full scope of the form of improvised or clandestine organization of the work of employees constrained by the health situation which will emerge from this unprecedented situation in periods of confinement. In any cas, it appears that the lack of preparation of this particular experience for unknown circumstances becomes an identity analyzer of the practice of teleworking of tomorrow.

Le télétravail en période de confinement, mis en place soudainement en France, le 17 mars 2020, occupe l’actualité économique des dernières semaines. Les terrains de recherche sur le télétravail ont été fréquemment l’occasion de présenter des bienfaits prometteurs pour les salariés : gain de temps en raison de l’absence des déplacements, équilibre entre vie professionnelle et vie privée, souplesse des horaires de travail, environnement silencieux afin d’échapper aux sollicitations bruyantes du travail répétitif. Le déploiement des relations numériques et l’engorgement quotidien des grandes villes renforcent ces attentes. Si la nécessité de protéger la santé des salariés afin d’assurer un certain équilibre entre la modalité de travail à distance et la protection de la vie privée, aucune étude n’a pris en considération le télétravail imposé dans le cadre d’un confinement inédit à ce jour. Les défis d’isolement social, les atteintes à la santé psychologique professionnelle sont l’occasion de réfléchir au travail à domicile, surtout lorsque celui-ci se fonde sur un recours sans préparation et sans concertation préalable. Dans ce contexte, les conséquences humaines sont délicates à appréhender, les phénomènes de résilience tout autant. C’est dire que les retours d’expériences sont primordiaux pour comprendre les situations des salariés en situation de confinement. En quoi l’aménagement de la continuité du travail à distance en période de pandémie présente-t-il un risque social pour les salariés ? Comment l’organisation porte-t-elle une attention aux salariés contraints par la situation ? Quel travail de réflexion peut-on mener pour la recherche scientifique ? Une démarche exploratoire a conduit à privilégier une découverte progressive relativement ouverte sur des sources secondaires (journaux, émissions de télévision, internet). Puis, à partir de la théorie enracinée (Glaser & Strauss, 1967), il a été procédé au codage des entretiens retranscrits et à la rédaction de mémos explicatifs qui permettent de conserver les pensées, les commentaires à explorer. Toutefois, on ne peut pas encore envisager toute la portée de la forme d’organisation improvisée ou clandestine du travail des salariés contraints par la situation sanitaire qui va émerger de cette situation inédite. Il apparaît en tout cas que le manque de préparation de cette expérience particulière aux circonstances méconnues devient un analyseur identitaire de la pratique du télétravail de demain.

The article presents a semiotic approach to the space of glamor and fashion in the cinematographic works of director Andrei Konchalovsky and stylist Yana Nedzvetskaya. What are the semiotic features of the gloss space? How does the transition from the space of existence to the space of experience take place? What is the link between the « center – periphery » movement and the loss of identity?

Famous for being untranslatable, culture specific elements are an obstacle that can be overcome during the translation process. They are linguistic testimonies of immanent connotations, of different world outlooks, or even of socio-cultural trasfer of realia present in the source culture, but absent from the target culture. The study of Romanian culture specific elements of the past referring to the field of customs and beliefs, to the material culture shows that there are useful strategies that the translator may resort to: direct literal translation, adaptation, explicitation, while experiencing an entire rethinking process.

Réputés d'être intraduisibles, les culturèmes sont un obstacle franchissable dans la traduction. Ils témoignent des connotations immanentes, des visions différentes des mondes ou encore du transfert socioculturel des realia présents dans la culture de départ, mais absents dans celle d'arrivée. L'étude ponctuelle des culturèmes roumains d'autrefois renvoyant aux coutumes et croyances, à la culture matérielle montre qu'il y a des stratégies adroites à la portée du traducteur : traduction littérale directe, adaptation, compensation, en traversant tout un travail de repensée.

The purpose of this research is to study the polarized discourse as encoded in the ideological structures of reports by the two Iranian and American news websites: CNN and Press TV. The researcher analyzes online news texts on the US sanctions against Iran from the randomly selected news during a specific period of time. The study of these news reports is implemented in the framework of Critical Discourse Analysis. The ideological characteristics of the polarization are found in the quotation patterns and labeling. Therefore, this research draws an inference at how the two news websites represent a distinction between ‘us’ versus ‘them’ by emphasizing the in-groups and de-emphasizing the out-groups. Moreover, it is proved that the news texts of each website devalue statements by the ‘other’ who is not present and, in this regard, direct quotations are avoided.

The present study seeks to analyze cultural semiotics of carpet and furniture place, as significant objects rooted in Iranian culture for centuries, and in the process of paradigmatic and syntagmatic, they examine the functional, anthropological, semantic and value differences in Iranian cultural discourse. Thus, the main question is “what has been the influence of carpet and furniture as the main household objects in Iranian lifestyles during the contemporary era, and what elements and concepts of our identity and culture have transformed in this interaction?”. According to the findings of this research, it can be argued that carpet, together with many of its meanings in the contemporary era, has lost its central position, become smaller and found an auxiliary function alongside other furniture. Its practical value has diminished, and sometimes has an amusing aspect, while the furniture has enjoyed many signs meanings and has not only changed Iran's lifestyle in the contemporary era, but it also caused a greater distinction and formality of communications. It also acts as a sign of power and distinctive relations. As a result, it is understood how the objects are measured and valued based on social class and tastes in the contemporary lifestyle.

Thanks to the globalisation, it has become so easy for people to communicate with each other and variety of means have been developed to facilitate this process. International languages have played an important role in the development of globalisation. It can be argued that communicating in international languages has become the very first step in getting involved in this process. The main goal of learning a language is to develop one's proficiency in communicating effectively with others and understand the differences that may rise either linguistically or culturally in different contexts. To achieve it, language learners' cultural competence is required to be developed and this would also enable them to develop new perceptions towards their own culture as well as others'. This article aims at addressing the issue of cultural competence as one of the most vital aspects of language teaching as well as its development as time passes by.

Artworks that have traditionally been placed inside museums are now being transformed by and understood within the digital space of Instagram – a dominant visually oriented social media platform. The current essay presents an ontological reasoning, attempting to explicate the changing conditions of art, and further, the transformation of its aura, remediated by new social media. Drawing on seminal theoretical works by Walter Benjamin (1969), and Bolter and Grusin (2000), the altered ways of consuming and experiencing art in the contemporary world are critically discussed. The understanding of the hyper-mediated art experiences of Instagram users, who are characterized as postmodern digital ‘tourists,’ is followed by an attempt to reinterpret the concept of aura, which is inevitably influenced by the highly interactive, visually oriented new social media. It is suggested as a conclusion that the reflections on the changing modes of art consumption in the designated space of museums versus in the digital space of Instagram lead to a problematization of the museums’ role in the current social media age, and further, of the social media’s approach to the digital sharing of artworks.

This article focuses on singularities, that is, rare, abnormal, exceptional, or unusual things throughout the history of Philosophy, science, or arts. Considered in the light of the principle according to which, there is no science of the particular, the singularities, however at the source of many discoveries, have long been ignored or rejected on the side of the Wonders before being, rather belatedly , regarded as the origin of forms, of the very life of the universe. This article reports on this major epistemological reversal.

Résumé de l’article (français) : Cet article se concentre sur les singularités quelconques, c’est-à-dire des choses rares, anormales, exceptionnelles ou inhabituelles à travers l’histoire de la pensée, de la science ou des arts. Considérées à l’aune du principe, selon lequel, il n’y pas de science du particulier, les singularités, pourtant à l’origine de nombreuses découvertes, ont longtemps été ignorées ou rejetés du côté des Merveilles avant d’être, assez tardivement, regardées comme à l’origine de toutes formes, de la vie, voire même de l’univers. Cet article rend compte de ce renversement épistémologique majeur.

The aim of this paper is to analyze Prieto’s reading of Éric Buyssens’ seminal work on semiology, Les langages et le discours, Essai de linguistique fonctionnelle dans le cadre de la sémiologie. The analysis is made from two perspectives: a historical perspective and a theoretical perspective. The historical perspective presents the context, regarding Prieto’s academic work, within which Prieto read Buyssens, for this we take into consideration the papers Prieto published in second half of the 50’s and the research reports from 1962 to 1965 that are held in the Prieto archives at the Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. The theoretical perspective is mainly grounded on the hypothesis that Prieto made a “cognitive reading” of Buyssens’ claims. The analysis is divided according to three thematic areas: (a) the treatment of “abstraction” in Buyssens and in Prieto, (b) the problem of the delimitation of functional units as a cognitive problem, and (c) the distinction between communication versus indication.

Based on the criteria required for reading a book, two general notions, the “text” and the “manuscript”, are defined and explained at the beginning of this article from a semiological point of view. On this basis, several editions of Ferdinand de Saussure's manuscripts are then analysed, highlighting the deficiencies, which are often due to the disorder created in archive collections by superimposing manuscripts. A better classification of a primordial manuscript and the dating of another published manuscript are thus brought to light. Finally, it is proposed that this distinction between “text” and “manuscript” must be adopted and that Saussure's texts be favored in the reading and study of Saussure's manuscripts.

A partir des variables nécessaires à la lecture d’un livre, deux notions générales, le « texte » et le « manuscrit », sont définies et expliquées au début de cet article d’un point de vue sémiologique. Sur cette base, plusieurs éditions de manuscrits de Ferdinand de Saussure sont ensuite analysées, en mettant en évidence des défauts, qui sont souvent dus au désordre créé dans les fonds d’archives par les superpositions de manuscrits. Un meilleur classement d’un manuscrit primordial et la datation d’un autre manuscrit publié sont ainsi mis en lumière. Pour finir, on propose de retenir cette distinction entre « texte » et « manuscrit », et de privilégier les textes de Saussure dans la lecture et l’étude des manuscrits saussuriens.

The research object of linguistics is the spoken characters, or the spoken language, which follow the principle of linearity. However, Chinese is an exception, with its characters as the second language. This is why Saussure concludes that Chinese is absolutely diverse. His second conclusion, then, is that Chinese is a language for critical thinking. This paper explores the Chinese language system, starting from segmenting the acoustic chain, where the issue of segmentation comes naturally. How can we segment Chinese characters? We find that the components of characters imply the way of segmentation, as is shown in the number of Seven and Eight. Why Seven and Eight? We attempt to find the reasons through two myths about the origin of Chinese character writing: He-tu and Luo-shu. This paper also studies the structure of symbols of Chinese characters with the support of the first Chinese dictionary, Shuowen Jiezi, and confirms Saussure's assertion of Chinese. The exploration of the segmentation approach also verifies Saussure's conclusion that linguistic symbols are a pure value system, and that the critical nature of Chinese is fully realized in the exploration of value systems. The Chinese language system and Saussure’s theory fit each other well.

L’objet de la linguistique, c’est le mot parlé, c’est la langue parlée. Le principe de la linéalité s’impose. Pourtant, le chinois est unique en son genre, son écriture est une seconde langue. Saussure le considère comme une diversité absolue et radicale, et il conclue que le chinois est de l’ordre spéculatif. Nous commençons par le découpage de la chaîne acoustique, il apparaît la manière de couper en chaîne acoustique. Le découpage en français ne montre pas la manière, or le chinois, son écriture est mise en évidence, qie fen comportent les nombre sept et huit. Pourquoi sept et huit,non d’autres nombres ? Nous cherchons sa raison d’être par les deux mythes, qui sont même l’origine de la création de l’écriture. L’examen se fait au recours à un dictionnaire, le premier de la Chine. En étudiant la structure des caractères et l’ensemble de ce système, l’auteur a découvert que, d’une part, la langue est un système des valeurs pures, d’autre part, la spécularité du chinois s’incarne dans l’examen de ce système unique en son genre. La pensée de Saussure et le chinois font ressortir les mérites l’un et l’autre.

The purpose of this article is to shed a philosophical light on the nature of the living, and to do so on the nature of the various vital operations, the symbolic and sensory embodiments of which will be studied. That phenomenology will be firstly done from a general point of view: what is life? what is a vital act, a vital operation? But that general definition being an abstraction made from the diversity of reality, we will also consider that diversity, i.e. acts such as development, sensible knowledge, intellectual knowledge, inclination and transmission. That approach is part of a general context in which many reflections are carried out about what a “living machine” could be. Furthermore, a context in which emerging hypotheses make connections between vital characteristics on the one hand, and confidence and attachment to objects on the other hand. That invites us to question the nature and diversity of vital operations, as well as their tangible characteristics.

L’objet de cet article est d’apporter un éclairage philosophique sur la nature du vivant, et pour ce faire sur la nature des différents actes vitaux dont il s’agira, partant pour chacun d’eux de leur définition, d’étudier la traduction symbolique et sensorielle. Cette phénoménologie du vivant sera faite, d’abord, d’un point de vue tout à fait général : qu’est-ce que la vie ? qu’est-ce qu’une opération vitale, un acte vital ? Mais cette détermination générale étant au fond une abstraction réalisée à partir du divers que constitue le réel, c’est aussi vers les actes vitaux dans leur diversité de formes que nous nous tournerons, parmi lesquels les actes de développement, de connaissance sensible, de connaissance intellectuelle, d’inclination et de transmission. Cette approche s’inscrit dans un contexte où les réflexions sur ce que pourrait être une « machine vivante » se multiplient ; où, en outre, des hypothèses émergent selon lesquelles des caractères vitaux pourraient améliorer la confiance ou l’attachement à l’égard des objets qui en seraient porteurs. Toutes choses qui invitent à s’interroger sur la nature et la diversité des actes vitaux, ainsi que sur leurs caractéristiques tangibles.