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Objective To investigate the glial cell and AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid) receptor activity after surgery for disc herniation pain model. Methods In total, 83 Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to the following groups: control (n=16), sham-operated (n=4), rats for pain behavior evaluation (n=3), nucleus pulposus-exposed groups for AMPA receptors (n=30), and glial cell (n=30). The rats were tested for mechanical allodynia; immunohistochemical staining for AMPA receptors (GluA1 and GluA2) and glial cells (OX-42 and glial fibrillary acid protein [GFAP]) in the spinal dorsal horn was performed on postoperative days 3, 7, and 14. Results Mechanical withdrawal thresholds decreased after surgery, and this effect was maintained for up to 14 days. Immunohistochemical expression of GluA1 and GluA2 in the spinal dorsal horn had increased quantitatively on postoperative days 3 and 7 (p<0.05) to levels similar to that of the controls on postoperative day 14. Moreover, immunohistochemical expression of OX-42 and GFAP showed similar changes to AMPA receptors after surgery. Although the activity of AMPA receptors and glial cells achieved normalcy, the mechanical withdrawal threshold of the hind paw remained decreased 38 days after surgery. Conclusion The rat model of lumbar disc herniation showed increased expression of AMPA receptor and glial cell activity in the spinal dorsal horn 3 and 7 days after surgery, which deceased to control levels at 14 days. The AMPA receptors and glial cell activations showed similar patterns after disc herniation surgery.

Objective To investigate the postural control factors influencing the automatic (reflex-controlled) and attentional (high cortical) factors on dual task.Methods We used a dual task model to examine the attentional factors affecting the control of posture, subjecting test subjects to vibration stimulation, one-leg standing and verbal or nonverbal task trials. Twenty-three young, healthy participants were asked to stand on force plates and their centers of pressure were measured during dual task trials. We acquired 15 seconds of data for each volunteer during six dual task trials involving varying task combinations.Results We observed significantly different sway patterns between the early and late phases of dual task trials, which probably reflect the attentional demands. Vibration stimulation perturbed sway more during the early than the late phases; with or without vibration stimulation, the addition of secondary tasks decreased sway in all phases, and greater decreases in sway were observed in the late phases, when subjects were assigned nonverbal tasks. Less sway was observed during the nonverbal task in a sequential study.Conclusion The attentional and automatic factors were analyzed during a sequential study. By controlling the postural control factors, optimal parameters and training methods might be used in clinical applications.

Objective To investigate the pain-related behaviors and the changes of CX3CR1 expression in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) in a rat model of lumbar disc herniation. Method A total of 90 male Sprague-Dawley rats were used. A laminectomy was performed to expose left L5 nerve roots and corresponding DRG. Autologous nucleus puplosus was implanted on the left L5 nerve root proximal to the DRG without mechanical compression. Sham operation was also done with the same procedure as mentioned above. Thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia were assessed at 1, 5, 10, 20 and 30 days after surgery. Real time PCR and immunohistochemistry after behavioral test were performed. Results In the lumbar disc herniation rats, significant reduction of thermal withdrawal latency indicating thermal hyperalgesia was shown on the ipsilateral hindpaw on postoperative day 1 (p＜0.01) and peaked on day 10 (p＜0.05) and maintained throughout day 30 (p＜0.05). The reduction of mechanical allodynia threshold, indicating mechanical allodynia, was observed on the ipsilateral hindpaw on postoperative day 1 (p＜0.01) and continued throughout day 30 (p＜0.01). Real time PCR showed the decrease in mRNA expression of CX3CR1 in the ipsilateral DRG on day 1 (p＜0.05) and the significant increase on day 20 (p＜0.05). The immunoreactivity for CX3CR1 was also increased in ipsilateral DRG on day 10 and 20. Conclusion These data suggest that lumbar disc herniation induces thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia and upregulates the expression of CX3CR1 in dorsal root ganglion. Expression of CX3CR1 might be associated with subacute neuropathic pain after intervertebral disc herniation.

The IEEE 802.15.7r1 Optical Wireless Communications Task Group (TG7r1), also known as the revision of the IEEE 802.15.7 Visible Light Communication standard targeting the commercial usage of visible light communication systems, is of interest in this paper. The paper is mainly concerned with Image Sensor Communications (ISC) of TG7r1; however, the major challenge facing ISC, as addressed in the Technical Consideration Document (TCD) of TG7r1, is Image Sensor Compatibility among the variety of different commercial cameras on the market. One of the most challenging but interesting compatibility requirements is the need to support the verified presence of frame rate variation. This paper proposes a novel design for 2D-sequential color code. Compared to a QR-code-based sequential transmission, the proposed design of 2D-sequential code can overcome the above challenge that it is compatible with different frame rate variations and different shutter operations, and has the ability to mitigate the rolling effect as well as the rotating effect while effectively minimizing transmission overhead. Practical implementations are demonstrated and a performance comparison is presented

Three-dimensional (3D) medical image segmentation is vital in clinical applications, but faces challenges like computational complexity and spatial context loss in 2D processing. To address these issues, we propose 3DAS2D, which processes 3D images as 2D slices while retaining volumetric data for better accuracy. Our approach integrates modules like Neighbour Attention, Memory Attention, Memory Bank, and Mask Encoder to capture inter-slice dependencies and historical context within a 2D prediction framework. Evaluated on four datasets covering prostate, cardiac, and lung tumour tasks, 3DAS2D performed comparably to 3D methods. This work offers an efficient, adaptable solution bridging 2D efficiency and 3D accuracy, with significant clinical potential.

It is known that a cooperative climate between diverse generations is positively correlated with job satisfaction among employees. However, there is limited research on the process that explains how and why intergenerational climate is related to job satisfaction. Thus, based on intergroup contact theory and social exchange theory, this study examined the effect of intergenerational climate on job satisfaction and the mediating effects of trust and knowledge exchange. We analyzed data from 592 employees in South Korea by using structural equation modeling. The results showed that intergenerational climate was positively related to job satisfaction. Knowledge exchange mediated the positive relationship between intergenerational climate and job satisfaction. Lastly, trust and knowledge exchange sequentially mediated the positive relationship between intergenerational climate and job satisfaction. This study contributes to the literature on intergenerational climate and knowledge exchange by identifying the mechanism between intergenerational climate and job satisfaction and discovering a new antecedent of knowledge exchange. The findings also have practical implications for human resource practitioners in organizations.

With the unprecedented growth of YouTube in the South Korean video market, this study aims to understand its exponential expansion of users by investigating the network effects of YouTube as a shared platform. To this end, we propose a new acceptance model where two discrete intentions (to subscribe to and share YouTube channels) were designated within the same phase and named sequential acceptance. For an analysis of the new model, the study conducted an online survey, due to Covid-19 circumstances, on generation Z YouTube users for a month in April 2021 and found 377 valid data. We used PLS-SEM for the model assessment and revealed meaningful explanatory power of sequential acceptance. To be specific, subscription intention plays an anchor point engendering a significant influence on sharing intention in that perceived values revealed mediating effects through subscription intention, validating the sequential acceptance. The value of this study is that our multi-layered intentions explain the user’s acceptance in-depth compared to existing studies and that our model can be a transformative foundation for future platform and acceptance studies by applying them in a different context. The study then recommends a series of actions to improve research and marketing strategy on a shared platform.

While much has been studied about the positive and negative effects of discretionary remote work as an alternative work arrangement, little has been written about in the context of mandated remote work. The COVID-19 pandemic forced many organizations to impose remote work as a new mode of working arrangements. This abrupt change yielded positive and negative physical, social, and psychological outcomes. Drawing from the job demand and resource model and self-determination theory, this study examines the effects of professional isolation on organizational citizenship behavior, proposing the sequential mediation of psychological empowerment and affective organizational commitment as intrinsic motivators. An online survey was conducted. A total of 162 full-time remote workers (56 male (34.6%), 106 female (65.4%)) in Korea were analyzed. This study revealed that psychological empowerment and affective commitment fully mediate the relationship between professional isolation and organizational citizenship behavior. Contrary to expectation, however, the relationship between professional isolation and organization was found to be nonsignificant. Implications for practice, theory, and future research are discussed.

본 연구는 한국의 정신질환 범죄자를 대하는 기관의 분절적 접근의 한계를 공감하며, 미국의 순차개입모델을 분석을 통해 체 계적인 대상자 처우를 제언하는 데 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 미국 의 순차개입모델이 제시한 5단계 (지역사회, 경찰, 검찰, 교정시 설 및 법원, 출소 후 지역사회기관, 지역사회교정)를 각각 1) 개 념 및 목적, 2) 핵심 구성요소, 3) 사례연구로 나누어 분석하였 다. 또한, 순차개입모델을 통합적으로 분석하여 각 단계 간의 유 사점 및 차이점과 단계별 핵심 내용을 제시하였다. 또한, 한국의 정신질환 범죄자를 대하는 기관들을 순차개입모델의 틀을 사용 하여 비교 검토하였다. 정신질환 범죄자의 효과적인 관리를 위해 서 중요한 4가지 원칙은 1) 치료사법 기반의 서비스 제공, 2) 전문적 개입을 위한 실무자 교육 및 인력지원, 3) 다양한 기관과의 파트너십, 4) 동료지원 서비스이다. 정신질환 범죄자를 위한 순차적이고 통합적인 개입은 대상자뿐만 아니라 사회적 비용을 줄이고, 사회를 안정시키는 데 필요한 것이다.

This study aims to propose a systematic approach for offenders with mental illness through an analysis of the U.S. Sequential Intercept Model (SIM) and the limitations of fragmented approach toward offenders with mental illness in South Korea. This study analyzes Sequential Intercept Model (SIM) in U.S. (community, police, prosecution, correctional facilities and courts, post-release agency, and probation) into three parts: 1) concepts and objectives, 2) key components, and 3) case studies. In addition, the study highlights similarities, differences, and key contents between each stage in SIM. Moreover, there is comparison and evaluation of various agencies in South Korea dealing with mentally ill offenders using SIM framework. To manage mentally ill offenders effectively, there is 4 principles 1) service based on the therapeutic jurisprudence, 2) training for professional intervention, 3) partnerships with various agencies, 4) peer support. Sequential and comprehensive intervention for mentally ill offenders is not only beneficial for them, but also essential for minimizing social costs and increasing public safety.

외부충격에 의해 손상된 조직 재생은 단순한 형성이 아닌 복잡한 구조로 형성된다. 파괴된 조직 손상에 중요한 것은 손상된 부위 내부 조직에 원활한 재생을 위해 신생혈류 재생이 무엇보다도 우선적이다. 따라서 손상된 조직 내부에 조혈모세포 및 혈류세포가 분화하기 적합한 환경 상태로 유지하는 것이 중요하다. 조직재생을 위한 다양한 줄기세포가 기능세포로 분화되기 위해 파괴된 조직에 충분한 산소 공급은 조직 및 혈관 재생에 필수적이다. 또한 조직재생내의 세포들에게 영양분 공급은 혈류를 통하여 이루어지기 때문에 신생혈관의 재생은 조직 재생에 있어서 중요한 역할을 하게 된다. 결국 신생혈관의 형성은 파괴된 조직재생 내부의 미분화세포들에게 중요한 영양 공급원이 된다. 결과적으로 신생 혈관재생과 다양한 혈관가지의 생성은 파괴된 조직 내부에 영양분을 공급하여 재생효과를 극대화 할 수 있게 된다. 따라서 이번 연구는 생명공학 분야의 체내 실험에 널리 사용하고 있는 쥐를 사용하여 쥐 혈관조영방법과 쥐 혈관의 재생의 구분 방법을 간단하게 제시하고 한다. 방사선 흡수물질인 마이크로필이라는 재료를 사용하여 인위적으로 쥐의 두정부위에 결손을 구현한 후 결손된 두정부위에 혈관재생 분석을 마이크로시티를 사용하여 구분하였다. 결과적으로 이번 연구는 결손된 쥐 두정부의 상의 혈관 재생은 혈관재생이 먼저 일어나며 이후 뼈 재생이 형성됨을 확인 할 수 있다.

Regeneration of tissue damaged by external shock is not a simple formation, but a complex structure. What is important for damaged tissue damage is the regeneration of new blood flow, which is a priority above all else for smooth regeneration of the internal tissues of the damaged area. Therefore, it is important to maintain an environment suitable for differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells and blood cells inside the damaged tissue. In order for various stem cells for tissue regeneration to differentiate into functional cells, sufficient oxygen supply to destroyed tissues is essential for tissue and blood vessel regeneration. Additionally, because nutrients are supplied to cells within tissue regeneration through blood flow, the regeneration of new blood vessels plays an important role in tissue regeneration. Ultimately, the formation of new blood vessels becomes an important source of nutrition for the undifferentiated cells inside the damaged tissue regeneration. As a result, new blood vessel regeneration and the creation of various blood vessel branches can maximize the regenerative effect by supplying nutrients to the inside of the destroyed tissue. Therefore, this study uses mouse, which are widely used in in vivo experiments in the biotechnology field, to simply present a method for distinguishing between mouse angiography and mouse blood vessel regeneration. After artificially creating a defected in the parietal region of mouse using a materials called microfill, a radiation absorbing materials, vascular regeneration analysis in the defected parietal region was performed using μCT. As a result, this study could be confirm that vascular regeneration occurs first in the defected mouse parietal region, followed by bone regeneration.

Gal (1-3) receptors are members of GPCR superfamily with seven transmembrane helices. The neuropeptide galanin mediates its effects through the receptor subtypes Gal1, Gal2, and Gal3 and has been implicated in anxiety and depression related behaviors. Galanin receptors are considered to be important targets for the development of novel antidepressant drugs. Owing to the importance of these receptors, a short communication about the sequential and structural studies about the functional Galanin (1-3) receptors has been reported. Structural studies have been hampered due to the lack of Xray crystal structures. However with the availability of templates with close homologs comparative modeling could be encouraging. Sequence analysis was done for each receptors and homology modeling of each receptors were done with recently reported templates. Comparative analyses were done between these receptors to identify the relationships between them sequentially. Phylogram was generated between these receptors to identify the close homologue between this receptor and found that Gal2 and Gal3 receptors are closer. Our results could be useful for further structure based drug design targeting Gal1, Gal2 and Gal3 receptors.

This study was conducted by an attempt to assist L2 teachers and learners interested in the limited use of L1 in the process of clarifying evidences and identifying their own beliefs about positive effect on L1 use, both in terms of methodological issues and practical implications for conversational interactions in L2. Its purpose is not to develop a particular theory or methodology; rather, it seeks to investigate the ways in which a mechanism of L1 use is related to communicative processes and depicts technique of L1 use by learners in L2 learning context. L1 use should, therefore, not be considered solely as one specific learning technique, but rather as a learning tool that is flexible and temporary as effective pedagogical activity towards L2 learning. To achieve this goal, this study assumes L1 use in sequential interaction as a fundamentally constitutive dimension in which learning can take place. L1 plays a central role in the L2 learning study in order to understand how learning is constructed by the use of interactional resources, such as states by Mondada and Doehler (2004), which is “an interlocking set of reasoning practices, institutional structures, and language” (p. 503). The analysis on how learners use their L1 methodologically and systematically provides important insights into a description of how learners in sequential interaction orient the use of their L1 and leads to CA analytic approach. The purpose of this study is not to argue for or against the studies on L1 use but to contextualize the study by summarizing and reviewing the contributions to L1 use by key researchers and theorists. Thus, the study aims to be briefly reviewed to encapsulate the range of disputes pertinent to each notion with regard to different positions in L1 use without preempting the findings.

본 연구는 트라우마와 공격성의 관계에서, 분노표출/분노억압, 일치성의 순차적 매개효과를 탐색하 고자 한 연구이다. 이를 위해 한 사이버대학 재학 중인 성인 623명을 자기기입식 온라인 설문조사를 실시하여 자료를 수집하였고, 빈도분석, Cronbach-α계수 확인, 기술통계 분석, Pearson 상관분석을 실시하였다. 부트스트랩 검증을 하여 각 변인 간 관계의 영향을 검증하였으며, 이 때 SPSS Process macro의 순차적 매개효과 모형인 6번 모형을 적용하였다. 연구결과로, 트라우마, 분노표출/분노억압, 일치성, 공격성은 유의한 상관관계를 보였다. 또한, 트라우마는 분노표출/분노억압을 매개하여 공격 성에 간접적으로 정의 영향을 미쳤고, 일치성을 매개하여 공격성에 간접적으로 정의 영향을 미쳤으 며, 분노표출/분노억압과 일치성을 순차적으로 매개하여 공격성에 간접적으로 정의 영향을 미쳤다. 이를 통해, 트라우마와 공격성과의 관계에서, 분노표출/분노억압과 일치성의 순차적 매개효과가 유 의할 것이라는 가설은 채택되었다. 본 연구의 의의와 한계를 밝히며 후속연구를 제언하였다.

This study seeks to investigate the sequential mediating effects of the anger-out/in process and the degree of congruence in the relationship between trauma and aggression. For this purpose, data were collected by online self-reported surveys from 623 adult students at a cyber university, and frequency analysis, Cronbach-α coefficient confirmation, a descriptive statistical analysis, and a Pearson correlation analysis were conducted. Effects of relationship between each variables were verified by bootstrap verification, through the application of a sequential mediating effect model of SPSS Process macro, the sixth model. The results showed that trauma, the anger-out/in metric, congruence, and aggression were significantly correlated. In addition, trauma indirectly had a positive effect on aggression through anger-out/in, indirectly had a positive effect on aggression through congruence, and indirectly had a positive effect on aggression through anger-out/in and congruence. Hence, the hypothesis that the sequential mediating effects of anger-out/in and congruence will be significant in the relationship between trauma and aggression was adopted. In this study, the significance levels and limitations are revealed and follow-up studies are suggested.

We propose a rational expectations model of momentum and reversal based on sequential information acquisition around public disclosure. As more number of informed traders enter the markets with better information over time, liquidity premia gradually decrease and this leads to momentum. Reversal arises because prices deviated from the fundamental value due to liquidity trades are corrected in the long run. In the model, early-informed investors partially reverse their trades after public disclosure and trade against the serial correlation of asset returns. Meanwhile, late-informed investors follow contrarian strategies and their trades positively correlate with future asset returns. The model shows that, during financial crises, early-informed traders may escape from the markets and the price system becomes extremely uninformative.