Earticle

This paper is designed to explore the keywords and the structural features of 4-word lexical bundles in two corpora through Scott's(2015) WordSmith Tools 6.0. A target corpus includes two sub-corpora, Shakespeare Drama Corpus(SDC) and Bernard Shaw Drama Corpus(BSDC), and a reference corpus is BNC baby. SDC consists of around 820,000 words compiled from 37 plays, BSDC includes around 930,000 words compiled from 31 plays and BNC baby has around 4 million words. The result of analysis shows that 1) a target corpus has remarkably distinct lexical features from a reference corpus in terms of keywords; 2) a comparative study of lexical bundles between BSDC and BNC baby shows the similar features in spite of their disparateness; 3) STTR(Standardized Type/Token Ratio) of a target corpus shows much higher than that of a reference corpus and it implies that there is the distinctiveness of a target corpus

This paper describes an analysis of 476,589 word corpus of news articles from American newspapers which deal with the topic of Korea. In order to analyze reports of Korea in the news, the focus was put on a keyword analysis. The keywordlist was made using a reference corpus made of news articles that refer to the U.S. from American newspapers. In order for an investigation on the contents of the target corpus, the keywords were categorized under specific topics. It was found that the keywords from Korea-related news tended to be grouped under the following seven topic categories: North Korea’s nuclear weapon, the division of North and South Korea, countermeasures against the nuclear weapon, neighboring countries, political leaders, the Korean culture, and other topics. This research would argue that the first four topics among the seven can be evaluated negatively, and that American readers may associate these negatively categorized lexes with Korea. As a result, it can be argued that the readers may develop negative prejudice against Korea.

From the ancient time of sundials and hour glasses to the modern day emphasis on time management skills, time has always been a key issue worthy of investigation by philosophers like Husserl, Heidegger and Derrida and more recently by business managers. However, relatively little attention has been paid by the academic community to include it in EFL classes. Dictionaries normally give only the meaning and not the context in which words and expressions occur. Therefore, students despite knowing the meaning, often find it difficult to use them appropriately. Thus it is essential to understand the concepts behind words and expressions. One way of doing this is to ‘ look for those contexts in corpora that are rich in knowledge about the concept, such as contexts that contain definitions or explanations, rather than contexts which simply contain an example of the term in use’ (Bowker & Pearson, 2002). This paper uses a corpus-based approach for the selection and prioritization of teaching time-related idiomatic expressions (both written and spoken) in this case, academic discourse, by drawing on the Hyland Corpus and Michigan Corpus of Academic Spoken English (MICASE). In the present research, a list of time related idiomatic expressions, based on an article in English Teaching FORUM (1996), Cambridge Dictionary of American Idioms (2003) and Shehzad (forthcoming) was compiled and used as a reference. This inventory was used to investigate its usage in the academic corpora to provide a guideline to EAP teachers, material designers and text book writers. The major findings of the research show that academic spoken English uses relatively different idiomatic phrases from the written language. For instance, although there are more than three thousand entries for the word TIME, there is no expression like burn the midnight oil or till the cows come home, in MICASE. This helps in answering the question why foreign students sound like ‘books read aloud’. The paper concludes with some pedagogical ideas.

This study investigated question tags in world Englishes from a comparative perspective. A corpus analysis was conducted with the GloWbe to identify the forms and communicative functions of the commonly used question tags in inner-circle and outer-circle English-speaking countries. It revealed that the three most frequent positive tags are do you?, are you?, and would you?, and negative-positive balanced tags are more frequent than unbalanced ones. An in-depth analysis of the concordance lines indicates that unbalanced tags are primarily used for euphemistic, ironic, and confrontational effects. English speakers in the inner-circle countries tend to use would you? tags in imperative and argumentative situations while those in the outer-circle countries use them more often to make a request for confirmation and express encouragement in phatic communion. Furthermore, inner-circle speakers exhibit a tendency to use do you? and are you? tags to posit a proposition that presupposes the listener’s agreement, whereas in the outer-circle countries their usage contexts are preferentially associated with emphasis, oxymoron, and sarcasm.

The paper aims to demonstrate the usefulness of incorporating corpus search techniques into Korean-English translation classes where English is the students’ B language. To this end, the paper frist gives a brief overview of the literature advocating the utilization of corpora in translation trainee training. After that, it focuses on COCA (the Corpus of Contemporary American English) as the most useful large-scale public English corpus for the present study’s purposes, offers a summary account of its key search functions and showcases a variety of search strategies as they are applied to resolving three types of collocational errors, using examples drawn from the author’s translation classes.

Keywords, which are known to provide a useful way to characterize a text, are usually calculated using two word lists, one from the study corpus (SC) and the other from the reference corpus (RC). Although this notion of keywords has attracted great attention and been employed in many corpus-based language studies, the issue of what constitutes a good or appropriate RC has been left largely untouched, although an RC is generally expected to be larger in size than the SC. This paper looks into how different factors associated with the RC affect the outcome of the keyword calculation of a given SC. The results indicate that genre and diachrony are more important factors to consider than other factors when choosing an RC, especially in that the differences in these two factors, unlike those in other factors such as corpus size and varietal difference, bring about a statistically significant difference in the number of the keywords. Despite the possible effects that the size and composition of the RCs can have on keyword calculation and resulting differences in keyword results, however, keyword analysis is very robust and keywords can be plausible indicators of aboutness, regardless of the RC one chooses. Thus, the aboutness of a text should be interpreted with its possible diversity caused by the use of different RCs in mind.

In response to the recent trend of utilizing specialized corpora as a writing reference tool, this study investigates the feasibility of compiling and consulting a specialized corpus when online dictionaries and Google are available. In a 15-week academic writing course for publication purposes, 40 graduate students compiled and consulted a specialized corpus comprising approximately 200 research articles. Their hands-on experiences with the self-compiled specialized corpus were analyzed by triangulating student concordance logs, the class survey, and interviews with a focal group. While the specialized corpus was perceived as more useful than Google, it was not consulted as often due to the laborious process of compilation, limited data size, and slow runtime and crashes of the software AntConc. The main search purposes of the specialized corpus were to inquire sentential usage and collocations of the search words. The focal students, who wrote their own research papers, were able to analyze lexicogrammatical features in relation to the rhetorical functions, in particular displaying heightened genre awareness. Implications for compiling and utilizing a specialized corpus in an academic writing class are shared with pedagogical insights, including concordance log worksheets and suggestions for adopting a more effective corpus-based approach raising genre awareness of research articles.

This paper addresses the discrepancies between descriptions used in English grammar books and real language usage. Specifically, it deals with Yule's (2006:179) unsatisfactory description that in relative clauses preposition-stranding is obligatory with three-word phrasal verbs. This paper will disprove Yule's (2006:179) statement by presenting corpus examples where the preposition of the three-word phrasal verb is pied-piped. For example, look forward to allows pied-piping in relative clauses. The paper also discusses the pedagogical implications of the corpus analysis.

A survey on the English textbooks currently used in the Yeongnam area has been conducted to find out what text corpus the students are exposed to from third to tenth grade. As a result, 15 middle school textbooks out of 43 kinds and 7 tenth grade textbooks out of 15 kinds were selected along with 4 elementary textbooks to compose a textbook corpus. The recommended wordlists for elementary and secondary students by the Ministry of Education & Human Resource Development were analyzed against the textbook corpus. There were too many new words for elementary students, but the spiral structure of difficulty level was arranged properly according to the grade system. The 2,067 words recommended for the secondary students were well treated in the selected textbooks and 95.6% of the words on the list were found. The BNC wordlists were used to compare frequency information with textbook wordlists and several suggestions were made for better and effective wordlists for Korean students.

This study investigated the influence of perspectival mode and direction of viewing on complex sentences with temporally related events. In order to verify the affectedness, 2,000 tokens were collected from two corpus engines such as the Corpus of Contemporary American English for formal English and the Movie Corpus for informal English. The results of this study showed that the interaction between the cosequential perspectival mode and the prospective direction of viewing had the most strong influence on the expressions with after- and before-clauses in both formal and informal English. In addition, the cosequential perspectival mode was more preferred in informal English while the antisequential perspectival mode was more frequently chosen in formal English. In terms of the combination, the cosequential perspectival mode was found to be more strongly combined with the prospective direction of viewing while the antisequential perspectival mode with the retrospective direction of viewing.

We investigate two statistical approaches for extracting important words by comparing reference analysis in corpus linguistics with non-reference analysis using social network analysis tools. The result of PageRank for the non-reference analysis is compared with that of keyness for the reference analysis to see if there are any differences between the two approaches. By using the two methods, we extracted important words and investigated whether there is any statistical significant difference by using an R program. We found that there is little correlation coefficient between the reference and non-reference methods.

The aim of this paper is to survey the current state of the art in the studies of WAC and to explain the ways and contents of ‘The Reference Corpus of Modern Korean’ which is now in the state of compiling. In chapter 2 we surveyed the current state of the art in the studies of WAC in nad out of the country and introduced some WAC copora. In chapter 3, 4 we introduced “The Reference Corpus of Modern Korean” and explained how to compiled it. And the authors opened all of the source codes which can be used for collecting WWW texts, especially on the korean portal sites. In chapter 5, we explained the tools for grammatical taggeing of Korean Copora and the necessity of modification of the tagged copora. in chapter 6, we explained the tools for analyzing Korean corpora.

본 연구는 광주 지역어에서 사용되는 가족 지칭어를 조사하고 사용 특징을 탐구한다. 광주 지역민의 일상 대화 속에서 드러나는 가족 지칭어는 단순한 친족 관계를 넘어 사회 문화적 맥락을 반영하며, 세대와 지역 특유의 언어적 특징을 담고 있다. 광주 지역어의 가족 지칭어는 배우자, 부모, 자식, 자식의 배우자, 친지 등을 포함하여 다양한 어휘로 나타나며, 특히 남성과 여성 배우자를 지칭하는 말이 세분화되어 있다. 가족 지칭어는 대개 자녀와 관련된 맥락에서 사용되지만, 광주 지역어에서는 이러한 단어들이 다양한 맥락에서도 활용되어 감정적 연결을 더욱 강조한다. 또한, 상대적으로 격식적이고 비격식적인 표현이 섞여 사용되는 모습은 변화하는 가족 문화와 연관이 깊다. 광주 지역어에서는 가족을 지칭할 때 ‘우리’와 같은 표현을 더 빈번하게 결합하여 가족 구성원에 대한 유대감을 나타내는 경향이 있다. 이는 한국 사회의 공동체적 가치관이 반영된 것으로, 가족 구성원 간의 친밀감을 더욱 강조하는 효과를 가져온다. 본 연구는 광주 지역어의 가족 지칭어를 중심으로 하여 지역 특유의 언어문화가 어떻게 변화하고 있는지를 분석하는 기초 자료로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

This study examines family reference terms in Gwangju's local language and explores their usage characteristics. Family reference terms in the daily conversations of Gwangju locals go beyond mere kinship to reflect socio-cultural contexts and contain linguistic features unique to generations and regions. Family reference terms in Gwangju are manifested in a wide range of vocabulary, including spouses, parents, children, children's spouses, children's spouses, and relatives, with a particularly fine-grained distinction between male and female spouses. While family reference terms are usually used in the context of children, in Gwangju, these words are used in a variety of contexts, further emphasizing the emotional connection. The mix of relatively formal and informal expressions is also associated with a changing family culture. When referring to family members, Gwangju's regional language tends to combine expressions like “our(uri)” more frequently to show a sense of connection to family members. This reflects the communal values of Korean society and has the effect of further emphasizing the closeness of family members. This study can be used as a basis for analyzing how the language culture of the Gwangju region is changing by focusing on family reference terms in the local language.

이 글은 창원지역어 문법 부문 중 격조사에 대한 기존의 논의인 김영태(1985)를 바탕으로 하여, 그와 같은 문법 요소 및 문법 내용이 창원지역어 구술발화를 정리해 놓은 책인 김정대(2007)에서 어느 정도 확인되는지를 밝히는 것을 주요 목적으로 한다. 흔히 구술발화는 음운, 문법(형태 및 통사), 어휘 연구의 보조적 자료라고 하는데, 구술발화에 나타난 격조사 형태 및 용법은 ‘꽤’ 체계적인 것이었다고 할 수 있다. 김영태(1985)에서 언급되지 않은 형태와 일부 용법도 구술발화 자료를 통해 확인할 수 있었다. 구술발화 자료를 분석해 보면, 격조사 가운데 어느 부분이 생산적으로 쓰이고 어느 부분이 그렇지 않은지도 알 수 있었는데, 이는 본문의 <표>에 표시되어 있는 바와 같다. 창원지역어에도 모음 뒤에서는 이미 목적격조사 ‘를’이 사용되고, 처격조사 ‘에’가 완전 동화 환경인데도 완전 동화가 일어나지 않는 등 표준어적인 모습이 나타나고 있음도 구술발화 자료를 통해 확인할 수 있었다.

It is generally said that oral utterances are supplementary data for the study of phoneme, grammar and lexicon. This means that we could not systematically perform the study of phoneme, grammar and lexicon only by orally uttered data. The purpose of the present paper is to ascertain to what extent can the orally uttered data make the systematic study of the case particle in Changwon Regional Dialect(CRD) possibile with Kim J.(2007), also one of the data of oral utterances. And we are to rely upon the Kim Y.(1985)'s system of the case particles for those of CRD's, which has been highly estimated as one of the detailed analysis of CRD. The results of the argument are as follows: First of all, the forms and usages of case particles of CRD revealed in Kim J.(2007) are remarkably systematic. Second, we could confirm the presence of some forms and usages in Kim J.(2007), which are not mentioned in Kim Y.(1985). Third, we could also recognize the relative productivity of case particles in CRD, that is, which are used more and which are not. Forth and the last, we could see that some standard forms have been already introduced in CRD, which were not referred to in Kim Y.(1985).

In this paper, I intend to examine the passages quoted from Paramārtha’s corpus which is found in Dashen qixin lun shu (大乘起信論疏, a provisional title, hane 羽333V) belonging to the Kyō’u (杏雨) Library, with special reference to Tanyan’s (曇延, 516-588) Dashen qixin lun yishu (大乘起信論義疏). Firstly, the 羽333V explains the doctrines of the Jiu shi zhang 九識章 in the main text and quotes the Dasheng lun 大乘論 between the lines with their titles. On the contrary, Tanyan’s commentary does not refer to these two texts. This seems due to the difference in the theory of Mind between the 羽333V and Tanyan’s commentary. In this case, Tanyan’s commentary tends to be more faithful to the theory of Mind of Dashen qixin lun (大乘起信論). Secondly, we can find a number of comments based on the Paramārtha’s translation of the Mahāyānasaṃgrahabhāṣya (MSBh) in the 羽333V. In this case, Tanyan’s commentary seems based on the 羽333V not on the MSBh directly. Furthermore, we can find only one example in the 羽333V which is based on the MSBh but does not match the context of the MSBh. In this case, also, Tanyan’s commentary follows the 羽333V instead of MSBh. This example clearly shows that the 羽333V precedes Tanyan’s commentary. Finally, there is a tendency that the 羽333V uses the terms or concepts of Foxin lun 佛性論, but Tanyan’s commentary deliberately avoids the terms or concepts of Foxin lun 佛性論. In summary, the 羽333V is close to the Paramārtha’s corpus. On the contrary, we can find some cases that Tanyan’s commentary modifies the comments of the 羽333V based on Paramartha’s corpus. In that case, however, Tanyan’s commentary tends to be more faithful to the theory of Mind of Dashen qixin lun (大乘起信論). We, therefore, can probably conclude that Tanyan’s commentary is a later and advanced commentary of Dashen qixin lun (大乘起信論).

Recognizing spatial information associated with events expressed in natural language text is essential not only for the interpretation of such events and but also for the understanding of the relations among them. However, spatial information is rarely mentioned as compared to events and the association between event and spatial expressions is also highly implicit in a text. This would make it difficult to automate the extraction of spatial information associated with events from the text. In this paper, we give a linguistic analysis of how spatial expressions are associated with event expressions in a text. We first present issues in annotating narrative texts with reference relations between event and spatial expressions, and then discuss surface-level linguistic characteristics of such relations based on the annotated corpus to give a helpful insight into developing an automated recognition method.

Since the mid-1990s, scholars including Hermans (1996) and Baker (2000) have posited that all translators leave behind traces in their translations. Translation style research, which attempts to identify individual stylistic traits that are distinctive from source texts (ST) or other translators, has significantly advanced. However, few studies have explored the style of a single translator by comparing translations and creative works. In this respect, this study investigates the style of one translator in relation not only to ST but also to creative writings as a new dimension of analysis. Specifically, it presents the case study of Korean translator Ahn Junghyo as he is prolific in both areas of translation and literary writing. This study adopts a corpus-based approach, focusing on lexical diversity, mean sentence length, and spatial deixis markers “here” and “there.” Findings reveal that the lexical diversity of ST and the use of spatial deixis in his original writings affect the translation style of Ahn Junghyo. Indeed, mean sentence length deviates from both ST and his original writings. This implies that Ahn Junghyo produces a variety of stylistic features according to his identity either as a translator or a writer, which results in a translated text with distinctive stylistic features.

이 글은 초등학교 4학년의 일기문 말뭉치에서 나타나는 고유어 명사 파생접미사로 형성된 파생어를 추출한 후, 4학년 아동들의 조어 능력을 생산성 측면에서 파악한 후 그 사용 양상을 밝힌다. 접미사 추출방법은 U-tagger 프로그램과 빈도 사전을 연결시키는 메타 계량적인 분석 방법을 이용한다. 생산성은 기존의 방법을 보완한 “사용 생산성(GP) =n1(T)/N”라는 공식을 적용하여 측정하였다. 이를 토대로 24개의 접미사의 생산성을 검증한다. 그 결과 “-투성이, -장이>-꾼>-보>-기>-둥이>-쟁이>-질>-이>-(으)ㅁ>-꾸러기>-개>-깔, -씨, -새, -이1, -살이, -뱅이>-지기, -짝, -뜨기, -아치”라는 생산성 정도가 도출되었다. 아울러 표본 내 말뭉치에서 단발어가 없어 생산성이 0인 접미사에 ‘-깔, -씨, -새, -이1, -살이, -뱅이’가 있으며 개체 수가 없는 접미사에는, ‘-지기, -짝, -뜨기, -아치’가 있다. 이 결과를 토대로 초등학생들의 개별 접미사 활용 사용 양상을 밝혔다. 특히 생산성을 높여주는 단발어들의 특성, 기존어의 개체수와 생산성의 상관 관계, 파생어의 생산성과 어기의 구조 관계, 유형수가 많은 접미사들의 생산성 비교, 4학년 시기의 심리 인지적인 측면과 연관된 파생어의 특성 등 다양한 측면들을 밝힌다.

This study aims at clarifying aspects of use of suffixes and grasping the coinage ability in terms of productivity in fourth grade children after extracting derivatives using suffixes from the origin Korean appeared in their diary corpus. Since 4th grade, the development of Concrete operation starts. Their diary corpus, therefore, are good at identifying their vocabulary ability manifesting their thought through glossary. With the reason, this study tries to extract derivatives using suffixes from the origin Korean appeared in the diary corpus of 4th grade with analysis of meta-quantitative research. This article formulates the “Using productivity” to “GP = n1(T)/)N(only if N?2)” after existing methods of measuring productivity by examining the advantages and disadvantages of them. The result of assignment to the formula is that the order of productivity of suffixs is “-thus?ŋi, -tsaŋi>-k’un>-po>-ki……. On the basis of these results, I clarified the realities of using individual suffixes in the fourth grade students of elementary school. Especially, This study focused on the features of hapax legomena which make the productivity high, the relationship between the tokens of established words and productivity, the structural relation between the productivity of derivatives and the type of bases, their comparison to each the suffixes which have a high numbers of types productivity, the psycho-cognitive features of derivatives generated by the students of the fourth grade.