Earticle

AlphaGo’s landmark victory over Lee Sedol in March 2016 triggered an unprecedented paradigm shift in the game of Go, prompting widespread revaluation of joseki sequences—locally optimal opening patterns refined over centuries of human tradition. Despite this upheaval, systematic quantitative research into precisely how inefficient traditional joseki are—measured in concrete point (目) differentials—remains scarce in the academic literature. Most existing discourse has operated at the level of qualitative judgment (“this move is good/bad”) without rigorously measuring the numerical stakes. This study addresses that gap by extracting approximately 70 key moves from 20 fuseki patterns widely used in the pre-AlphaGo era and quantifying the efficiency difference between traditional sequences and AI-recommended moves using KataGo’s Expected Score metric. A central contribution is the independent design and development of Joseki Analyzer—a purpose-built program integrating a FastAPI backend with the KataGo engine—enabling automated, large-scale, reproducible analysis under standardized conditions (1,000 visits, Chinese rule set, komi 7.5). The core metric Δ Score is defined as the Score Lead of the AI’s top-recommended move minus the Score Lead of the traditional move at the same position; a negative value indicates that the traditional move is less efficient by the corresponding number of points. Results show an overall mean Δ Score of approximately −0.28 points across 20 patterns, indicating that traditional moves incur an expected-score loss of roughly this magnitude per move relative to AI recommendations. The largest divergences occur in the Komoku Approach–Pincer Response (Ⅱ) (−1.20 pts), Komoku Approach–Aggressive Response (−0.68), Hoshi One- Space Pincer–3-3 Invasion (−0.60), and Komoku Corner Enclosure Fuseki and Komoku Approach–High Extension (both −0.53). The single largest move-level loss is −2.59 points. Conversely, four patterns achieve Δ Score = 0—Hoshi Approach–Knight’s-Move Response, Komoku Enclosure–Development Variation, Hoshi Approach–Contact-Play Joseki, and Komoku Approach– Contact Play (Ⅱ)—indicating perfect alignment with AI evaluation. A consistent typological finding emerges: corner-enclosure and extension patterns show the largest divergence from AI, while contact-play (붙임수) patterns show the smallest. Across all patterns, KataGo systematically prioritizes claiming empty corners over reinforcing one’s own established positions—a finding that runs counter to a core axiom of classical Go strategy. This study represents the first systematic, tool-assisted effort to quantify the inefficiency of traditional fuseki joseki in point-based terms, offering both empirical findings and a replicable methodological framework for evaluating classical Go theory against modern AI computation.

In this study, we utilized the historical text morphological analysis tool ‘UTagger-Hunminjeongeum TCM’ to conduct a morphological corpus analysis of The Letters Excavated from the Tomb of the Suncheon Kim Clan. Based on this corpus, we examined the characteristics and trends of gendered language in male and female letters using quantitative methods. Chapter 2 explores indicators for the quantitative analysis of historical texts, dividing them into grammatical and lexical characteristics. Chapter 3 provides an overview of the structure of ‘UTagger-Hunminjeongeum TCM,’ the preprocessing steps for tagged data, and the data extraction and analysis process. Chapter 4 examines the patterns and characteristics of male and female letters based on the extracted data. Through this process, we identified gender-based linguistic preferences within linguistic indicators observed in the morphological analysis corpus of The Letters Excavated from the Tomb of the Suncheon Kim Clan.

본 연구의 목적은, 3D Hoffman 뇌 팬텀을 이용하여 얻은 영상을 median 필터, Wiener 필터와 같이 기존의 널리 사용되는 필터외의 median modified Wiener filter (MMWF) 알고리즘을 적용하여 영상의 질을 평가하였다. 영상 평가를 위해 111MBq 의 99mTc을 3D Hoffman 뇌 팬텀에 주입 후 영상을 획득 하고, 관심영역을 설정해 contrast to noise ratio (CNR) 의 정량적 분석 방법을 사용하였다. 결과적으로 획득한 영상과 비교했을 때 MMWF 알고리즘 적용 영상의 CNR 값은 1.07 배 상승 함을 확인 하였다. 본 연구를 통해 핵의학 영상에서의 MMWF 알고리즘의 유용성 을 확인 할 수 있었다

In this study, we evaluated image performance by applying the conventional filters (median and Wiener filters) and proposed median modified Wiener filter (MMWF) algorithm which are able to improve image quality using the 3D Hoffman brain phantom with 111 MBq in 99mTc. The single photon emission computed tomopraphy (SPECT) was used to acquire the gamma image during 60 s per frame (total frames : 120). To analyze the images, contrast to noise ratio (CNR) was used. According to results, the CNR values 3.01, 3.14, 3.16, and 3.23 for images with acquisition, median filter, wiener filter, and MMWF algorithm, respectively. In conclusion, we confirmed that image with MMWF algorithm is the most efficient to improve the image quality in the nuclear medicine images.

Using text-mining technology, this article traces diachronic changes of narrativity in the genre of the British and American novel from the 18th-century to the mid-twentieth-century. Recently introduced to the various fields of the humanities, text-mining is a viable way in which quantitative analyses can be used in literary studies. To open wide the possibility of quantitative anlayses of the genre of novel, this article shows how text-mining is used and innovates the study of novels through sample analyses of Henry Fielding, Daniel Defoe, James Joyce, and Ernest Hemingway. The results show the distinctive differences in narratorial control (first person pronoun), syntactic simplicity, and other grammatical and stylistic features. For instance, in the samples, Hemingway enhanced narrativity by increasing word concreteness and James Joyce by syntactic simplicity, whereas Defoe enhanced it by increasing referential cohesion and Fielding by deep cohesion.

This paper examines the use of collective nouns by Korean learners of English (KLsE). Collective nouns are generally known to induce verb and pronoun agreement. It has often been noted that BrE and AmE differ in verb agreement with collective nouns, but as Levin (2001) shows, both dialects in fact prefer singular verb agreement, whereas they prefer plural pronoun agreement. Beginning with this general pattern of collective nouns for native speakers, we have employed (the two sets of) the questionnaire and the Generalized Linear Model-based statistical analysis to delve into the use of collective nouns by KLsE. The result of the questionnaire reveals that KLsE use verb and pronoun agreement with collective nouns in the similar fashion as native speakers of English. They also tend toward singular verb agreement and plural pronoun agreement. However, there was no interaction found between the former and the latter, which renders compelling evidence in favor of the thesis that verb agreement is differentiated from pronoun agreement: in other words, the former is a syntactic process, whereas the latter is a notional or semantic one.

Purpose: This study reviews the recent trend of Korean Academy of dental technology research. The data examined are the articles published in the Korean Journal of Korean Academy of dental technology from 1979 to 2011. Methods: The data are retrieved through the internet database Korean Academy of dental technology. The number of paper published is 540, published in 33 volumes of the journal. This study examines research methods, subjects, and author information. Results: Among the 540 articles collected, 422 are Original papers, 106 Clinical Technical Papers, 12case Other papers. 235 are experimental studies. Most experimental studies(235) have examined the ceramic(Porcelain) parts(117). The sole author of 315, co-author of 225 appeared. In turn of dental technicians, and students appeared. Conclusion: The study is to present basic data for research and to indicate the direction of their study in the future.

The aim of the research is to identify that porcine oocytes can function as recipients for interspecies cloning and have the ability to develop to blastocysts. Furthermore each mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in interspecises cloned embryos was analyzed. For the study, mouse-porcine and porcine-porcine cloned embryos were produced with mouse fetal fibroblasts (MFF) and porcine fetal fibroblasts (PFF), respectively, introduced as donor cells into enucleated porcine oocytes. The developmental rate and cell numbers of blastocysts between intraspecies porcine-porcine and interspecies mouse-porcine cloned embryos were compared and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed for the estimate of mouse and porcine mtDNA copy number in mouse-porcine cloned embryos at different stages.There was no significant difference in the developmental rate or total blastocyst number between mouse-porcine cloned embryos and porcine-porcine cloned embryos (11.1 ± 0.9%, 25 ± 3.5 vs. 10.1 ± 1.2%, 24 ± 6.3). In mouse-porcine reconstructed embryos, the copy numbers of mouse somatic cell-derived mtDNA decreased between the 1-cell and blastocyst stages, whereas the copy number of porcine oocyte-derived mtDNA significantly increased during this period, as assessed by real-time PCR analysis. In our real-time PCR analysis, we improved the standard curve construction-based method to analyze the level of mtDNA between mouse donor cells and porcine oocytes using the copy number of mouse beta-actin DNA as a standard. Our findings suggest that mouse-porcine cloned embryos have the ability to develop to blastocysts in vitro and exhibit mitochondrial heteroplasmy from the 1-cell to blastocyst stages and the mouse-derived mitochondria can be gradually replaced with those of the porcine oocyte in the early developmental stages of mouse-porcine cloned embryos.

Objective To investigate the clinical usefulness of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and tractography in the prediction of outcomes after traumatic cervical spinal cord injury (SCI) and to assess whether the predictability is different between DTI and tractography administered before and after surgery.Methods Sixty-one subjects with traumatic cervical SCI were randomly assigned to preop or postop groups and received DTI accordingly. Among the patients who had DTI before surgery, we assigned 10 patients who had received repeated DTI examinations at 8 weeks after injury to the follow-up group. Fractional anisotropy (FA) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values were obtained from DTI, and imaginary fiber and crossing fiber numbers were calculated from the tractography. Neurological status and functional status were assessed at 4 and 8 weeks after SCI.Results The neurologic and functional statuses of both groups improved after 4 weeks. Out of the initial 61 patients who were enrolled in the study, the failure rate of DTI image analysis was significantly higher in the postop group (n=17, 41.5%) than in the preop group (n=6, 20%). The FA values and fiber numbers in the preop group tended to be higher than those in the postop group, whereas ADC values were lower in the preop group. When comparing the tractographic findings in the follow-up group, imaginary fiber numbers at the C6 and C7 levels and crossing fiber numbers from the C3 to C6 levels were significantly decreased after surgery. Several DTI and tractographic parameters (especially the ADC value at the C4 level and imaginary fiber numbers at the C6 level) showed significant correlations with neurologic and functional statuses in both the preop and postop groups. These findings were most prominent when DTI and physical examination were simultaneously performed.Conclusion Preoperative DTI and tractography demonstrated better FA and ADC values with lower interpretation failure rates than those obtained after surgery, whereas postoperative data significantly reflected the patient’s clinical state at the time of evaluation. Therefore, DTI and tractography could be useful in predicting clinical outcomes after traumatic cervical SCI and should be interpreted separately before and after spine surgery.

Objective To compare swallowing function between healthy subjects and patients with pharyngeal dysphagia using high resolution manometry (HRM) and to evaluate the usefulness of HRM for detecting pharyngeal dysphagia.Methods Seventy-five patients with dysphagia and 28 healthy subjects were included in this study. Diagnosis of dysphagia was confirmed by a videofluoroscopy. HRM was performed to measure pressure and timing information at the velopharynx (VP), tongue base (TB), and upper esophageal sphincter (UES). HRM parameters were compared between dysphagia and healthy groups. Optimal threshold values of significant HRM parameters for dysphagia were determined.Results VP maximal pressure, TB maximal pressure, UES relaxation duration, and UES resting pressure were lower in the dysphagia group than those in healthy group. UES minimal pressure was higher in dysphagia group than in the healthy group. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses were conducted to validate optimal threshold values for significant HRM parameters to identify patients with pharyngeal dysphagia. With maximal VP pressure at a threshold value of 144.0 mmHg, dysphagia was identified with 96.4% sensitivity and 74.7% specificity. With maximal TB pressure at a threshold value of 158.0 mmHg, dysphagia was identified with 96.4% sensitivity and 77.3% specificity. At a threshold value of 2.0 mmHg for UES minimal pressure, dysphagia was diagnosed at 74.7% sensitivity and 60.7% specificity. Lastly, UES relaxation duration of <0.58 seconds had 85.7% sensitivity and 65.3% specificity, and UES resting pressure of <75.0 mmHg had 89.3% sensitivity and 90.7% specificity for identifying dysphagia.Conclusion We present evidence that HRM could be a useful evaluation tool for detecting pharyngeal dysphagia.

Objective To quantify magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of congenital muscular torticollis (CMT) and to demonstrate the usefulness of quantitative MRI findings in the management of CMT.Methods This was a retrospective study of 160 subjects with CMT who had undergone neck MRI at the age of 48 months or younger at a tertiary medical center. Among the 160 subjects, 54 had undergone surgical release of CMT and 106 subjects had not undergone surgery. For the quantitative analysis, the ratios of area and intensity of the MRI findings were measured and compared between the two groups (ratio of area = the largest cross-sectional area of the SCM with CMT ? the cross-sectional area of the contralateral SCM without CMT / the cross-sectional area of the contralateral SCM without CMT; ratio of intensity = the mean gray color intensity of the contralateral SCM without CMT ? the lowest mean gray color intensity of the SCM with CMT / the mean gray color intensity of the contralateral SCM without CMT). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was conducted for the ratios of area and intensity in order to find the optimal cutoff value for determining the need for surgery in CMT cases.Results The ratios of area and intensity were significantly higher in the surgical group than in the non-surgical group (p≤0.001), suggesting that the sternocleidomastoid muscle (SCM) was thicker and darker in the surgical group than in the non-surgical group. The optimal cutoff value for the ratio of area was 0.17 and that for the ratio of intensity was 0.05. All subjects with a ratio of intensity less than 0.03 belonged to the non-surgical group, and all subjects with a ratio of intensity greater than 0.16 were categorized in the surgical group.Conclusion The quantitative MRI findings, i.e., ratios of area and intensity, may provide a guideline for deciding the need for surgical intervention in CMT patients. Further prospective studies are required to verify these findings.

A crucial first step in the planning of any scientific experiment is to evaluate an appropriate sample size to permit sufficient statistical power to detect the desired effect. In this study, we investigated the optimal sample size of quantitative trait locus (QTL) linkage analysis for simple random sibship samples in pedigreed chicken populations, under the variance component framework implemented in the genetic power calculator program. Using the program, we could compute the statistical power required to achieve given sample sizes in variance component linkage analysis in random sibship data. For simplicity, an additive model was taken into account. Power calculations were performed to relate sample size to heritability attributable to a QTL. Under the various assumptions, comparative power curves indicated that the power to detect QTL with the variance component method is highly affected by a function of the effect size of QTL. Hence, more power can be achievable for QTL with a larger effect. In addition, a marked improvement in power could be obtained by increasing the sibship size. Thus, the use of chickens is advantageous regarding the sampling unit issue, since desirable sibship size can be easily obtained compared with other domestic species.

기후변화에 따른 집중호우의 빈발로 산림유역의 토석류 발생 위험이 증가하는 상황에서, 사방댐의 토석 류 포착 효과를 정량적으로 검토하여 설계 및 정책적 시사점을 도출하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 우리나라와 일본의 사방댐을 대상으로 규모에 따른 토석류의 포착특성과 저사량, 강우특성과의 관계를 비교·분석하 였다. 일본의 토석류 포착량은 대규모 사방댐(≥15m)에서 가장 많았던 반면, 단위유역면적당 포착량은 중규모 사방댐(≥5, <15m)에서 가장 많았고, 중·소규모 사방댐 중심의 우리나라가 일본에 비해 사방댐의 토석류 포착효율이 높게 나타났다. 한편, 토석류 포착특성은 주로 연속강우량에 영향을 받고 있었다. 단, 이 연구는 표본 수의 제한과 일부 데이터의 누락으로 현장조사를 통한 보완 및 표준화된 데이터 수집이 필요하다. 중규모 사방댐의 설계 및 시공을 유역 맞게 최적화하면 피해 저감에 효과적이며, 표준화된 국가 데이터베이스 구축은 장기적 검증이 가능하고 보다 정밀한 전략을 수립할 수 있다.

This study aims to derive design and policy implications by quantitatively verifying the disaster-reduction effects of erosion-control dams, as more frequent heavy rainfall under climate change increases the risk of debris flows in forested catchments. Trapping characteristics of debris flow materials, sediment storage capacity, and rainfall data classified by dam scale were analyzed using datasets from South Korea and Japan. In Japan, large-scale dams (≥15 m) had the largest average trapped volume, while medium-scale dams (≥5 m, <15 m) showed the largest average trapped volume per catchment area. Trapping efficiency was highest in South Korea, where small- and medium-scale dams predominate. Continuous rainfall exerted a stronger influence on trapping characteristics than peak rainfall intensity. The limited samples underscore the need for additional field surveys and standardized data collection. Optimizing the design and construction of medium-scale erosion-control dams for catchment characteristics can improve disaster reduction. A standardized national database would enable long-term verification and support more precise strategies.

Compaction is an essential ingredient in a LSM (Log-Structured Merge)-tree based key-value store. In this paper, we analyze two representative compaction policies, called leveled and universal, using RocksDB. Our analysis uncovers that the universal policy has a capability to reduce write amplification by applying compaction in a lazy manner. However, the lazy manner deteriorates space amplification, which leads to adverse effects such as a relatively longer period of low performance for compaction and degraded throughput for range query. We also observe that, for sequential access pattern, the leveled policy can provide better write amplification than the universal policy by employing a technique called trivial move. In addition, we find out that the background compaction and index cache give a substantial impact on the performance of point query. Our analysis reveals tradeoffs between two policies based on various aspects including access pattern, query type, and configurations, which can be used effectively for designing new and hybrid compaction policies.

목적: 인삼에서 화장품 기능성 물질인 진세노사이드(ginsenosides)의 간단하고 정확한 high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) 정량분석방법을 확립하기 위하여 11종 진세노사이드의 ginsenoside Rf에 대한 상대감응인자를 분석하였다. 방법: Ginsenoside Rf에 대한 10 종 진세노사이드의 상대감응인자를 결정하고, 그 정량적 타당성을 조사하였다. 58개 홍삼 분말시료에 함유된 진세노사이드의 농도는 정밀하게 제조된 11 종의 진세노사이드(ginsenoside Rg1, Re, Rf, Rh1, Rg2, Rb1, Rc, Rb2, Rd, Rg3 (S), Rg3 (R)) 표준용액의 검량선을 작성하여 외부 표준물질법에 의해 유도하였다. Ginsenoside Rf에 대한 10종 진세노사이드 의 상대감응인자는 58개의 홍삼분말시료에 포함된 각 진세노사이드 농도와 피크면적, ginsenoside Rf의 농도와 피크면적을 이용 하여 상대감응인자 환산식에 대입하여 구하였다. 결과: 열화학적으로 안정하여 상대감응 기준물질로서 타당한 것으로 인정되는 ginsenoside Rf에 대한 각 진세노사이드의 상대감응인자(ki /Rf )는 58종 홍삼 분말시료 분석에 의하여 다음과 같은 값을 나타내었다. Ginsenosides Rg1 (1.07), Re (1.29), Rh1 (0.83), Rg2 (1.50), Rb1 (1.51), Rc (1.51), Rb2 (1.45), Rd (1.22), Rg3 (S; 1.02) 및 Rg3 (R; 0.95). 또한 상대감응인자에 의해 환산된 각 진세노사이드의 농도는 외부 표준물질방법에 의해 분석된 농도와 정량적으로 일치 하였다. 결론: Ginsenoside Rg1을 포함한 11종 진세노사이드의 함량을 인삼 시료로부터 분석하고자 할 때에 우선 정량적으로 잘 관리된 ginsenoside Rf를 표준물질로 이용하고 외부 표준물질법으로써 ginsenoside Rf의 정확한 함량을 구한 후 나머지 10종 성분 (ginsenoside Rg1, Re, Rg2, Rh1, Rb1, Rc, Rb2, Rd, Rg3 (S), Rg3 (R))의 함량을 각 상대감응인자(ki /Rf )를 이용하여 구하면 각 인 삼 시료로부터 용이하게 정량적인 함량을 파악할 수 있다.

Purpose: To establish a simple and accurate quantitative method for analyzing ginsenosides, a functional material used in the cosmetics industry, the relative response factors of the high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) signals of each ginsenoside were analyzed and compared to the ginsenoside Rf. Methods: The relative response factor for the simultaneous analysis of 11 species of ginsenosides, including ginsenoside Rf, was determined, and their quantitative validity was examined. The concentrations of ginsenosides contained in samples of red ginseng were derived by an external standard method from the calibration curve of a standard solution prepared from the 11 species of ginsenosides. The relative response factors were calculated from the concentrations of ginsenosides in the 58 red ginseng samples. Results: The relative response factors (ki /Rf) of each ginsenoside relative to ginsenoside Rf, which is thermally stable and considered valid as a reference for relative response, are as follows: Rg1 (1.07), Re (1.26), Rh1 (0.83), Rg2 (1.50), Rb1 (1.51), Rc (1.51), Rb2 (1.45), Rd (1.22), Rg3 (S; 1.02), and Rg3 (R; 0.95). In addition, the concentration of each ginsenoside converted by their relative response factor (ki /Rf ) was quantitatively consistent with the concentration analyzed by the external standard method. Conclusion: Using quantitatively wellcontrolled ginsenoside Rf as a standard, we analyzed the ginsenoside contents of 11 kinds of ginsenosides samples. The exact contents of ginsenoside Rf in ginseng samples were determined by an external standard method. The concentrations of the 10 ginsenosides Rg1, Re, Rg2, Rh1, Rb1, Rc, Rb2, Rd, Rg3 (S), and Rg3 (R) were determined by converting their relative response factors (ki /Rf ).

目的: 人参皂苷是人参中的化妆品功能性物质，为了建立简便准确的人参皂苷的 high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) 定量分析方法，分析11种人参皂苷相对响应因子。方法: 同时分析人参皂苷Rf等11种 人参皂苷的相对响应因子，并检测其定量效度。58个红参样品中人参皂甙的含量是通过外标法从11种人参皂甙 (ginsenoside Rg1, Re, Rf, Rh1, Rg2, Rb1, Rc, Rb2, Rd, Rg3 (S), Rg3 (R))制备的标准溶液的标准曲线中推导出来 的。相对响应因子由58种红参中的人参皂苷浓度，峰面积，人参皂苷Rf的浓度和峰面积来计算得到。结果: 人 参皂苷具有热化学稳定性，被认为是有效的相对参考物质。根据对58种红参粉末样品的分析，每种人参皂苷 对人参皂苷Rf的相对响应因子(ki /Rf)如下所示：Rg1 (1.07), Re (1.26), Rh1 (0.83), Rg2 (1.50), Rb1 (1.51), Rc (1.51), Rb2 (1.45), Rd (1.22), Rg3 (S; 1.02) 和Rg3 (R; 0.95)。此外，由相对响应因子转换的每种人参皂苷的浓 度在数量上与通过外标法分析的浓度一致。结论: 为了分析人参样品中，包含Rg1的11种人参皂苷的含量，首先 以定量控制好的人参皂苷Rf为参照物，采用外标法测定人参皂苷Rf的准确含量，然后，利用每个相对响应因子 (ki /Rf)计算其余10种成分 (ginsenoside Rg1, Re, Rh1, Rg2, Rb1, Rc, Rb2, Rd, Rg3 (S), Rg3 (R)) 的含量。通过 以上方法，从每个人参样品中，可以容易地掌握定量含量。

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the distribution of alveolar obstruents in palatalization across word boundaries in American English, with a focus on sociolinguistic factors and individual preferences. Utilizing the Buckeye Corpus of Conversational Speech, eight sample word combinations were examined: that you, but you, did you, would you, unless you, this you, because you, and as you. Through audio file analysis and spectrogram examination, we determined the palatalization patterns of word-final alveolar obstruents, /t/, /d/, /s/, and /z/, across word boundaries. The results showed that /t/ is less likely to be palatalized, while /d/, /s/, and /z/ are more frequently palatalized before /j/. The study also revealed that gender significantly influences the palatalization of /d/, with women showing a greater tendency to palatalize than men, who often retain a non-palatalized /d/. For the other consonants, /t/, /s/, and /z/, both genders exhibited similar palatalization patterns, and age was found to have no significant impact on the palatalization of any alveolar obstruent. Logistic regression analysis further identified /t/ as a key predictor of a speaker’s overall palatalization tendency, suggesting that a high preference for palatalizing /t/ correlates with a higher likelihood of palatalizing other consonants as well.