Earticle

Flatbreads are particularly prevalent in the Mediterranean region, including Italy, where each community has its unique traditional recipe, preparation method, and baking system. This traditional narrative review provides an overview of the Italian flatbreads that have achieved national or international quality recognitions. The aims of this study are, firstly, to scientifically evaluate these flatbreads and establishing a catalog that includes both technical and cultural information, which are currently missing in the international scientific literature and, secondly, to conduct a comparative analysis of the technical and cultural diversity of traditional Italian flatbreads, outlining areas for future research development. The examined flatbreads were found to be characterized by considerable diversity, reflecting the Italian region’s diverse culinary heritage. The formulation is generally simple and includes flour, water, possibly yeast, and salt. Additional ingredients are region dependent, reflecting local availability, and include fats of animal origin, or ham, mostly found in flatbreads from Northern Italy, while olive oil or EVOO is common in flatbreads of Tuscany, Liguria, and Sardinia. The types of flour also differ regionally: Besides soft wheat flour, durum wheat semolina is used in southern Italy and Sardinia, chestnut flour in Tuscany, rye flour in Alto Adige, chickpea flour in Liguria, and corn flour in central Italy. Historically, high-extraction flour and sourdough were largely used but have been replaced by refined flour and commercial baker’s yeast over time. Flash baking (short time, high temperature) is generally adopted, and some flatbreads, typical of Sardinia, are baked twice, resulting in complete dryness and long shelf-life. In contrast, quickly prepared unleavened bread is a staple in the Tuscan-Emilian Apennines, Lunigiana, and the Po Valley. Overall, these results suggest encouraging the revival of the ancient baking tradition of using high-extraction flours and sourdough fermentation, which today are almost lost. Reintroducing these methods could increase the fiber, mineral and, vitamin content and ensure a rich sensory profile. Further research could focus on improving the nutritional quality, particularly, through salt reduction, acrylamide levels mitigation, and protein content increase. The lack of historical information highlights the need to perform historical research to gain a deeper understanding of origins, evolution and characteristics of Italian flatbreads.

Today, there is a developing requirement for observation so as to keep up the dignity at a spot and guarantee the wellbeing and security of its kin. An airborne observation framework will be advantageous in such a manner. This paper depicts how an ethereal reconnaissance framework can be assembled utilizing an unmanned flying vehicle or an automaton. We start by depicting the highlights of our ethereal observation framework and afterward talk about a portion of the advances that we have utilized in building it. From that point onward, we notice how we have consolidated those innovations into an automaton and have made them cooperate amicably so as to accomplish our goal. This goal will be achieved with the help of cloud services and cellular service using 5G technology. It tends to be utilized in peacekeeping exercises and furthermore constant observing of a spot whenever of the day. The point is to give quick and productive reconnaissance at a moderate rate with the goal that it tends to be utilized broadly at the private, institutional and administrative levels.

PEF 기법은 안전하고 천연상태에 가까운 식품을 생산하기 위한 최신의 비열처리법이다. 이 기법은 영양가, 풍미, 물성 및 관능적 성질의 영향을 최소화 시키는 안전한 식품생산에 이용할 수 있다. 이 공정은 두 전극사이에 놓여지는 식품에 고압의 전기를(20~80kv/cm) 작용시킴으로써 실시된다. PEF 처리에 의해 미생물의 세포막이 분해되거나 불한정하게되어 미생물은 활력을 상실하게된다. PEF 공정에 의한 미생물의 비활성화 정도는 주로 전기장에서의 펄스강도와 처리시간에 의존한다. 미생물의 종류에 따라 상응하는 전기장의 강도와 처리시간이 요구된다. 처리효과는 미생물의 특성과 존재했던 배지에서의 생육단계에 의존한다. 효과적인 가공을 위해 여러종류의 공정조건이 적절하게 사용되어야 한다. PEF기법의 잠재적효용은 생물공학에서 식품저장에 이르기 까지 다양하다. 식품가공과 관련해서 이 기법은 특히 에너지효율면에서 경제적이며 처리되는 식품이 가공공정의 영향을 적게 받는다는 것이 이미 입증되었다. 이 기법을 식품가공에 응용하기위해 본 논문에서 개괄적으로 고찰한다.

Pulsed electric fields(PEF) technology is one of the latest nonthermal methods of food processing for obtaining safe and minimally processed foods. This technology can be effectively explored for obtaining safe food with minimum effect on nutritional, flavor, rheological and sensory qualities of food products. The process involves the application of high voltage(typically 20~80 kV/cm) to foods placed between two electrodes. The mode of inactivation of microorganisms by PEF processing has been postulated in terms of electric breakdown and electroporation. The extent of destruction of microorganisms in PEF processing depends mainly on the electric field strength of the pulses and treatment time. For each cell types, a specific critical electric field strength and specific critical treatment time are required depending on the cell characteristics and the type and strength of the medium where they have been present. The effect also depends on the types of microorganisms and their phase of growth. A careful combination of processing parameters has to be selected for effective processing. The potential applications of PEF technology are numerous ranging from biotechnology to food preservation. With respect to food processing, it has already been established that, the technology is non-thermal in nature, economical and energy efficient, besides providing minimally processed foods. This article gives a brief overview of this technology for food processing applications

오늘날 자동차 기술의 핵심은 IT 기반 융합 시스템기술로 변화하고 있다. 다양한 IT 기술을 접목하여 운전 중 다양 한 상황에 대응하고 또한 운전자의 편의성을 지원하는 기술적 추세를 보이고 있다. 본 논문에서는 운전자의 안전성과 편의성을 증대하기 위해 영상 정보를 기반으로 도로 정보를 검출해 운전자에게 알려주고, 버튼을 직접 손으로 눌러야 하는 물리적 인터페이스를 대체할 비접촉식 인터페이스 기술을 융합한 Augmented Driving System (ADS) 기술을 제 안한다. 본 기술은 카메라로부터 입력 받은 영상 정보를 제안된 알고리즘을 통해 앞차와의 거리, 차선, 교통 표지판을 검출하고 차량 내부를 주시하는 카메라와 운전자의 음성을 인식할 마이크를 기반으로 기본 음성인식과 동작인식이 융 합된 인터페이스 기술을 제공한다. 이러한 요소 기술들은 운전자가 인지하지 못하더라도 운전자에게 현재의 주행상황 을 인지하여 자동으로 알려줌으로써 교통사고 확률을 크게 낮출 수 있을 것이며, 또한 다양한 운전 중 기능 조작을 편 리하게 지원함으로써 운전자의 전방 주시에 도움을 줄 수 있다. 본 논문에서 개발된 기술을 통해 테스트를 실시해 본 결과 표지판인식, 차선검출, 앞차와의 거리 검출 등의 인식률이 약 90% 이상이 되었다.

Today, the core technology of an automobile is becoming to IT-based convergence system technology. To cope w ith many kinds of situations and provide the convenience for drivers, various IT technologies are being integrated int o automobile system. In this paper, we propose an convergence system, which is called Augmented Driving System (ADS), to provide high safety and convenience of drivers based on image information processing. From imaging sen sor, the image data is acquisited and processed to give distance from the front car, lane, and traffic sign panel by the proposed methods. Also, a converged interface technology with camera for gesture recognition and microphone fo r speech recognition is provided. Based on this kind of system technology, car accident will be decreased although d rivers could not recognize the dangerous situations, since the system can recognize situation or user context to give attention to the front view. Through the experiments, the proposed methods achieved over 90% of recognition in ter ms of traffic sign detection, lane detection, and distance measure from the front car.

본 고에서는 멀티스크린 기반의 컨택트 센터를 위한 언어처리 기술에 대한 연구를 수행하였다. 개인이 갖고 있는 디바이스가 다양화 됨에 따라 전통적인 전화망 기반의 콜센터는 다양한 개인용 디바이스를 통한 입력도 처리가 가능한 컨택트 센터로 진화되고 있다. 이러한 입력 방식은 음성과 문자가 주종을 이루고 있으므로 컨텍트 센터도 두 종류의 입력에 대한 구조가 정의되어야 한다. 이를 위해 음성 질의어 처리와 문자 질의어 처리가 순차적으로 이루어지도록 하는 하이브리드 질의 시스템을 제안하였다. 그리고 음성 질의어 시스템을 위한 언어처리 기술 알고리즘에 대해서 사용되는 메모리 양, 인식률 및 인식 속도를 고려한 네 가지 방식이 제안 되었다. 제안된 방식을 평가하기 위하여 121 단어로 구성된 음성 DB와 이것을 전사한 문자 DB를 사용하였다. Bigram 방식에 비해서 bigram + trigram + 핵심어기반 방식이 22.3% 인식률이 향상되었고 look forward 방식을 도입할 경우 동일한 인식률 성능에 검색속도는 1% 정도 향상이 되었다. Look forward 방식의 검색 속도 개선이 작은 것은 단어의 양이 크지 않았기 때문인 것으로 검토가 되었다. 향후 단어의 양을 늘리고 실제 상황의 DB를 활용한 실험으로 확대하여 제안된 알고리즘의 성능을 확대 평가할 필요성이 있다.

In this paper, we present a study on the language processing technology for the contact center based on multi-screen devices. The traditional telephone-based call center is evolving into contact center which can handle information entered by various personal devices. Since those information include voice and text, the contact center should have architecture for those modes. We propose a hybrid system in which text query system is followed by voice query system. And we also suggest four kinds of language processing algorithms considering memory, speed in addition to performance in a voice query system. The experimental DB consists of voice and text of vocabulary size 121. The experimental result shows that bigram + trigram + keyword algorithm yields higher performance of 22.3% than bigram only algorithm. And we get time reduction of 1% when the look forward algorithm is added. We expect that look forward algorithm may give better improvement in case of large vocabulary system. In future, we are going to make various experiments on the large vocabulary system with real DB.

최근 센서 디바이스들의 기술이 발달하고 있다. 그에 따라 기기들의 크기가 소형화 되고 다양한 기능들을 적용 할 수 있다. 그 중에서도 영상처리 기술을 이용하여 사용자의 주거 공간의 상황을 주시하고 데이터베이스에 저장된 위험 상황을 탐지한다. 위험 상황을 탐지 할 경우 다른 통신 디바이스에게 정보를 전달하여 사용자에게 즉시 경보를 울릴 수 있도록 M2M 환경을 구축한다. 본 논문에서는 OpenCV의 색깔추적 알고리즘과 라즈베리파이를 이용해 M2M환경을 구축하고 사용자에게 화재 발생 시 경보를 울리고 후속조치에 대한 정보를 제공하는 솔루션을 소개하고자 한다.

Recent advances have been made in technology of sensor devices. Accordingly, the size of devices has been miniaturized, to which diverse functions can be applied. On top of that, the devices use image processing technology to observe circumstances of users' living spaces and detect risk situations saved in database. In case of detecting risk situations, M2M environment is constructed so that the information can be delivered to other communication devices to immediately raise an alarm. This paper aims to introduce solutions that construct M2M environment by using color detection algorithm of OpenCV and Raspberry Pi, raise an alarm to users in case of fire, and provide information on follow-up measures for it.

The Pritzker Prize, recognized as the highest award in the field of architecture, should be given to selected winners without any controversy. Laureates, that are not only recognized by juries, but also by architects in different countries, related professionals, and others, should be nominated. Therefore it is possible to say that nominated laureates represent architectural trends of the time. The purpose of this study, is largely divided into two. First is to understand the trends of architecture by analyzing the jury citation of each laureates. The second purpose is to easily analyze 38 jury citation by utilizing the natural language processing technology, and to present the possibility of applying this method to the field of architecture. This research has been carried out through the following process. Jury citation have been filtered and analyzed using the 'Stanford Parser’. Also previous studies have been reviewed to establish a suitable research method. Then, main contents of the citation, which can be divided into 9 categories, have been derived and reviewed to understand the trends of architecture. Change in architectural trends have been analyzed based on the categories of expression characteristics and architectural ideas, trends of times, inhabitant, surrounding environment, materials, technologies, light, space and function, and morphological specifics. This research has significance not only in terms of understanding value trends but also in terms of utilizing natural language processing technology, an unfamiliar tool in the field of architecture.

Purpose: This study aimed to assess the quality of dental prostheses printed by digital lightprocessing (DLP) technology. Methods: Ten experimental models were prepared. The ten specimens that were printed by DLP technology constituted the DLP group. The ten specimens that were produced in the same model by the casting method constituted the control group. The marginal gaps of the 20 specimens produced were measured. These gaps were measured by a silicon replica technique at two abutments of the specimen. Therefore, 20 marginal gaps were measured in each group. An independent sample t-test was performed to compare the marginal gaps measured in the two groups (α=0.05). Results: According to the results of the measurement, there was a significant difference between the mean marginal gap of the control group (78.8 μm) and that of the DLP group (91.5 μm), p<0.001. Conclusion: Although the mean marginal gaps of dental fixed prostheses produced by the DLP method was higher than the mean marginal gap of those produced by the casting method, it was considered to be within the clinical threshold value suggested by some previous studies.

The molybdenum cup and molybdenum pin, which are the main materials of the molybdenum electrode used for the LCD BLU CCFL electrode, have not been developed in Japan and all of them are imported and used from Japan, is giving a competitive burden. In this research, to develop the manufacturing technology of molybdenum pin used for CCFL electrode of LCD BLU, development of linear processing technology, development of molybdenum wire surface treatment technology, development of wire cutting technology, production of molybdenum pin, design and fabrication of JIG and Fixture for inspection, molybdenum pin prototyping and analysis, and development of 100% molybdenum pin inspection technology. In this paper, especially, research on linear processing technology is treated.

Since 1985, the growth rate of population of the world is over that of the food production. The cultivated land and the grain production rate are decreasing every year. Therefore, the most serious crisis which we will meet in the 21st century will be food shortage. In order to solve this desperate shortage of food, besides trying to produce more food, the technology of post-harvest, food processing, and food packaging should be developed to reduce and make the best use of the amount of the already produced agricultural products for which a lots of cost and labors were invested, but are being wasted during food distribution channel due to their undeveloped technology.

본 연구는 효과적인 지역 사회 개발을 위한 적정기술의 활용 방안에 대해 네팔 적정과학기술거점센터(Nepal Innovation Technology and Entrepreneurship Center, NITEC) 사례를 중심으로 적정기술의 보급 기업과 사회적 경제 기업 창업의 이중 창업 모델을 소개한다. 적정기술의 지속 보급을 위한 전략으로 적정기술의 유상 보급을 통해 수익을 창출하는 시장 중심의 접근 방식이 주목받고 있다. 하지만 적정기술 개발 및 사 업화는 기술 지식, 자본, 인적·사회적 네트워크 등을 요하기 때문에 현지 주민이 아닌 외부인이 주체가 되는 사업화가 대부분이며, 이 경우 지속 가능성의 미흡이라는 한계를 가질 수 있다. 따라서 적정기술 생산, 판매 및 유지관리를 통해 수익을 창출하는 적정기술 보급 기업과 이들이 개발 한 기술을 활용하는 현지 주민 주도의 사회적 경제 조직 형태의 기업 창업을 병행하여 현지민 주도의 지역 사회 개발을 유도하는 접근 방식이 적 정기술의 근본적인 목표를 달성하기에 적정하다고 할 수 있다. 적정기술 보급을 통한 사회적 경제 조직의 설립 및 확산은 개인 수준의 사업을 공 동체 사업으로 수행하게 하여 규모의 경제를 이루고 생산성과 소득을 증대시킨다. 또한, 적정기술은 사회적 경제 조직을 통해 활용될 때 지속 가 능한 지역 사회 발전의 기반이 되며, 지역 주민들이 스스로 자율적, 자생적인 방법으로 자본주의 경제로부터의 소외 현상을 해결하는 방안이 된 다. NITEC은 적정기술 알로 정련 시스템(Allo Refining System) 보급 기업과 마을 기업 창업이라는 이중 창업 모델을 적용하여 네팔의 낙후된 히 말라야 고산지역에 적정기술 지속 보급 체계를 마련하고 지속 가능한 지역사회 개발 기반을 구축함으로써 지역 사회 개발에 있어 적정기술 기반 의 이중 창업 모델이 효과적임을 증명한다.

This study introduces the dual start-up model of an AT distribution company and a social economic enterprise, focusing on the case of the Nepal Innovation Technology and Entrepreneurship Center(NITEC) project, in order to discuss the application of appropriate technology for effective community development. As a strategy for the sustainable distribution of the appropriate technology, a market-oriented approach that enables the profit generation through the distribution of appropriate technologies is drawing attention. However, since the development and commercialization of appropriate technologies require technical knowledge, capital, and human/social networks, most of the commercializations are made up of outsiders rather than local residents, which leads to the problem of insufficient sustainability. Therefore, the approach that induces the local residents-led community development through the dual establishments of AT distribution company that generates profit through the production, sales, and maintenance of appropriate technolgies and the AT-utilizing, local residents-led enterprise in the formof social economic organization is appropriate for achieving the fundamental goal of the appropriate technology. The establishment and spread of social economic organizations through the distribution of appropriate technologies achieve economies of scale and increase the productivity and income by enabling individual-level businesses to be carried out as community businesses. In addition, when appropriate technology is utilized through social economic organizations, it becomes the basis for sustainable development of local communities and the means for the local residents’ resolving their alienation from the capitalist economy in an autonomous and self-sustaining way. NITEC demonstrates that the dual start-up model based on appropriate technology is effective in the local community development by establishing the sustainable appropriate technology distribution system and the foundation for sustainable community development in Nepal’s underdeveloped Himalayan alpine regions through the dual establishments of Allo Refining Systemdistribution company and village enterprises.

Modular system refers to the method of pre-configuring the building's base frame, plumbing, insulation and finishing materials in the factory and assembling them on site. In the field assembly, mainly bolted joints are used, and in the event of bolting problems, not only fade the advantages of the modular system, but also adversely affect the joint strength between the modular units. Therefore, in this paper, a system that can detect the manufacturing error of bolt arrangement and analyze the measurement error before the bolt fastening of the modular unit was conducted. An algorithm capable of analyzing image to measure bolt arrangement by receiving images in real time through a camera module that can photograph each modular column and a single board computer was developed. Bolt size, bolt distance, edge distance, modular frame size and perpendicularity were measured. The bolt distance was 0.46mm, 0.22%, and the bolt size was 0.15mm, which was almost accurate with 0.7% error.

In this study, we examined dimensional changes in processing carbon fiber composites using a cost-competitive domestic high-speed router. Lacking temperature compensation features found in typical machines, it faces increased defect rates due to temperature fluctuations during processing. To mitigate this, we defined specific processing temperature conditions, established hole positions as distance references for various temperatures, and measured dimensional changes. This enabled us to calculate necessary dimensional corrections, minimizing thermal deformation.

2023년 챗GPT가 소개되면서, 교육현장에 많은 관심이 쏠리고 있다. 현재 자연어 처리 챗봇을 활용한 다양한 교육프로그램이 연구되고 있다. 본 연구는 수도권 초등학생 6학년 110명을 대상으로 약 3개월간 자연어 처리 챗봇 을 교과 수업에 적용하였다. 이를 통해 사전, 사후 분석으로 자연어 처리 챗봇을 활용한 교육프로그램이 학생들의 AI 기술에 대한 긍정적인 수용성을 높일 수 있는지 검증하고자 하였다. 통계적 검증방법으로는 대응표본 t 검정, 독립표본 t 검정 및 선형회귀 분석을 각각 실시하였다. 그 결과, 자연어 처리 챗봇을 활용한 교육프로그램이 학생 들의 AI 기술에 대한 긍정적 수용성을 높이고, 부정적인 인식은 감소시키는 데 효과적임을 밝혀낼 수 있었다. 다 가오는 2022 개정 교육과정 도입시기를 대비하여, 전 교과 학습에서 AI 기술을 적용하는 방안을 적극적으로 연구 할 필요성이 제기된다.

Recently, ChatGPT is receiving a lot of attention in the education industry. Many educational programs are being researched and developed that utilize natural language processing chatbots. This study was conducted with 110 sixth-grade elementary school students as participants. The purpose of this study was to verify whether an educational program utilizing a natural language processing chatbot could increase students' positive perception of AI technology. Statistical validation was conducted by paired-sample t-test, independent-sample t-test, and linear regression analysis. As a result, it was found that the educational program utilizing a natural language processing chatbot increased students' positive perception of AI technology and had a positive effect in reducing negative perceptions. There is a need to research various teaching methods that utilize AI technology.

Door to door service is a typical method for individual parcel deliveries. In the current delivery information system, a delivery person manually inputs the information of many delivery results, which causes inefficiency and difficulties of tracking deliveries. This study suggests an enhanced delivery information system which has the following two characteristics. Firstly, a tagged RFID(Radio Frequency Identification) transmits the delivery result information to the main server by just collecting RFID at a place of destination. Secondly, with the characteristics of rewritable method, the collected RFID is to be input new information and tagged to other parcels.

본 연구는 교통사고 발생이 지속적으로 감소하고 있음에도 불구하고, 고령자 및 야 간 보행자 사고 증가, 사고 조사 전문성 부족, 처리 절차의 복잡성과 비효율성 등으로 인해 국민 체감 안전도는 여전히 낮다는 문제의식에서 출발하였다. 이에 따라 미국과 유럽의 교통사고 처리 절차 및 인공지능(AI) 기술 활용 사례를 분석하고, 이를 바탕으 로 한국적 상황에 적용 가능한 교통사고 대응 체계의 고도화 방안을 모색하였다. 연구 결과, AI 기반의 교통사고 조사 지원 시스템은 사고 발생 감지, 원인 분석, 사고 시뮬레 이션 및 법적 책임 판단까지 아우르는 전 과정에서 대응의 신속성과 정확성을 제고할 수 있는 핵심 수단으로 확인되었다. 또한, 사고 다발 지역의 예측과 맞춤형 안전 정책 수립에도 실질적인 기여가 가능함을 보여주었다. 다만, 본 연구는 주로 이론적 검토와 해외 사례 중심으로 구성되어 있어 국내 적용을 위한 실증적 평가와 기술적·제도적 한 계에 대한 심층적분석이 요구된다. 향후 연구에서는 AI 기반 조사 시스템의현장 적용성, 법적 신뢰성, 데이터 보호 이슈, 취약계층 중심의 대응 전략 등을 보다 구체적으로 다룰 필요가 있다. 본 연구는 교통사고 대응 체계의 디지털 전환과 국민 체감형 교통안 전 정책 실현을 위한 기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 것이다

This study begins with the recognition that, despite the continued decline in overall traffic accidents, public perceptions of safety remain low due to the rising number of accidents involving elderly individuals and nighttime pedestrians, the lack of expertise in accident investigations, and the complexity and inefficiency of current handling procedures. In response, the study analyzes traffic accident handling procedures and the application of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies in the United States and Europe to explore advanced traffic accident response systems that can be applied in the Korean context. The findings indicate that AI-based traffic accident investigation support systems play a crucial role in enhancing the speed and accuracy of the entire response process— from incident detection and cause analysis to accident simulation and legal liability assessment. Furthermore, the study shows that these systems can significantly contribute to predicting high-risk accident zones and establishing tailored safety policies. However, since the study is primarily theoretical and based on foreign case studies, empirical validation and in-depth analysis of technical and institutional constraints in the Korean setting are necessary. Future research should address the field applicability, legal reliability, data protection concerns, and response strategies for vulnerable populations in greater detail. This study serves as a foundational reference for the digital transformation of traffic accident response systems and the development of traffic safety policies that align with public expectations.

Based on the above defects and the superiority of HTMLS, the paper is aimed at realizing the process of graphics and image on Web by combining with graphics and image processing algorithm on computer at present. At the same time, the real-time graphics and image processing cooperatively by multiple personnel is also realized. Finally, a graphics and image processing platform on Web will be established which is easy to maintain, share, expand, being carried out in real time and iteratively. It is named as Web Photoshop. The platform is not only able to carry out graphics and image processing work on a single computer, but also used for graphics and image processing cooperatively by multiple personnel. At the same time, the subject also analyzes and discusses the possibility of graphics and image processing cooperatively by multiple personnel by comparing the effect of common graphics and image processing program on desktop. What is more, the HTMLS is used in trial in the subject to rapidly construct the graphics and image processing application based on mobile devices.