Earticle

이 논문에서는 시멘트를 전혀 사용하지 않고 결합재로서 플라이애쉬를 100% 사용한 알칼리 활성 콘크리트를 개발할 목적으로알칼리 활성화제의 화학적 변화에 따른 모르타르의 압축강도에 미치는 영향과 SEM/ EDS 및 XRD 등의 미세구조 분석을 검토하였다. 그 결과, 몰농도가 높을수록 초기강도에 큰 영향을 미치는 것으로 분석되었고, 압축강도의 크기에 비례하여 Si^4+ 및 Al^3+량이용출되었다. 또한 SEM 및 EDS로 조직을 분석한 결과 모르타르의 조직구조에 큰 영향을 미치는 성분은 Al 및 Si 성분이었고, XRD 분석결과 활성화제 성분차이에 따른 세기(intensity)의 차이는 거의 없는 것으로 나타났다.

The purpose of this paper is to develop the alkali-activated concrete which uses 100% fly ash as a binder without any cement. The compressive strength of the mortar was examined depending on the chemical change in alkali-activator through SEM and SEM/EDS observations and the XRD analysis. It was found from the test that the higher molar concentration induced the greater effect on the initial strength, and that Si^4+ and Al^3+ were eluted relative to the compressive strength of mortar. In addition, it was confirmed that Al and Si were determined to be most influential ingredients on the microstructural development of the mortar,and that the different ingredient of the activator was almost no change in solidity from the XRD analysis.

Microstructures of the lined ceramic layers were surveyed in the case of SiO2 usage as an additive. The use has induced in the formation of amorphous silicate compounds, mullite(2FeO·SiO2) and fayalite (3Al2O3·2SiO2), for the ceramic layers. Which contributes the increase of keeping time as the liquid phase, and improves the densification for the layer in the course of cooling procedure. As the results of composite analysis in the layer after heat treatment at 1,150 ℃ and 1,350 ℃, it can be proposed that a mechanism of solidification and densification progresses through four steps for the ceramic layer formation

Thanks to the rapid development of Korean and Chinese language education, as well as translation education， the quality of Korean-Chinese translations has greatly improved. Misuses of lexical items and grammar were significantly reduced. Nevertheless, awkward and esoteric translations can still be easily found expecially in text level. In spite of having lots of text-centered, or text-linguistics views in translation theories, it is still difficult to find many practical studies in translation evaluations or translations practise using them. This paper is intended to apply such text-linguistics perspective to translation studies of Korean-Chinese. This paper sees translationese in text level as an linguistics phenomenon caused by the missing of textualities during translation. So the first task was to classify the textualities actually functioned in Korean and Chinese Translation and find out the differences between these two languages. Textualities was grouped into Micro level(Micro-structure) and Macro level(Macro-structure). And this paper focused on the Micro level which included re-acceptance, connection, tense and phase. And with a lot of example sentences, this paper demonstrated the possibility and necessity of a text-linguistic approach in translation researches, and should be helpful to improve the quality of Korean-Chinese Translations.

이 연구는 신산업 분야의 규제혁신 수요조사를 파악함에 있어, 관련 이해관계자들의 정책수요 를 파악하고 향후 정책수립에 활용하기 위해 수행되었다. 분석결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 메타버 스 분야의 정부주도의 연구개발추진에 있어 등급설정을 통한 기준 강화보다는 기준 완화 즉, 개 별 검증, 인증절차 완화, 기준 유연화 등을 통해 안전성입증관련 연구가 우선 수행되어야 한다. 둘째, 메타버스 분야의 이해관계자들은 공통적으로 메타버스 안전성 실증을 위해 정부-기업 간 소통창구 및 지원기반을 확대해야 한다고 인식하고 있다. 셋째, 메타버스는 의료 분야 등 타 분 야와 접목되면서 기준완화를 통한 산업육성이냐 기준강화를 통한 관리체계 지원이냐에 대한 갈 등을 겪고 있다. 넷째, 신사업 및 서비스 분야의 규제지형변화로 인해 새롭게 구축해야 할 등급 분류기준설정, 표준, 안전성 기준 등의 법제도 기반을 운영하기 위해서는 해외사례를 지속적으 로 모니터링해야 한다. 향후 신산업분야의 규제혁신 관련 연구에 있어 이해관계자들의 분석을 통한 갈등지점 및 협력대안 도출에 관한 연구가 활성화 되어야 함을 제안한다.

This study was conducted to understand the policy demands of relevant stakeholders in identifying the regulatory innovation demand survey in the new industry field and to use it for policy establishment. The analysis results are as follows. First, in promoting government-led R&D in the Metaverse field, research related to safety verification should be carried out first through relaxation of standards, individual verification, relaxation of certification procedures, and flexibility of standards, rather than strengthening standards through grade setting. Second, stakeholders in the Metaverse field commonly recognize that it is necessary to expand communication channels and support bases between the government and companies to demonstrate Metaverse safety. Third, as the Metaverse is integrated with other fields such as the medical field, there is a conflict over whether to support the management system through the strengthening of the standards or the industry development through the relaxation of standards. Fourth, overseas cases must be continuously monitored in order to operate the legal system such as the setting of classification criteria, standards, and safety standards, which must be newly built due to the change in the regulatory landscape in the field of new businesses and services. In the future, it is suggested that research on conflict points and cooperation alternatives through stakeholder analysis should be activated in research related to regulatory innovation in new industries.

거미의 건축행동은 유전적 요인의 제한을 받지만 서식지의 다양한 환경 요인을 반영하는 먹이 사냥을 위한 투자 행동이며, 능동적인 의사결정의 반영이다. 본 연구는 긴호랑거미(Argiope bruennichi)를 대상으로 나대지(‘dry field’)와 논습지(‘wet field’)에 서식하는 개체가 건축한 웹의 물리적 구조를 정량적으로 측정 비교하였다. 습도 46.4%인 나대지(인천시 천마산)에서 35개체, 습도 73.9%의 논습지(충남 태안군)에서 13개체의 웹 구조가 분석되었다. 상대적으로 습도가 낮고 초본이 우거진 나대지 환경에 건축하는 개체의 경우 논습지 환경과 비교해 더 많은 거미실을 투자해(32.5±12.8 vs. 16.9±5.4 개의 나선실 사용), 더 넓은 웹을 건축하였다(976±643cm2 vs. 532±254cm2). 또한 나대지에 서식하는 개체가 논습지 개체에 비해 더 높은 웹을 건축하는 것으로 나타났다. (71.4±39.6cm vs. 49.6±31.2cm). 흰띠줄 건축행동을 측정한 결과 나대지의 개체가 상대적으로 큰 흰띠줄을 건축하는 것으로 나타났다(18.8±3.4cm vs. 3.9±3.2cm). 웹의 기울기를 측정한 수직경사와 동서경사의 경우 나대지와 논습지에서 유의미한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 본 연구 결과는 성체 암컷 긴호랑거미가 환경 요인에 따라 건축행동을 변화시킬 수 있다는 것을 시사한다.

Web building of the spider is an investment behavior for prey foraging with genetic constraint. Individual's decision-making on the web construction depends on diverse environmental variables. This study investigated web structure of the wasp spider, Argiope bruennichi, to compare individual's behaviors in dry field and in wet field. We measured 35 web structures in dry field (Chunma-San, Incheon) showing relatively low humidity (46.4%) and luxuriant herbage, and 13 web structures in the wet rice field (73.9%; Taean-Gun, Chungnam). Comparing to the wet field the individuals in the dry field invested significantly more silk: 32.5±12.8 number of silk spirals used in the dry field vs. 16.9±5.4 in the wet field. The web area of the dry field was greater than that of the wet field: 976±643cm2 vs. 532±254cm2. The web height, distance between the ground and the center of the web, appeared higher in the dry field than in the wet field: 71.4±39.6cm vs. 49.6±31.2cm. Also the web constructed in the dry field showed longer stabilimentum than the web of the wet field: 18.8±3.4cm vs. 3.9±3.2cm. The perpendicular inclination and the inclination to East-West of the web showed no difference between the two fields. This study suggests that adult females of A. bruennichi could modulate its construction behavior depending on the micro-habitat factors.

This study calculated road traffic carbon emissions based on micro-road traffic volume within urban block for Tier 3 application, and multiple regression analysis was conducted to confirm the influence factors of the urban spatial structure characteristics of each administrative division in Seoul on carbon emissions. As a result of the analysis, First, as a result of deriving the influencing factors of carbon emissions according to the application of the Tier 3 calculation formula, it was derived in a direction similar to that of previous studies, so it is necessary to apply the Tier 3 calculation formula to estimate carbon emissions in microscopic space units. Second, in order to reduce carbon emissions, mixed land use in the form of a compact city is required, and in terms of land use, areas that are not in the form of a compact city may appear. Therefore, it is necessary to gradually reflect land use characteristics. Third, in traffic characteristics, of highways (including urban freeway) and number of bus station was found to be a factor that increased carbon emissions. Since transportation infrastructure appears differently according to the characteristics of urban spatial structure, it is necessary to propose urban transportation policies considering the scope of application and policy effects. As a result of the analysis of this study, in order to reduce carbon, urban spatial structure policies according to gradual changes in land use characteristics and urban transportation policies considering them must be implemented.

조사후 핵연료 가열(PIA장비)를 이용한 고연소도 UO2 사용후 핵연료의 산화 및 가열후 미세조직의 변화를 관찰하였다. 울진 2호기에서 한국원자력연구소 조사후시험시설로 이송된 국산 경수로용 고연소도 사용후 핵연료는 봉평균 연소도가 57,000 MWd/tU-rod avg.이였다. 본 시험에 사용된 시편은 국부연소도 65,000 MWd/tU UO2 소결체의 고형체 200 mg을 사용하였다. 본 시편을 사용후 핵 연료 가열(PIA) 시험장비를 이용하여 핫셀 내에서 3시간의 산화시험과 연속적으로 까지 가열하였다. 결정립경계까지의 산화를 위하여 에서 헬륨 50 ml, 표준공기 100 ml를 흔합한 산화분위기로 3시간을 유지하였다. 핵분열기체 방출거동을 알기위해 시험 전과정중에 85Kr의 방출량을 베타 측정기와 감마 측정기를 이용하여 실시간으로 측정 하였다. 가열시험이 종료된 후 전자주사현미경을 이용하여 미세구조의 변화를 관찰하였다. 시험결과 가열하는 동안 핵분열생성물은 UO2기지의 결정립경계와 표면으로 이동된 것을 관찰하였다. 이 시편은 환원과정을 통하여 재구조화 되었고, 정도의 결정립크기를 가진 것으로 나타났다.

The morphology of the high burnup spent fuel, which was oxidized and annealed in a PIA (Post Irradiation Annealing) apparatus, has been observed. The high burnup fuel irradiated in Ulchin Unit 2, average rod burnup 57,000 MWd/tU, was transported to the KAERI's PIEF. The test specimen was used with about 200 mg of the spent fuel fragment of the local burnup 65,000 MWd/tU. This specimen was annealed at for 4hrs after the oxidation for 3hrs to grain boundary using the PIA apparatus in a hot-cell. In order to oxidize the grain boundary, the oxidation temperature increased up to and held for 3hrs in the mixed gas (60 ml He and 100 ml STD-air) atmosphere. The amount of 85Kr during the whole test process was measured to know the fission gas release behavior using the online system of a beta counter and a gamma counter. The detailed micro-structure was observed by a SEM to confirm the change of the fuel morphology after this test. As the annealing temperature increased, the fission products were observed to move to the grain surface and grain boundary of the matrix. This specimen was re-structured through the reduction process, and the grain sizes were distributed from 5 to .

This paper proposes the optimal structure of a Printed Circuit Board-based micro-PCR Chip constructed on a PCB substrate using commercial adhesive tapes and plastic films. The proposed micro-PCR chip was composed of four layers. In a previous experiment, the chip had been made with a green PCB, yielding an unwanted reflection that prevented accurate analysis. In this study, the solder mask of the PCB substrate was coated black for a higher signal-to-noise ratio, and the area where the reaction chamber was attached was legend-printed with white silk for better reflection of the fluorescence light. The top cover, which was 180𝜇m thick, was also colored black to minimize the noise during fluorescence detection. As a result of carrying out PCR, it was found that the fluorescence brightness increased with increasing numbers of cycles.

본 연구에서는 누에고치의 기능적인 면을 고려한 모발화장품으로서의 이용가능성을 타진하여 최종적으로는 누에고치 가수 분해물인 실크 단백질을 이용한 제품을 개발하고 그 효과를 연구하였다. 분자량 300-500의 저분자 실크펩타이드를 원료로 한 트리트먼트를 제조하고 성분함량에 차이를 두어 총 4개의 sample을 제조, 저분자 실크단백질이 손상모발 내부로 침투하여 모발에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 모발 화장품으로써의 효용성과 모발 보호 효과에 대한 기초물성 실험을 하고, AFM을 통한 모발의 미세구조변화를 연구하였다. 누에고치 가수분해 단백질을 이용한 제품의 모발 보호 효과에 대한 기초물성 실험으로 모발의 질량, 모간 굵기, 흡광도, 보습력 변화를 측정한 결과, S.P.T 처리 후의 모발 sample은 이전과 비교하여 전반적으로 모발의 질량, 굵기가 증가함과 동시에 뛰어난 보습 효과를 나타내었다. 한편 모발표면의 손상정도와 두께, 큐티클의 height변화에 대한 roughness를 측정한 결과에서 또한 S.P.T 샘플이 건강모와 같은 수준의 큐티클 상태로 회복한 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 물론 성분함량에 따라 약간의 차이는 존재하였으나 실크펩타이드를 원료로 한 Treatment 조성물은 전반적으로 화학시술로 인하여 손상된 모발표면에 흡착, 큐티클 손상부를 부드럽게 매워주는 역할을 함으로써 향후 효과적인 천연 모발 컨디셔닝 제품의 하나로 적용될 수 있을 것으로 보인다.

In this study, hair care effects of the hair cosmetics including low molecular weight silk peptide, hydrolysate which is produced from cocoon were investigated. After producing the hair cosmetics including silk peptide which has 300-500 molecular weight, we measured its hair care effects through the various tests; change of the hair weight, hair thickness, absorbance rate and hair moisture value and micro structure analysis. As a result, S.P.T. (Silk peptide Treatment) was effectively penetrated into the hair which has been damaged by chemical treatments, increased the hair weight, thickness and hair moisture value and also recovered the cuticle of the hair. Thus, the treatment of hair with silk peptide hydrolysate would be effective to recover the damaged hair into the normal conditions.

Advancements in the imaging and computing technology have opened the path to digital holography for non-destructive investigations of technical samples, material property measurement, vibration analysis, flow visualization and stress analysis in aerospace industry which has widened the application of digital holography in the above fields. In this paper, we demonstrate the non-destructive investigation and micro-structure measurement application of digital holography to the small particles and a biological sample. This paper gives a brief description of the digital holograms recorded with this system and illustratively demonstrated.

$TiO_2$ films prepared by RF magnetron sputtering, electron beam evaporation, ion assisted deposition (IAD) and sol-gel method are prepared on c-Si substrate and vitreous silica substrate respectively. From the transmission spectra of $TiO_2$ films on vitreous silica substrate in the spectral region from 190 nm to 900 nm, k($\lambda$) of $TiO_2$ is obtained. Using k($\lambda$) in the interband transition region the coefficients of the quantum mechanical dispersion relation of an amorphous $TiO_2$ and hence n($\lambda$) including the optically opaque region of above fundamental transition energy are obtained. The spectroscopic ellipsometry spectra of $TiO_2$ films in the spectral region of 1.5-5.0eV are model analyzed to get the film packing density variation versus i) substrate material, ii) film thickness and iii) film growth technique. The complex refractive index change of these $TiO_2$ films versus water condensation is also studied. Film micro-structures by SE modelling results are compared with those by atomic force microscopy images and X-ray diffraction data.

Electroless plating nickel has superior mechanical property to electroplated nickel. Furthermore nickel can be coated on nonconducting substrate. In this research, electroless plating of nickel were conducted in different bath condition to find optimum conditions of electroless nickel plating for MEMS applications. The selectivity of activation method on several substrates was investigated. The effects of nickel concentration, reducing agent concentration and inhibitor on deposition rate were investigated. The effect of pH on deposition rate and content of phosphorous in deposited nickel was also investigated.

In the current study the effects of reinforcing cowpat ash (CPA) in aluminium 7075 alloy are briefly reported. CPA wasreinforced in varying the weight percentage by 3, 6 and 9 using double stir casting technique. The effects of CPA particles areanalysed and compared with base material through physical and tribological behaviours. Bonding and distribution of CPAparticles were examined by optical microscope and scanning electron microscope. Mechanical and tribological properties wascarried out in produced samples. The micro structural images disclosed that the CPA particles were uniformly distributed inthe aluminium matrix. The fabricated composite materials density was decreasing while increasing CPA particles, but on theother hand the porosity was increasing. The ultimate tensile strength and hardness of samples increased up to 6% of CPAreinforcement and extra addition in particles has reduced their strength. The base alloy exhibited better impact strength thanthe composite material. Maximum decrease in wear rate was attained at 6% CPA reinforcement. The fracture SEM imagesexhibited cracks, voids, dimples for tensile and impact specimens and micro cuttings, micro ploughing in the worn-out surface. The corrosion rate decreased with increase in CPA particles.

In this study, we investigated that the resistance switching characteristics of Nb-doped HfO2 films with increasing Nb doping concentration. The Nb-doped HfO2 based ReRAM devices with a TiN/Nb-doped HfO2/Pt/Ti/SiO2 were fabricated on Si substrates. The Nb-doped HfO2 films were deposited by reactive dc magnetron co-sputtering at $300^{\circ}C$ and oxygen partial ratio of 60% (Ar: 16sccm, O2: 24sccm). Microstructure of Nb-doped HfO2 films and atomic concentration were investigated by XRD, TEM, and XPS, respectively. The Nb-doped HfO2 films showed set/reset resistance switching behavior at various Nb doping concentrations. The process voltage of forming/set is decreased and whereas the initial current level is increased in doped HfO2 films. However, the switching properties of Nb-doped HfO2 were changed above the specific doping concentration of Nb. The change of resistance switching behavior depending on doping concentration was discussed in terms of concentration of non-lattice oxygen and micro-structure of Nb-doped HfO2.

Objectives: We compared changes in fractal dimension (FD) and grayscale value (GSV) of peri-implant alveolar bone on digital panoramic radiography (DPR) and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) immediately after implant surgery and 12 months postoperative. Materials and Methods: In this retrospective study, 16 patients who received posterior mandibular area dental implants with CBCT scans taken about 2 weeks after implantation and one year after implantation were analyzed. A region of interest was selected for each patient. FDs and GSVs were evaluated immediately after implant surgery and at 12-month follow-up to examine the functional loading of the implants. Results: There were no significant differences between DPR and CBCT measurements of FD values (P>0.05). No significant differences were observed between FD values and GSVs calculated after implant surgery and at the 12-month follow-up (P>0.05). GSVs were not correlated with FD values (P>0.05). Conclusion: The DPR and reconstructed panoramic CBCT images exhibit similar image quality for the assessment of FD. There were no changes in FD values or GSVs of the peri-implant trabecular bone structure at the 12-month postoperative evaluation of the functional loading of the implant in comparison to values immediately after implantation. GSVs representing bone mass do not align with FD values that predict bone microstructural parameters. Therefore, GSVs and FDs should be considered different parameters for assessing bone quality.

Objectives: We compared changes in fractal dimension (FD) and grayscale value (GSV) of peri-implant alveolar bone on digital panoramic radiogra-phy (DPR) and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) immediately after implant surgery and 12 months postoperative. Materials and Methods: In this retrospective study, 16 patients who received posterior mandibular area dental implants with CBCT scans taken about 2 weeks after implantation and one year after implantation were analyzed. A region of interest was selected for each patient. FDs and GSVs were evaluated immediately after implant surgery and at 12-month follow-up to examine the functional loading of the implants. Results: There were no significant differences between DPR and CBCT measurements of FD values (P>0.05). No significant differences were ob-served between FD values and GSVs calculated after implant surgery and at the 12-month follow-up (P>0.05). GSVs were not correlated with FD values (P>0.05). Conclusion: The DPR and reconstructed panoramic CBCT images exhibit similar image quality for the assessment of FD. There were no changes in FD values or GSVs of the peri-implant trabecular bone structure at the 12-month postoperative evaluation of the functional loading of the implant in comparison to values immediately after implantation. GSVs representing bone mass do not align with FD values that predict bone microstructural parameters. Therefore, GSVs and FDs should be considered different parameters for assessing bone quality.

A variety of NMR techniques were applied to the micro-chemical structural characterization of polyanilines prepared via an efficient synthetic method in a self-stabilized dispersion medium in which the polymerization was conducted in a heterogeneous organic/aqueous biphasic system without any stabilizers. Here, the monomer and growing polymer chain were shown to function simultaneously as a stabilizer, imparting compatibility for the dispersion of the organic phase, and as a form of flexible template in an aqueous reaction medium. Polymerizations predicated on this concept generated polyanilines with a low defect content: solution state $^{13}C-NMR$ and solid $^{13}CDD/CP/MAS$ spectroscopy indicated that the synthesized HCPANi and its soluble derivative, HCPANi-t-BOC, evidenced distinctly different NMR spectra with fewer side peaks, as compared to conventionally prepared PANis, and the complete structural assignments of the observed NMR peaks could be determined via the combination of both 1D and 2D techniques. Ortho-linked defects in HCPANi were estimated to be as low as 7%, as shown by a comparison of the integration of the carbonyl carbon resonance peaks.

기존의 고출력 광원들이 환경문제 등으로 외국에서 규제대상으로 지정되고 있는 가운데고체 상태의 광원인 Light-emitting diode (LED)는 기존의 광원에 비해 에너지 절감효과 크기 때문에 인해 널리 사용되고 있는 추세이다. 대부분의 백색 LED의 경우 청색 LED에 황색 형광체를 사용하는 것이 일반적이다. 그러나 이의 경우 빛의 흡수와 재방출 과정에서 생기는 에너지 변환손실의 문제가 불가피하다. 또한, 두 종류의 색을 섞어서 나타나는 낮은 연색성의 문제가 있고 사용할 수 있는 형광체의 종류와 조합도 일본 등 해외에 출원된 특허권으로 연구개발에 어려움이 있다. 이를 해결하기 위해 본 연구에서는 형광체를 사용하지 않는 단일 백색 LED를 개발을 위하여 극성과 반극성을 조합한 구조를 연구하였다. Photo-lithography를 이용하여 다양한 크기와 구조의 홀 패턴을 얻을 수 있었으며, metal organic chemical vapor deposition을 이용하여 다양한 형태의 피라미드 구조를 성장할 수 있었다. 패턴의 홀 크기와 홀 사이의 간격을 조절하면서 성장을 진행 하였고, 그 결과 pyramid와 truncated pyramid 모양의 GaN 구조를 성장할 수 있었다. [그림 1] Pyramid 구조의 반극성 면과 truncated pyramid 구조의 극성 면사이의 성장속도 차이 때문에 양자우물의 두께가 달라짐을 확인하였다. 이로 인해 양자구속효과가 달라져 다른 파장의 발광을 기대할 수 있었다. 뿐만 아니라 In의 확산거리가 Ga보다 길어서 홀사이 간격을 달리하면 In조성비가 달라지는 효과가 있음을 확인하였고 다양한 홀 사이 간격으로부터 각기 다른 파장의 발광을 얻을 수 있었다. 파장을 조금 더 상세하게 분석하기 위하여 Photoluminescence과 Cathodoluminescence을 사용하였다. 이로써 여러 파장을 발광하는 패턴을 섞어 넓은 영역의 발광 스펙트럼을 만들었다. 특히 패턴을 섞는 방법도 홀과 에피 구조를 섞는 방법, 크기가 다른 홀 패턴을 배열하는 방법등 다양히 하며 가장 좋을 패턴을 연구하였다. 그리하여 최적의 패턴과 구조, 성장조건을 찾아 백색의 CIE 좌표값을 얻을 수 있었다.