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A lot of research has been done on “Recommendation”, but the way it is used and the scope of its definition vary from researcher to researcher. Therefore, I made a hypothesis that the most important viewpoint in “Invitation” is “Building Uchi-relationship”. The 71st episode of the drama and two movies were analyzed from the perspective of “Building Uchi-relationship.” It was found that the Expression Form uses “suru”, “suruka”, and “dou” types in addition to “shiyou”, “shiyouka”, and “shinaika”, which have been considered to be typical forms. Consider how these six Expression Forms are related to the four Expression functions “Group (guru-pu)”, “Attract (hikikomi)”, “Accept (mukaeire)”, and “Support (atooshi)”. In “Group (guru-pu)”, “shiyou” was the most common. Next is “shiyouka” “shinaika” “suruka” “suru” “dou” in that order. In “Attract (hikikomi)”, “suruka” was the most common. Next is the order of “shiyou”, “shinaika”, and “dou”. In “Accept (mukaeire)”, only two Expression Forms, “suruka” and “shinaika”, were used. In “Support (atooshi)”, only two Expression Forms, “shiyou” and “shiyouka”, appeared. From the viewpoint of “Building Uchi-relationship”, I was able to grasp “Invitation” more broadly and investigate the correlation between Expression Form and Expression function.

Beta-catenin (CTNNB1, catenin (cadherin-associated protein), beta 1) is involved in various biological processes, including embryogenesis, tumorigenesis, angiogenesis and progression of metastasis. CTNNB1, as a multifunctional and oncogenic protein, has important roles in adhesion between Sertoli cells through an N-cadherin- dependent manner and in various cancer types through its over-activation. In addition, CTNNB1 can interact with estrogen/estrogen receptor alpha complex, which regulates the transcription of WNT (wingless-type MMTV integration site family)/CTNNB1 target genes. Recently, we investigated the functional roles and expression pattern of CTNNB1 during the morphological changes of embryonic gonads of chickens and the estrogen-dependent regulation of CTNNB1 in oviduct development and potential functions as a biomarker of CTNNB1 in human epithelial ovarian cancer using the chicken as a biological research model. Therefore, in this review, we provide a new insight of potential role of CTNNB1 in the development of the female reproductive tract during early embryogenesis and ovarian carcinogenesis of laying hen models.

Interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) are among the most important transcription mediators and have multiple biological functions, such as antiviral and antimicrobial defense, cell differentiation, immune modulation, and apoptosis. Three IRF family members (HaIRF4-like, HaIRF6, and HaIRF8) of the big belly seahorse (Hippocampus abdominalis) were molecularly and functionally characterized at the sequence and transcriptional level. The coding sequences of HaIRF4-like, HaIRF6, and HaIRF8 were 1214, 1485, and 1266 bp in length, encoding proteins of size 46.21, 55.32, and 47.56 kDa, respectively. Potential viral transcription and replication was detected against VHSV infection using qPCR in HaIRFs-transfected FHM cells. IRFs significantly reduced viral gene expression at 24 h and 48 h post infection and the expression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) was modulated at transcriptional level upon HaIRF overexpression in FHM cells. Subcellular HaIRF localization was observed using GFP-tagged expression vectors in FHM cells. HaIRF4-like and HaIRF8 were localized to the nucleus, whereas HaIRF6 was observed in the cytoplasm. All three IRFs were ubiquitously expressed in all analyzed tissues of the big belly seahorse. The mRNA expression of IRF4-like, IRF6, and IRF8 increased significantly post injection in the blood and gills following LPS, poly (I:C), and Streptococcus iniae challenge. These findings demonstrate that seahorse IRFs are involved in host defense mechanisms against immune stimulants and HaIRFs induce interferon and ISGs which trigger antiviral activity against viral infections in the host.

Effects of aerobic exercise intensity on Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression of hippocampus and cognitive function in mice with high-fat diet are not well known. In this study, we investigated the differences in hippocampus BDNF and its receptor, tyrosine kinase B (TrkB) expression and cognitive functions in high-fat diet-fed mice after aerobic exercise with different intensities. The mice were fed a 60% high-fat diet for 6 weeks and divided into 4 experimental groups; no exercise (HFD, n=6), low intensity exercise (HFD-LE, n=6), moderate intensity exercise (HFD-ME, n=6), or high intensity exercise (HFD-HE, n=6). Exercise intervention was conducted for 8 weeks. For the control group (CON, n=6), normal diet was fed for 14 weeks. Protein expression of BDNF and TrkB were measured by western blot and cognitive functions were determined by T-maze task and Morris water maze task. Our result show that HFD-HE and HFD-LE groups had significantly higher BDNF protein expression level than CON, and HFD-HE group had significantly higher than HFD-LE group. The HFD-HE group also showed significantly higher TrkB protein expression level than all other groups. In the T-maze task, novel route awareness was significantly higher in HFD-HE and HFD-LE groups than CON. For Morris water maze task, time to reach platform was significantly shorter in HFD-HE than all other groups. These results indicate that high intensity exercise is generally more effective for increases in BDNF and TrkB protein expression and improvements on cognitive functions than moderate and low intensity exercise even with high fat diet. Therefore, we hypothesize that high intensity exercise can be recommended to overweight or obese individuals with reduced cognitive function.

We wanted to find the intensity of exercise that could increase brainderived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression and improve spatial learning and memory without dietary control. C57BL/6 mice were fed a 60% high-fat diet (HFD) for 6 weeks to induce obesity. Obesity-induced mice were exercised on a treadmill for 8 weeks at various exercise intensities: HFD-control (n= 7), HFD-low-intensity exercise (HFD-LIE, n= 7, 12 m/min for 75 min), HFD-middle intensity exercise (HFD-MIE, n= 7, 15 m/min for 60 min) and HFD-high-intensity exercise (HFD-HIE, n= 7, 18 m/min for 50 min). One week before sacrificing mice, the Morris water maze test was performed, and the hippocampus was immediately removed after sacrifice. The expression levels of BDNF (encoded by the gene Bdnf) and tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) in the hippocampus were analyzed by quantitative real-time reverse transcriptionpolymerase chain reaction and western blot. In the last probe test of the Morris water maze test, occupancy in the target quadrant was significantly higher in the HFD-HIE group (P< 0.05) than in the other groups. In addition, mRNA expression from the Bdnf promoter region was found to be significantly higher in the HFD-HIE group than in the other groups (P< 0.001). Although there were some differences in the levels of significance, the expression levels of both BDNF and TrkB were significantly higher in the HFD-HIE group than in the other groups. Therefore, relatively high-intensity aerobic exercise can resist the adverse effects of a high-fat diet on the brain without dietary control.

Since Aït-Sahalia (2002)’s seminal work on obtaining a closed-form approximate transition probabil- ity density function (ATPDF) of a univariate time-homogeneous di¤usion process, many researchers employed his idea to extend it to more general cases. Those include ATPDFs of univariate time- inhomogeneous di¤usions (Egorov, Li, and Xu (2003)), likelihood expansions of multivariate time- homogeneous di¤usions (Aït-Sahalia (2008)), ATPDFs of multivariate time-homogeneous jump di¤u- sions (Yu (2007)), likelihood expansions of multivariate time-inhomogeneous di¤usions (Choi (2013)), and ATPDFs of multivariate di¤usions (Choi (2015)). This article considers getting an explicit form of an ATPDF for multivariate time-inhomogeneous jump di¤usion processes which encompass all of the aforementioned models. Using the Kolmogorov partial di¤erential equation (PDE), we …rst …nd PDEs of the coe¢ cients of the ATPDF. These PDEs can be solved and we can get the formulas to retrieve all coe¢ cients of the ATPDF successively when the multivariate time-inhomogeneous jump di¤usion is reducible. However, if it is not reducible we can no longer solve the PDEs. In this case, Taylor-expanding the coe¢ cients and matching the same orders in the PDEs yield an ATPDF for the time-homogeneous jump di¤usion. But in the case of time-inhomogeneous jump di¤usion, the similar indeterminacy problem to Choi (2013) occurs. We prove that all of the generally nonzero indeterminate terms are cancelled out in the TPDF expansion. The ATPDF can be utilized to a variety of areas including maximum likelihood estimation, asset pricing, and Bayesian analysis.

The olfactory bulbectomy (OBX) is a well-known method inducing ani-mal model of depression. Depression is associated with dysfunction of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) system. In the present study, an-tidepressive effect of treadmill exercise was investigated using olfacto-ry bulbectomized rats. After bilateral bulbectomy, the rats in the tread-mill exercise groups were subjected to run on a treadmill for 30 min once a day during 28 days. Increased immobility time and decreased fast time in the forced swim test were observed in the olfactory bulbec-tomized rats. Sucrose preference in the sucrose preference test was decreased and activity in the open field test was also increased in the olfactory bulbectomized rats. Treadmill exercise decreased immobility time and activity and increased fast time and sucrose preference in the olfactory bulbectomized rats. Expressions of 5-HT and tryptophan hy-droxylase (TPH) in the dorsal raphe of rats were suppressed by OBX and treadmill exercise increased the expressions of 5-HT and TPH in the olfactory bulbectomized rats. Serotonin receptor type 1A (5-HT1A) expression in the dorsal raphe was reduced by OBX and treadmill exer-cise increased 5-HT1A expression in the olfactory bulbectomized rats. In the present study, treadmill exercise ameliorated OBX-induced depres-sive symptoms. The antidepressive effect of treadmill exercise might be ascribed to the enhancement of serotonergic function through upregu-lation of 5-HT1A expression in the dorsal raphe.

본 논문은 문말 표현 형식에 ｢と思う／と思います｣가 출현해, ｢と思う｣의 유무와 관계없이 수신자에게 문강의 뜻이 전달되는 일인칭 주체의 문장에 관해, ｢왜 굳이 『と思う』 를 사용하는 것인가｣라는 의문에 대해, ＜인용의 ｢と｣＋사고 동사 ｢思う｣＞라는 관점으로부터 고찰한 결과 보고이다. 선행 연구에서는 ｢배려｣의 기능으로서 파악한 논고가많이 관찰되었지만, 본 논문에서는 ｢애매성｣을 중심적 기능으로서 파악할 것을 제안하였다. 또, ｢と思う｣가 ｢인용의 『と』｣, ｢사고 동사 『思う』｣의 기본적인 의미・역할을 하고있다고 생각해(본 논문에서 취급하는) ｢と思う｣의 【기능】 및 그 원리를 제시하였다.

This paper reports a result of the consideration about “TO OMOU / TO OMOIMASU” of the end of a sentence expression. Particularly, from the view of “particle of the quotation “TO” and verb of thinking “OMOU””, first person-based sentence that the meaning of the sentence reaches the addressee regardless of presence/absence of “TO OMOU”, it examines the question that why the sentence dare to use the expression “TO OMOU”. In the precedent study, a lot of studies to catch as a function of “consideration” were confirmed. However, the writer proposed regarding “ambiguity” as a central function in this paper. In addition, the writer thinks that “TO OMOU” serves as a basic meaning, function of “particle of the quotation “TO”” and “verb of thinking “OMOU””, and shows [function of the root] of “TO OMOU” and the principle.

本稿は、文末表現形式に｢と思う／と思います｣が出現し、｢と思う｣の有無 にかかわらず受信者に文意が伝達される一人称主体の文に関し、｢あえて『と 思う』を用いるのはなぜか｣との疑問に対し、＜引用の｢と｣＋思考動詞｢思う｣＞ との視座から考察した結果報告である。先行研究では、｢配慮｣の機能として 捉える論考が多く観察されたが、本稿では｢曖昧性｣を中心的機能として据え ることを提案した。また、｢と思う｣が｢引用の『と』｣、｢思考動詞『思う』｣の基 本的意味・役割を果たしていると考え、(本稿で扱う)｢と思う｣の【機能】、およ び、その原理を提示した。

본 연구는 청주시의 대안교육센터에서 교육수강명령을 받은 비행집단 40명과 일반 중․고교생 중 K-YSR의 외현화 문제행동척도의 상위 15%에 해당하는 위험집단 40명 및 문제행동을 보고 하지 않은 일반집단 100명을 대상으로 애착유형에 따른 분노표현양식과 공격행동의 차이를 비교분석하였다. 세 집단의 연령 평균은 15.7세(SD=2.04)였고, 총 180명을 대상으로 애착유형척도, 분노표현척도, 청소년 행동평가척도(K-YSR), 공격행동척도를 실시하였다. 본 연구는 청소년의 비행과 관련이 깊은 애착유형과 분노표현양식 및 공격행동의 차이를 세 집단으로 구분하여 탐색하였다. 주요 결과를 살펴보면, 첫째, 비행집단과 위험집단의 애착유형분포는 두려움형, 안정형, 무시형, 몰입형 순으로 나타난 반면, 일반집단의 애착유형분포는 안정형, 무시형, 몰입형, 두려움형순이었다. 둘째, 세 집단 간에 애착유형에 따라 분노표현이 유의한 차이를 보였고, 비행 및 위험집단 중 몰입형 애착유형을 지닌 청소년의 분노표현을 보이는 성향이 가장 높은 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 세 집단 간에 애착유형에 따라 공격행동이 유의한 차이를 보였고, 비행 및 위험집단에서 몰입형 애착유형을 지닌 청소년이 간접적 공격행동을 보이는 성향이 가장 높은 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 비행과 관련이 깊은 애착유형 중 몰입형 애착유형이 외현화 행동문제와 가장 높은 연관성이 있다는 사실을 도출하였다. 이 결과는 청소년들의 심리적 안정과 학교 폭력 및 비행을 예방하기 위해 가족 및 국가 차원에서의 조심스러운 개입이 필수적이라는 점과 청소년들의 고민을 함께 나누고 치유하는 과정이 필요하다는 면에서 시사하는 바가 크다.

This study was performed to compare a delinquent group who had education in Alternative Education Center with a risk group consisting of forty middle and high students who belonged to upper fifteen percent of those with externalizing behavior problem subscale in K-YSR and a normal group consisted of hundred students without problematic behaviors, for any difference in anger expression styles and aggressive behaviors according to their attachment types. The mean age of the three groups was fifteen point seven; at total of 180 students were measured for Attachment Style inventory, State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory, Korean-Youth Self Report-CBCL(K-YSR) and Aggressive Behaviors scale. The major results are as following. First, attachment types of the delinquent and risk groupwere distributed of fearful type, secure type, dismissing type and preoccupied type from the most in order, while those of normal group were distributed of secured type, dismissingt ype, preoccupied type, fearful in order. Second, in a anger expression styles, about the delinquent and risk group with preoccupied type were higher anger-out than normal group. Third, inaggressive behaviors about the delinquent and risk group with preoccupied type were higher indirect aggressive behaviors than normal group. This study explored preoccupied type among attachment style, externalizing behavio rproblem which have much relation with juvenile delinquency. Overall, the results suggested that risk group with possibility of potential delinquency required preventive and therapeutic interventio.

Frank expression is a common way of expression. This paper defines frank expression as a speech act, and studies its function from the perspective of interaction. According to the analysis of corpus, Chinese frank expression can be used for positive expression, negative expression and zero degree expression. In positive expression, frank expression is used to enhance sincerity. In the negative expression, confession is used to reduce the degree of face threat or prompt threat. In the zero degree expression, the frank expression is used to enhance credibility. In addition, the function of frank expression is intersecting.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the mitochondria biogenesis and function of gracilis muscle following prolonged taekwondo training. In this study, taekwondo trained group (14±2.4yr, 4time week-1, 3-4hour/day-1; EXE, n=6) and non regular exercise training group(NEXE, n=6) were participated and gracilis muscle(20mg) was extracted while ACL surgery with voluntary consent AMPK, pAMPK and CAMK protein which are intracellular messenger were significantly over expressed in EXE group compared with NEXE group. PGC-1α which is referred as main controlling protein for mitochondria biogenesis also remarkably expressed in EXE group. furthermore, UCP3 and GLUT4 protein expression in EXE group were significantly over expressed compared with NEXE group. As to these results, protein overexpression for mitochondria biogenesis and function of gracilis muscle following prolonged taekwondo training were adaptive phenomenon, which might be expressed as improved taekwondo performance because of not only higher anaerobic capacity but also higher aerobic capacity in elite taekwondo player

模寫表現というのは談話で話し手の模寫表現を聞き手が繰り返す表現を意味する.しかし模寫表現はいつも原發話と同じ形で繰り返しているのではなく,形が改變されて發話される場合もある.原發話と模寫表現の形が異なることは原發話を漠寫表現者が認識する過程で行われる.そして,模寫表現の形態の違いと認識の關係は密接な關係がある.原發話が長くても模寫表現者が認識する部分だけが模寫表現と發話されることによって模寫表現か原發話と異なることもある.そして,同じ原發話であってら模寫表現者の認識の相違によって「述部形」と「名詞形」になる場合もあれば,模寫表現者の認識の相違によって同じ名詞形の表現であっても「名詞だけ形」と「名詞+助詞形」になる場合がある. 漠寫表現は模寫表現者の多樣な認識の表示手段として發話されている.漠寫表現者が原發話の內容を否定的 に認識する際には原發話の內容の外延に當たる表現で模寫表現を發する.また,原發話を積極的な態度で認識している際には原發話の內容より狹くて具體的な表現として模寫表現を發話するようになる. その他,原發話者の主觀的氣持を認識した際にも,または原發話の內容が未知である場合にもそれを表示する手段として模寫表現が發話される. 模寫表現には談話中に模寫表現者が認識したいろいろな事實を表示する機能があるのである.

본 연구는 정서표현의 억제를 동기화하는 내적 기제로 정서표현에 대한 신념이 작용함을 밝히고자 하였다. 정서표현의 결과나 기능을 어떻게 표상하는지에 대한 내용분석을 통해 15문항을 최종 선별하여 230명의 대학생을 대상으로 '정서표현에 대한 신념' 척도의 신뢰도와 타당도를 검토하였다. 정서표현의 신념 척도는 ‘도구-관습적 신념’과 ‘정서-관계적 신념’의 2요인 구조로, 기존 연구자들이 제안한 자기보호와 친사회성 관련 신념 외에 파워나 인상 유지와 관련된 넓은 범위의 도구적이고 관습적인 신념들을 포함하였다. 상관 및 회귀 분석 결과 정서표현에 대한 부정적인 신념이 높은 정서표현갈등, 낮은 정서인식과 정서표현성을 유의미하게 설명하였고, 우울과 불안의 적응지표와 유의미한 정적 상관관계를 보였다. 이러한 결과들은 낮은 표현성 자체가 병리적인 것이 아니라, 정서에 대한 부정적 신념이 선행요인으로 작용하여 정서표현의 갈등이나 억제를 유발하고 부적응 지표와 연결됨을 설명하였다는데 의의가 있다. 향후 연구의 방향 및 척도의 보완점들은 논의에서 기술하였다.

The purpose of this study was to identify the influence of 'Belief about Emotional Expression' on inhibition of emotional expression. In preliminary study, we developed 15 items scale by contents analysis. Factor analysis confirm 2 factor structure; ‘Instrumental- conventional beliefs’ and ‘emotive-relational beliefs’. It not only includes beliefs former theoretical results cover- self protective, prosocial beliefs, but also beliefs like power-work oriented, conventional impress managing beliefs. the Negative beliefs about emotional expression significantly explained ambivalence on emotional expression and low expressiveness together with low emotional awareness. it also show significant corelation with depression and anxiety. It means that the scale is reliable and valid and could explain the relationship between expressiveness and wellbeing. Belief on Emotional Expression could be antecedent that make ambivalence and suppression on expression, active supersession could affect emotional adaptiveness.

본 연구는 중요변수와 세부변수를 조절하여 추녀곡선을 결정할 때 영향을 주는 갈모산방 형태를 함수화 하여 설계단계에서 3D 부재설계나 제작단계에서 부재가공에 활용하기 위한 목적으로 진행하였다. 추녀와 선자연은 갈모산방 위에 설치되는 것이기 때문에 추녀와 선자연의 곡선을 자연스럽게 형성시키기 위해서는 갈모산방을 정확하게 설계/제작되어 배치되는 것이 매우 중요하다. 귓기둥 부분에서 외진기둥과 내진기둥 사이의 간격과 높이차, 처마내밀기의 길이 등을 기본변수로 하고 갈모산방의 높이 등을 세부변수로 하여 추녀곡선을 결정하였을 때, 갈모산방의 형태 결정을 위한 선들의 기울기를 삼각함수를 활용하여 판단하였다. 추녀의 평면적 각도를 45〫 로 설정하였으며, 갈모산방에서 판단해야 하는 자체변수와 이러한 자체변수들에 영향을 주는 주변변수로 구분하여 변수를 결정하였다. 결론적으로 갈모산방의 형태를 결정짓는 면과 선의 각도를 삼각함수를 활용하여 정의하였으며, 계산된 변수를 활용하여 갈모산방을 설계하였을 때 정확하게 위치를 잡는다는 것을 확인하였다.

This study was conducted to use in design phase and the production phase by present as numerical expression for Galmosanbang boundary line which was one of critical variables affecting the Chu-nyu shape. It was very important the exact design of Galmosanbang to make Chunyu Curve naturally beacuse Chu-nyu laid over Galmosanbang. It was calculated the slope of line to define Galmosanbang shape by trigonometric function when horizontal and vertical distance of inner and outer coner column were basic variables. The angle of Chu-nyu in plan used 45〫 and its were distinguished as variables which can be selected by designer and calculated through basic variables. Consequently, the shape of Galmosanbang surface and the angle of the line were defined by using trigonometric functions and it was conformed that Galmosanbang’s location by calculated values located correctly.

본 연구는 한국어 표현문형 ‘-어/아/여 보다’의 의미 기능을 유형화하고 그 사용 양상을 밝히는 데 목적 이 있다. 이를 위하여 한국어 구어 말뭉치에서 ‘-어/아/여 보다’를 검색하여 그 용례를 검토하는 방식으로 연구를 진행하였다. 우선, ‘-어/아/여 보다’의 의미 기능을 크게 ‘관념적 범주’, ‘관계적 범주’, ‘화행적 범주’로 구분하였다. 그 후 관념적 범주는 ‘시도’와 ‘경험’으로 하위 범주를 구분하였고 관계적 범주는 ‘직접’와 ‘완곡’으로, 화행적 범주 는 ‘가정’, ‘기회’, ‘부질없음’, ‘사유’, ‘성취’, ‘시행’, ‘제한’, ‘집중 및 강조’로 그 하위 범주를 설정하였다. 이 연구에 서는 ‘어/아/여 보다’가 복잡하고 다양한 의미 기능을 지녔음을 밝혔고 그 사용 양상 역시 다양하게 나타났다. 전 체 담화 상황이나 어조 등을 확인하지 못한 한계가 있으나 이를 보완하면 한국어교육의 교수‧학습 자료의 기초 자료로서 활용될 수 있으리라 생각한다.

The purpose of this study is to categorize the semantic function of the Korean expression sentence type ‘-uh/ah/yeo boda’ and to clarify its usage pattern. To this end, the study is conducted by searching for ‘-uh/ah/yeo boda’ in the Korean colloquial corpus and reviewing its use. First of all, the semantic function of ‘-uh/ah/yeo boda’ is largely divided into ‘ideational function’, ‘interpersonal function’, ‘textual function’. After that, the ‘ideational function’ is divided into 'attempt' and 'experience', ‘interpersonal function’ is 'direct' and 'completion', and the ‘textual function’ is set as 'assumptions', 'opportunities', 'intention', 'reason', 'implementation', 'concentration and emphasis'. In this study, it is revealed that ‘-uh/ah/yeo boda’ had a complex and diverse semantic function, and its usage patterns were also diverse.Although there are limitations in not confirming the overall discourse situation or tone, I think that if this is supplemented, it can be used as basic data for teaching and learning materials for Korean language education.

This study sampled 341 individuals using purposeful sampling in order to examine the effects of the leisure function of university students involved in club activities on their self-expression behavior and human relations. The data acquired through this was analyzed by correlation analysis and multiple linear regression. First, regarding the relation between the leisure function and self-expression behavior of university students involved in club activities, the results reveal that leisure needs and confidence have effects on altruistic and ethical self-expression behavior, and devotion to leisure has effects on all the sub-factors of self-expression behavior, whereas leisure moderation does not have effects on self-expression behavior. Second, regarding the effects of the leisure function of university students involved in club activities on their human relations, the results of this study show that leisure needs and confidence have effects on all the sub-factors of human relations, and devotion to leisure has effects on friendliness and understanding. Third, regarding the effects of self-expression behavior of university students involved in club activities on their human relations, the results indicate that altruistic factors of self-expression behavior has effects on all the sub-factors of human relations, while ethical and active factors have partial effects on them.

Therapeutic proteins can prevent or treat wide ranges of diseases from cancer and viral or bacterial infections. Plants have advantages which include the lack of animal pathogenic contaminants, low cost of production, and ease of agricultural scale‐up compared to other currently available systems. However, plants are not ideal expression systems for the production of biopharmaceutical proteins, due to incapability of the authentic human N-glycosylation process. The majority of therapeutic proteins are glycoproteins which harbor N-glycans, which are often essential for their stability, folding, and biological activity. Thus, the effective plant production system for recombinant therapeutics requires the appropriate plant expression machinery with optimal combination of transgene expression regulatory conditions such as control of transcriptional and post transcriptional events. We are interested in developing a plant system to express a large amount of therapeutic proteins in plant cells using so called cell-reprogramming and several glyco-engineering strategies in plants, particularly including glycoprotein subcellular targeting, inhibition of plant specific glycosyltranferases and addition of human specific glycosyltransferases. Among the variety of available heterologous expression systems, the baculovirus-based insect cell expression system also has been utilized frequently for the high-level production of therapeutic recombinant proteins and harbors glycosylation processing pathways, which constitute an advantage over other prokaryotic systems that lack glycosylation. Currently, we have successfully developed both plant and insect expression systems for production of monoclonal antibodies for immunotherapy.

Recombinant antibody proteins can be applied to treat many various cancers. They are primarily produced using mammalian, insect, and bacteria cell culture systems. However, plant expression systems have been currently developed to produce antibodies. In particular, production of recombinant therapeutic antibodies using plant expression systems have several advantages, which are lack of human pathogenic agents, efficient production cost, and easy large scale up. In this study, we generated transgenic Nicotiana tabacum plant expressing both anti-colorectal cancer large single chain (LSC) CO17-1AK and anti-human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) VHH-FcK monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) by cross-pollinating with plants expressing LSC CO17-1AK and anti-HER2 VHH-FcK, respectively. Plants expressing both LSC CO17-1AK and anti-HER2 VHH-FcK were screened with polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analyses. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) confirmed the binding of the LSC CO17-1AK and anti-HER2 VHH-FcK to the HER2 and the GA733 proteins, respectively. The result of this study indicated that both mAb LSC CO17-1AK and anti-HER2 VHH-FcK produced in plant have their specific binding activities against HER2 and the GA733 antigens similar to their parental antibodies, respectively.