Earticle

Xanthoceras sorbifolia seed coat (XSSC) is a processing residue of the bioenergy crop. This work aimed to evaluate the applicability of using the steam explosion to modify the residue for dye biosorption from aqueous solutions by using methylene blue as a model cationic dye. Equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic parameters for the biosorption of methylene blue on the steam-exploded XSSC (SE-XSSC) were evaluated. The kinetic data followed the pseudo-second- order model, and the rate-limiting step was the chemical adsorption. Intraparticle diffusion was one of the rate-controlling factors. The equilibrium data agreed well with the Langmuir isotherm, and the biosorption was favorable. The steam-explosion pretreatment strongly affected the biosorption in some respects. It reduced the adsorption rate constant and the initial sorption rate of the pseudo-second-order model. It enhanced the adsorption capacity of methylene blue at higher temperatures while reduced the capacity at lower ones. It changed the biosorption from an exothermic process driven by both the enthalpy and the entropy to an endothermic one driven by entropy only. It increased the surface area and decreased the pH point of zero charge of the biomass. Compared with the native XSSC, SE-XSSC is preferable to MB biosorption from warmer dye effluents.

Objective To investigate and compare the effect of low-dye taping (LDT) and figure-8 modification of LDT (MLDT) on peak plantar pressure and heel pain in patients with heel pad atrophy. Methods There were reviewed 32 feet of 19 patients who have been diagnosed with heel pad atrophy who were enrolled in this study. The patients were diagnosed with heel pad atrophy with clinical findings, and loaded heel pad thickness measured by ultrasonography. At the first visit, patients were taught how to do LDT and MLDT. They were instructed to do daily living with barefoot, LDT and MLDT at least one time per day. Patients performed pedobarography with barefoot, LDT and MLDT within 2 weeks. The severity of heel pain was also checked with the visual analogue scale (VAS) during daily living with barefoot, LDT and MLDT. Results VAS of hindfoot were significantly decreased after LDT and MLDT (p<0.01). Peak plantar pressure under hindfoot were also decreased after LDT and MLDT (p<0.01). The effect of MLDT in decreasing peak plantar pressure of hindfoot (p<0.01) and pain relief (p=0.001) was better than the effect of LDT. Conclusion The LDT technique is clinically useful for pain management and reducing peak plantar pressure of hindfoot in patients with heel pad atrophy. MLDT is more effective than LDT in reducing peak plantar pressure and heel pain in patients with heel pad atrophy.

본 연구의 목적은 편평발을 가진 자를 대상으로 Low-dye 테이핑과 발 내재근육 강화 운동이 한 발 서기 동안 앞정강근, 장딴지근, 긴종아리근의 근육활성도에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 실시하였다. 대상자는 편평발을 가진 20대 성 인 16명이며, Low-dye 테이핑(LTG; n=8) 및 발 내재근육 강화 운동(FSG; n=8) 그룹으로 나누었다. 각 그룹은 해당되는 중재를 주 2회 6주간 실시하였다. 앞정강근, 긴종아리근 및 안쪽 장딴지근의 근육 활성도를 측정하였다. 중재 전·후 근육활 성도의 변화를 비교하기 위하여 반복된 이원 배치 분산분석을 실시하였다. 근육활성도 측정 결과, LTG에서는 모든 근육에서 실험 전·후 사이에 유의하게 감소하였다(p<.05). FSG에서는 실험 전·후 사이에 앞정강근에서만 유의하게 감소하였다(p<.05). 따라서, Low-dye 테이핑과 발 내재근 육강화 운동은 편평발 환자에게 효율적인 하지 근육 활동에 도움이 될 것이다.

The purpose of this study was to investigate effect of low-dye taping and foot intrinsic muscle strengthening exercise on the muscle activity of the tibialis anterior, calf muscles, and long calf muscles during one-foot standing in subjects with flat feet. The subjects were 16 adults in their 20s with flat feet, and they were divided into low-dye taping (LTG; n=8) and foot intrinsic muscle strengthening exercise (FSG; n=8) groups. Each group underwent the appropriate intervention twice a week for 6 weeks. The muscle activity of the tibialis anterior, long calf muscle, and medial calf muscle was measured. Repeated two-way ANOVA was performed to compare changes in muscle activity before and after the intervention. As a result of muscle activity measurement, LTG significantly decreased between before and after the experiment in all muscles (p<.05). In FSG, only the tibialis anterior significantly decreased between before and after the experiment (p<.05). Therefore, low-dye taping and foot intrinsic muscle strengthening exercises will be helpful for efficient the lower extremity muscle activity of flat foot.

Objective To evaluate whether the change of heel pad thickness improves the pain after Modified Low-Dye Taping (MLDT) in the patient with heel pad atrophy. Method Thirty-five feet of 20 volunteers with heel pad atrophy were selected for the measurement of heel-pad thickness and compressibility index (CI) of the center of calcaneus bone using ultrasound. The subjects were laid in prone with the knees flexed to 90o, and an electronic body weight scale was inserted beneath the anterior surface of their knees to take measurements of both UHPT (unloaded heel pad thickness) and LHPT (6 kg-loaded heel pad thickness), which were repeated 3 times respectively. CI was calculated base on LHPT divided by UHPT. After MLDT, the same method was repeated. visual analogue scale (VAS) score was checked at first visit and followed up at second visit. Results Prior to MLDT, the average value of UHPT (cm), LHPT (cm) and CI value was 0.92±0.11, 0.25±0.06 and 0.27±0.04 respectively. After MLDT, the average was 1.24±0.17 for UHPT (cm) and 0.42±0.11, for LHPT (cm) while CI stood at 0.33±0.06. VAS before MLDT was 7.35±1.27 and after MLDT was 3.50±1.36, which presented 54% of decrease than initial. Conclusion It was confirmed that the average values of the heel-pad thickness, CI and VAS of patients with heel pad atrophy were improved for MLDT. Accordingly it is considered that application of MLDT is an efficacious treatment and thus further study is needed to develop foot orthoses for heel pad atrophy using the principle of MLDT.

Interest in the use of smart packaging systems for food products has increased in recent years. Therefore, food researchers are focusing on the development of new indicator based smart packaging technologies by using anthocyaninbased natural dye. Anthocyanins are one of the plant constituents known as flavonoids and responsible for the bright and attractive orange, red, purple, and blue colors of most fruits, vegetables, flowers, and some cereal grains. Indicators of natural dyes such as anthocyanins could express the quality and shelf life of perishable food products. However, the sensitivity and stability for their use in smart food packaging should be established to reach the market proposals. This review article focuses on recent studies related to use of natural dyes based on anthocyanin for smart food packaging applications. This study offers valuable insight that may be useful for identifying trends in the commercialization of natural dyes or for identifying new research areas. This review also provides food and packaging scientists with a thorough understanding of the benefits of anthocyanin-based natural dyes for shelf life indicator when applied to package material specific foods and hence can assist in accelerating commercial adoption.

The acrosome cap allows sperm to penetrate the egg membrane and produce male pronuclei within female chicken eggs, facilitating successful fertilization. Given this, it is important to establish practical methods for evaluating the integrity of the acrosome cap and thus the quality of the rooster’s sperm. There are several established methods for evaluating the acrosomes of mammalian sperm, but none of these methods are suitable for evaluating the acrosome status of rooster spermatozoa. Therefore, a simplified method for evaluating the rooster acrosome is needed. Here we evaluated the usefulness of CBB (coomassie brilliant blue) staining of the acrosome at concentrations of 0.04%, 0.08%, and 0.3% CBB solutions. Our data revealed a clear staining pattern for intact acrosome caps at 0.04% and 0.08% CBB but not at 0.3% CBB. This protocol revealed differences in acrosome integrity between fresh and frozen rooster sperm smears suggesting that CBB staining may facilitate easier semen evaluation in roosters. This protocol allows for the accurate differential staining of acrosome cap in rooster spermatozoa.

목적: 본 연구는 셀프 염색과 미용실 염색 간의 제품 및 모발 만족도를 비교하고, 각 염색 방식의 장단점을 분석하여 향후 염색 관리 및 서비스 개선 방향을 모색하는 데 목적이 있다. 방법: 연구를 위해 2023년 3월 14일부터 3월 31일까지 설문조사를 실시하였다. 최근 6개월 이내 미용실 염색 또는 셀프 염색을 경험한 20대-50대 이상을 대상으로 총 466부를 최종 분석에 사용하였다. 결과: 제 품 및 모발 만족도에서 셀프 염색에 비해 미용실 염색만족도가 유의미하게 높았다. 세부 항목별로 살펴본 결과, 제품 냄새, 모발 착 색력, 모발 손상도, 그리고 제품 품질 모두에서 미용실 염색의 만족도가 셀프 염색보다 더 높았다. 이는 미용실에서 사용하는 염색 제품이 전반적으로 더 높은 품질을 가지고 있으며, 모발 관리와 착색에 있어 더 우수한 효과를 제공함을 시사한다. 결론: 미용실 염 색이 전문적인 모발 관리와 고품질 제품을 통해 소비자에게 높은 만족도를 제공함을 확인하였다. 이를 바탕으로 현장 실무 적용과 향후 연구 방향을 제시함으로써 염색 서비스의 질적 향상에 기여할 것을 기대한다.

Purpose: This study compared product and hair satisfaction between self-dyeing and salon dyeing, analyzed the advantages and disadvantages of each dyeing method, and identified strategies to improve future dyeing management and services. Methods: A survey was conducted from March 14, 2023 to March 31, 2023. In total, 466 copies were used for the final analysis, which targeted adults who had received hair dyeing at a beauty salon or at home within the past 6 months. Results: In terms of product and hair satisfaction, satisfaction with salon dyeing was significantly higher than that with self-dyeing. In the sub-item analysis, satisfaction was higher for salon dyeing than for self-dyeing concerning product odor, hair coloring power, hair damage, and product quality. Conclusion: Hair salon dyeing provides high satisfaction to consumers through professional hair care and high-quality products. These findings are expected to contribute to the qualitative improvement of dyeing services by providing practical applications in the field and future research directions.

目的: 比较自行染发和沙龙染发的产品和头发满意度，分析每种染发方法的优缺点，并寻求改进未来染发管理 和服务的方法。方法: 本研究于2023年3月14日至31日进行了一项调查。最终分析共466份，针对20岁至50岁以 上、过去6个月内曾在美容院染发或自行染发的人群。 结果: 在产品和头发满意度方面，发廊染发的满意度显着 高于自染。详细考察每一项后发现，在产品气味、染发力、发质损伤、产品质量等方面，发廊染色的满意度高 于自染。这说明美容院使用的染发产品整体质量较高，护发、染发效果较好。结论: 经证实，发廊染发通过专业 的护发和高品质的产品为消费者提供了很高的满意度。基于此，我们希望通过将其应用于现场实践并提出未来 的研究方向，为提高染色服务质量做出贡献。

목적: 산성 염모제 혼합비율과 모발의 명도에 따라서 변화되는 색상의 차이를 알아보고 이를 통해 산성 염모제를 사용한 모발염색 의 색상변화에 대한 기초자료를 제공하고자 한다. 방법: 그레이, 애쉬블루, 핑크, 오렌지 색상을 단독사용, 1:1, 1:10, 1:20의 비율 로 투명 색상인 글로스와 혼합하여 탈색을 하지 않은 모발, 1회, 2회, 3회 탈색한 모발에 각각 염색하여 색상 이미지를 촬영하였고 분광측색계를 사용하여 각각의 L*a*b* 값을 측정하여 평균을 구하였다. 결과: 산성 염모제를 단독으로 사용했을 경우 모발의 명도는 낮아지고 채도는 높아지는 것을 알 수 있었다. 산성 염모제를 투명 색상인 쉬머링 글로스와 조색할 경우 명도는 점점 높아지는 것을 알 수 있었다. 그레이와 애쉬블루 색상을 염색할 경우 탈색을 3회 실시한 것이 명도 높은 색상을 표현할 수 있었다. 핑크 색상은 탈 색 1회에서 채도 높은 핑크를 표현할 수 있었다. 오렌지 색상에서 탈색을 1, 2, 3회 했을 때 다양한 오렌지 색상을 표현할 수 있다는 것을 확인하였다. 결론: 본 연구는 디자이너와 고객이 원하는 목적 색과 결과색의 오차를 최소한으로 줄여 고객들의 헤어컬러링 만 족도를 높이고 염색서비스의 효율성을 높이는 데에 의의가 있다

Purpose: This study seeks to examine the difference in color change depending on the mixing ratio of acidic hair dye and hair brightness and provide baseline data on the color change of hair dye using acidic hair dye. Methods: Gray, ash blue, pink, and orange colors were used alone, mixed with gloss in transparent color in the ratio of 1:1, 1:10, and 1:20, and were applied to unbleached hair, once, twice, and three times bleached hair, respectively, and color images were taken. The L*a*b* values were measured using a spectrophotometer, and their average value was obtained. Results: It was found that when acidic hair dye was used alone, hair was less bright and more saturated. Brightness increased more when acidic hair dye was mixed with transparent shimmering gloss. Also, when dyeing with pink and orange colors, it was possible to express the desired color on once-bleached hair even with a high value of yellow color. Bright grey and ash-blue color could be expressed when the gray color was bleached three times. For the pink color, high saturation could be expressed on once-bleached hair. For orange color, it was found that various orange colors could be expressed. Conclusion: This study is meaningful in that it enhances customers’ satisfaction with hair coloring and increases the efficiency of hair dyeing service by minimizing the error between the objective color desired by the designer and the customer, and the resulting color.

目的: 本研究旨在检查酸性染发剂的混合比例和头发亮度所导致的颜色变化的差异，并提供使用酸性染发剂的染 发剂颜色变化的基线数据。方法: 单独使用灰色、灰蓝色、粉色、橙色等颜色，与透明色光泽剂按1:1、1:10、 1:20的比例混合，涂抹在未漂白的头发上，一次、两次，和3次漂白的头发，并拍摄彩色图像。使用分光光度计 测量L* a * b * 值，并获得它们的平均值。结果: 发现单独使用酸性染发剂时，头发颜色不那么鲜艳，饱和度更 高。当酸性染发剂与透明闪光光泽混合时，亮度会增加更多。另外，用粉色和橙色染色时，即使黄色值较高， 也可以在一次漂白的头发上表现出所需的颜色。灰色经3次漂白后可呈现亮灰色和灰蓝色。对于粉红色，可以在 曾经漂白过的头发上表现出高饱和度。对于橙色，发现可以表现各种橙色。结论: 本研究的意义在于，通过最大 限度地减少设计师和顾客期望的客观颜色与最终颜色之间的误差，提高顾客对染发的满意度，提高染发服务的 效率。

In this study, we invested the effect of Reynoutria elliptica on hair surface damages. The possibility of colors from the natural plant extract is limitless. However, it is difficult to vary the utilization possibilities of colors to increase the value of natural coloring as well as other disadvantages of easy decomposing, and the inability to collect them year-round. However, the natural coloring is harmless to human body, can minimize the hair damages, and can bring out a deeper and more subtle colors than the chemical dyes, which is used as the natural hair dye products with increasing use to replace the chemical hair dyes with many side effects. Therefore, the natural coloring of Reynoutria elliptica is extracted to be used in hair dye to examine the damages to scalp as an attempt to suggest the possibility of natural hair dye products and also expand the utilization possibilities of natural extracts. When observing the scales on the hair surface with electron microscope for comparison with the hair before dyeing, dyeing with reynoutria dyeing showed shiny characteristics after pigmentation on the hair but other damaged areas were healthy without any uniqueness, which has confirmed the potentialities of the natural herbal extracts.

Pleurotus eryngii, a white rot fungus, produces two extracellular lignin-degrading enzymes, laccase and manganese peroxidase (MnP). Owing to these enzymes, P. eryngii efficiently degrades synthetic chemicals such as azo, phthalocyanine, and triphenyl methane dyes. In this study, we investigated the degradation processes of four aromatic dyes, congo red (CR), methylene blue (MB), crystal violet (CV), and malachite green (MG), by P. eryngii under solid and liquid culture conditions. CR and MG were the most quickly degraded under solid and liquid culture conditions, respectively. However, compared to CR, CV, and MG, MB was not degraded well under both culture conditions. The activities of ligninolytic enzymes (laccase and MnP) were also investigated. Laccase was identified to be the major enzyme for dye degradation. A positive relationship between decolorization and enzyme activity was observed for CR, MB, and CV degradation. In contrast, decolorization of MG ensued after high enzyme activity. These results indicate that the degradation process differs between MG and the other aromatic dyes. Therefore, P. eryngii could be a potential tool for the bioremediation of synthetic aromatic dye effluent.

This study aimed to compare the effects of Low-Dye taping and arch-support insoles on dynamic balance in adults with flexible flatfoot. A repeated-measures experimental design was used. Twenty-eight students enrolled at B University with flexible flatfoot, defined as a navicular drop of ≥1 cm, voluntarily participated in this study. All participants provided written informed consent after receiving an explanation of the study purpose and procedures. Participants were assessed under three conditions: barefoot, Low-Dye taping, and arch-support insoles. The dominant leg was determined as the leg preferred for kicking a ball, and leg length was measured to normalize reach distance. The Y-balance test was performed in the anterior, posteromedial, and posterolateral directions under each condition. The order of conditions was randomized, and the greatest reach distance from three trials in each direction was recorded. No significant difference was found among the three conditions in the anterior direction (p>.05). However, significant differences were observed in the posteromedial and posterolateral directions (p<.05). Bonferroni post-hoc analysis showed that both Low-Dye taping and arch-support insoles significantly improved dynamic balance in the posteromedial and posterolateral directions compared with the barefoot condition (p<.05). These findings indicate that both Low-Dye taping and arch-support insoles are effective in improving dynamic balance in adults with flexible flatfoot and may be useful strategies for enhancing postural stability in this population.

한국의 목조건축 문화유산의 흰개미 방제를 위해 군체제거시스템이 주로 사용된다. 효과적인 방제를 위해서는 흰개미 유입 을 신속하게 탐지하고 유입방향을 추정할 수 있는 방법이 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 기존 HGM에 사용되는 유인체 및 흰개미 의 빠른 탐지를 위해 개발된 새로운 형태의 유인체와 유입 경로 추정을 위한 Nile Blue A와 Sudan Red 7B 염색약을 적용하였 다. 모의 지중환경에서의 염색 유지력, 물리적 특성 변화 및 흰개미 섭식반응을 평가한 결과 Nile Blue A는 0.50% 농도의 제 한적 현장 적용이 가능하며, Sudan Red 7B는 0.50% 농도에서 장기간 현장적용 가능성을 확인하였다. 향후 현장에서 염색 유 인체의 현장 적용 연구를 통해 가능성이 확인된다면, 목조건축 문화유산의 효과적인 방제가 가능할 것으로 기대된다.

In the Republic of Korea, termite elimination systems are primarily used for controlling termites in wooden architectural heritage. For more effective control, methods capable of quickly detecting termite infestations and estimating the direction of invasion are required. This study applied HGM attractants, along with a newly developed attractant, combined with Nile Blue A and Sudan Red 7B dye markers to estimate the invasion paths of termites. The results of evaluating dye retention, changes in physical characteristics, and termite feeding behavior in a simulated underground environment indicate that Nile Blue A can be applied in a limited field at a concentration of 0.50%, while Sudan Red 7B demonstrated potential for long-term field application at the same concentration. Future studies should focus on field trials to further assess the practical application of dyeing attractants, as this approach is expected to enable more effective termite control.

과학기술의 발전은 모발 염색에 있어서도 염색하기 쉽고, 색이 오래 지속되며 대량 생산이 가능한 많은 합성 염모제의 생산과 소비를 촉진시켰다. 그러나 염색 과정에서 야기되는 환경 오염 문제와 인체에 해가 되는 부작용의 문제가 대두 되었다. 많은 사람들이 건강상의 이유로 천연 염모제에 관심을 가지고 있으나 천연 염료에 의한 모발 염색은 아직 대중화 되지 못하고 있다. 본 연구는 색상이 자연스럽고 시간이 지나 퇴색이 되더라도 부드러우면서 깊이감 있는 분위기를 표현할 수 있으며,인체에도 유익한 천연 염료 중 모발 염색에 적합한 것이 있는지 실험을 통해 알아보았다. 천연 염료 중에서 모발 염색으로 가능한 다양한 색상을 찾아 미용 분야에 있어서 천연염료 실용화 연구에 도움이 되고자 한다. 시료 모발의 염색 결과 울금(Turmeric)과 오배자(Gallnut)는 노란 색으로 염색되었는데 울금은 비비드한 컬러의 노란색, 오배자는 덜 톤의 노란색으로 염색되었다. 꼭두서니(Madder)와 아선약(catechu)은 주황색을 띤 붉은 색으로 염색되었다. 아선약보다는 꼭두서니가 명도, 채도가 높은 비비드 톤의 주황색으로 염색되었다. 락(Lac)과 코치닐(cochineal)은 명도와 채도가 낮은 붉은 색을 띤 짙은 브라운 색으로 염색되었다. 연구 결과 천연염료는 다양한 톤과 색상으로 모발을 염색할 수 있었다. 앞으로 천연 염모제의 실용화를 위한 제품 개발 및 연구가 더욱 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

As modern people become more interested in eco-friendly products, there has been a rising demand for hair coloring using natural dye for hair and scalp health. However, it’s been hard to find a study on natural dye-based hair coloring. Therefore, this study attempted to investigate the effects of hair coloring using harmless natural dyes. The purpose of this study is to establish the ground for the studies on the practical use of natural dyes in hair coloring for hair and scalp health. In terms of research methods, literature review and experiment were performed. The sample hair was bleached in two types (N5, N7) under Munsell’s gray scale depending on hair brightness and colored using natural dyes. For color measurement, color reader (CR-10 KONICA MINOLTA) and Ci 62 portable spectrophotometer were used, and the values acquired from five consecutive measurements were averaged and analyzed. In terms of natural dyes, turmeric, gallnut, madder, catechu, lac and cochineal were used. The results found the followings: First, hair coloring using natural dyes revealed different color from synthetic dyes. Depending on dyes, very beautiful and deep soft color was created. Even though there were diverse differences in color and saturation depending on dyes, no big difference was found in brightness. Therefore, differences in tone occurred depending on saturation. Second, turmeric and gallnut were dyed in yellow. In N5, turmeric revealed deep yellow (1.9Y 6.0/10.3). In N7 as well, it showed deep yellow (0.2Y 5.4/9.1). In contract, gallnut was dyed in soft yellow in both N5 (0.3Y 5.8/5.2) and N7 (2.0Y 5.7/7.5). Third, madder and catechu were dyed in orange red. Madder was dyed in deep orange in both N5 (10YR 4.1/8.5) and N7 (10YR 4.1/8.5). Catechu was also dyed in deep orange in both N5 (1.3YR 3.9/7.0) and N7 (1.5YR 4.1/7.3). Madder was dyed in vivid orange which was slightly higher than catechu in terms of brightness and saturation. Fourth, lac and cochineal were dyed in reddish dark brown with low brightness and saturation. Lac was dyed in black stone in both N5 (8.2R 1.8/1.9) and N7 (9.1R 2.0/2.7). Natural dyes were able to color hair in diverse tones and colors. It appears that there should be further studies on product development for the commercialization of natural hair dyes.

As semitransparent dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have advanced to large-scale applications from lab-level research, the large-scale performance has attracted much attention. Modules of DSSCs have been investigated to optimize the efficiency as a TiO2 systhesis temperature and a surface treatment of TiCl4 aqueous solution. Essentially, these semitransparent modules have an extended structure with lab-scale works with the exception of the dimensions and methods for the series connection. The 5 cm×6.5 cm modules have shown an efficiency of about 6% without a scattering layer. While the fill factors